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1.
ObjectiveTo determine the cardiorespiratory and anesthetic effects of 0, 5, 15, and 50 mg kg?1 intravenous (IV) alfaxalone in hydroxypropyl beta cyclodextrin (Alfaxan; Jurox Pty Ltd, Rutherford, NSW, Australia) in cats.Study designFour treatments of alfaxalone were administered in sequential order.AnimalsEight healthy adult cats (four male; four female) weighing between 3.71 and 5.91 kg.MethodsCats were instrumented for hemodynamic measurements. Four (0, 5, 15, and 50 mg kg?1) IV doses of alfaxalone were administered over one minute, with a 3-hour washout period between doses 0, 5, and 15 mg kg?1 on Day 0. The 50 mg kg?1 treatment was administered 24 hours later. Measurements of heart rate, aortic systolic, mean, and diastolic blood pressures, pulmonary arterial and right atrial mean pressures, cardiac output, respiratory rate, tidal and minute volumes, and arterial blood pH and blood gases (PaO2, PaCO2) were performed at pre-determined intervals. Systemic vascular resistance and rate pressure product were calculated. The quality of induction, maintenance, and recovery from anesthesia and the response to noxious stimulation were categorically scored.ResultsAlfaxalone administration resulted in dose-dependent cardiorespiratory depression. Decreases in arterial blood pressure and increases in heart rate occurred at higher doses. Most variables returned to baseline by 15-30 minutes. Respiratory rate, minute volume, and PaO2 decreased. Apnea was the most common side effect. Induction and maintenance quality were judged to be good to excellent at all doses and quality of recovery good to excellent at all but the 50 mg kg?1 dose. The duration of anesthesia and unresponsiveness to noxious stimulation increased with dose. The administration of the 50 mg kg?1 dose produced marked cardiorespiratory depression and apnea.Conclusions and clinical relevanceAlfaxalone produced dose-dependent anesthesia, cardiorespiratory depression and unresponsiveness to noxious stimulation in unpremedicated cats. Hypoventilation and apnea were the most common side effects.  相似文献   

2.
    
ObjectiveTo compare the anaesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of alfaxalone with propofol when used for total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) during ovariohysterectomy in dogs.Study designA prospective non-blinded randomized clinical study.AnimalsFourteen healthy female crossbred bitches, aged 0.5–5 years and weight 16–42 kg.MethodsDogs were premedicated with acepromazine 0.01 mg kg?1 and morphine 0.4 mg kg?1. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with either propofol or alfaxalone to effect for tracheal intubation followed by an infusion of the same agent. Dogs breathed spontaneously via a ‘circle’ circuit, with oxygen supplementation. Cardiopulmonary parameters (respiratory and heart rates, end-tidal carbon dioxide, tidal volume, and invasive blood pressures) were measured continuously and recorded at intervals related to the surgical procedure. Arterial blood samples were analysed for blood gas values. Quality of induction and recovery, and recovery times were determined. Non-parametric data were tested for significant differences between groups using the Mann–Whitney U-test and repeatedly measured data (normally distributed) for significant differences between and within groups by anova.ResultsBoth propofol and alphaxalone injection and subsequent infusions resulted in smooth, rapid induction and satisfactory maintenance of anaesthesia. Doses for induction (mean ± SD) were 5.8 ± 0.30 and 1.9 ± 0.07 mg kg?1 and for the CRIs, 0.37 ± 0.09 and 0.11 ± 0.01 mg kg?1 per minute for propofol and alfaxalone respectively. Median (IQR) recovery times were to sternal 45 (33–69) and 60 (46–61) and to standing 74 (69–76) and 90 (85–107) for propofol and alphaxalone respectively. Recovery quality was good. Cardiopulmonary effects did not differ between groups. Hypoventilation occurred in both groups.Conclusions and clinical relevanceFollowing premedication with acepromazine and morphine, both propofol and alphaxalone produce good quality anaesthesia adequate for ovariohysterectomy. Hypoventilation occurs suggesting a need for ventilatory support during prolonged infusion periods with either anaesthetic agent.  相似文献   

3.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of xylazine–alfaxalone anesthesia in donkey foals undergoing field castration.Study designProspective clinical study.AnimalsA group of seven standard donkeys aged [median (range)] 12 (10–26) weeks, weighing 47.3 (37.3–68.2) kg.MethodsDonkeys were anesthetized with xylazine (1 mg kg−1) intravenously (IV) followed 3 minutes later by alfaxalone (1 mg kg−1) IV. Additional doses of xylazine (0.5 mg kg−1) and alfaxalone (0.5 mg kg−1) IV were administered as needed to maintain surgical anesthesia. Intranasal oxygen was supplemented at 3 L minute−1. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) by oscillometry were recorded before drug administration and every 5 minutes after induction of anesthesia. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) was recorded every 5 minutes after induction. Time to recumbency after alfaxalone administration, time to anesthetic re-dose, time to first movement, sternal and standing after last anesthetic dose and surgery time were recorded. Induction and recovery quality were scored (1, very poor; 5, excellent).ResultsMedian (range) induction score was 5 (1–5), and recovery score 4 (1–5). Overall, two donkeys were assigned a score of 1 (excitement) during induction or recovery. HR and MAP during the procedure did not differ from baseline. fR was decreased at 5 and 10 minutes but was not considered clinically significant. SpO2 was <90% at one time point in two animals.Conclusions and clinical relevanceXylazine–alfaxalone anesthesia resulted in adequate conditions for castration in 12 week old donkeys. While the majority of inductions and recoveries were good to excellent, significant excitement occurred in two animals and may limit the utility of this protocol for larger donkeys. Hypoxemia occurred despite intranasal oxygen supplementation.  相似文献   

4.
    
To demonstrate the bioequivalence of alfaxalone in cyclodextrin (Reference Product) to a formulation of alfaxalone in cyclodextrin also containing the preservatives ethanol, chlorocresol, and benzethonium chloride (Test Product) when administered for the purpose of inducing anesthesia in the cat. Blinded, single‐dose, randomized, two‐period, two‐sequence, cross‐over bioequivalence study with a 7‐day washout period between treatments. Twenty‐four (12 neutered males and 12 intact females), healthy, adult cats weighing 4.1±0.9 kg. Cats were administered 5 mg/kg IV of alfaxalone in the Reference or Test Product using a randomized cross‐over design. One‐milliliter venous blood samples were collected at predetermined time points to 12 hr after drug administration to determine alfaxalone plasma concentration over time. Alfaxalone concentrations were determined by a validated analytical testing method using HPLC‐MS/MS. Plasma profiles of alfaxalone concentration against time were analyzed by noncompartmental analysis. The pivotal variables for bioequivalence were AUClast and Cmax. Equivalence was achieved if the 90% confidence interval for AUClast and Cmax fell into the asymmetric ±20% interval (0.80–1.25). Physiological variables, quality of anesthesia visual analog scale (VAS) scoring and anesthetic event times were recorded. ANOVA or ANCOVA (single time point), RMANOVA or RMANCOVA (multiple time point) was used for normally distributed data. GLIMMIX was used for nonnormally distributed data. VAS scores were analyzed as for blood bioequivalence data. Variables were evaluated for safety and assessed at alpha = 0.10. Cmax and AUClast for Reference and Test Products were statistically bioequivalent. No physiological variables except for a drug by time interaction for respiratory rate differed between treatment groups, and this difference was not clinically relevant. No anesthetic event times or VAS scores for quality of anesthesia were different between treatment groups. Neither formulation caused pain upon injection. The Reference and Test Products are pharmaceutically bioequivalent formulations when administered as a single intravenous administration for the purpose of induction of anesthesia in cats.  相似文献   

5.
    
ObjectiveTo evaluate the physiological variables, arterial blood gas values, induction of anesthesia quality, and recovery quality using the combination of butorphanol, midazolam and alfaxalone in dogs.AnimalsTen healthy adult Beagle dogs weighing 8.3 ± 3.1 kg.MethodsRectal temperature (T), pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate (fR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and arterial blood gases were measured and recorded prior to intravenous (IV) administration of butorphanol, prior to administration of both midazolam and alfaxalone IV 10 minutes later, then every 5 minutes for 20 minutes. M-mode echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) indices were measured before and 5 minutes after administration of alfaxalone. Qualitative scores for induction of anesthesia and recovery were allocated, duration of anesthesia and recovery were calculated, and adverse events were recorded.ResultsScores for induction and recovery quality were excellent. No significant adverse events were observed. Mean ± SD time from induction to extubation and to standing (full recovery) was 29 ± 6 and 36 ± 8 minutes, respectively. There were statistically significant changes in PR, fR and MAP after drug administration. Transient hypercarbia developed after alfaxalone injection. The echocardiographic LV indices were reduced after alfaxalone injection, although those changes were not statistically significant.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe combination of butorphanol, midazolam and alfaxalone provided excellent quality of induction of anesthesia and exerted minimal cardiopulmonary effects in healthy dogs.  相似文献   

6.
This study evaluated anesthesia quality, degree of analgesia and cardiorespiratory parameters after intramuscular (IM) injection of a combination of butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg), medetomidine (10 µg/kg) and alfaxalone (1.5 mg/kg) in ten healthy adult Beagle dogs. Rectal temperature (T), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), arterial pressure, arterial blood gases and M-mode echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) indices were measured before drug administration and every 10 min thereafter until extubation. Mean duration of anesthesia, recovery and analgesia were 89 ± 17, 6 ± 1 and 80 ± 12 min. HR, fR, partial pressure of arterial CO2 and O2, arterial pressure, and LV contractility were significantly altered during anesthesia. IM administration of the drug combination provided acceptable anesthesia, but produced substantial cardiorespiratory suppression.  相似文献   

7.
    
ObjectivesTo establish an effective alfaxalone concentration to be used for bath immersion of fire-bellied toads (Bombina orientalis) and to describe its effects.Study designProspective experimental study.AnimalsThirteen oriental fire-bellied toads.MethodsThe study was carried out in two phases. The pilot phase involved five animals and aimed to identify an alfaxalone concentration capable of producing induction of anesthesia, defined as immobility with a head down position and loss of responsiveness to stimulation with a stick. The following trial in an additional eight toads used the effective alfaxalone concentration established during the pilot phase. Data from 11 animals (three toads in the pilot study and the eight additional toads) were analyzed. Twenty minutes after immersion in the anesthetic solution, the toads were removed from the bath, and heart rate, respiratory rate, the righting, myotactic and the nociceptive withdrawal reflexes were evaluated every 5 minutes. The loss of both righting and nociceptive withdrawal reflexes was considered indicative of a surgical depth of anesthesia. The time elapsed from anesthetic induction to return of righting reflex, the quality of recovery and the occurrence of undesired effects were observed and recorded.ResultsImmersion was found to be a suitable anesthetic technique for oriental fire-bellied toads and 200 mg L−1 alfaxalone concentration produced anesthetic induction in 10 out of 11 toads. Side effects, such as skin irritation, erythema and changes in cutaneous pigmentation, were not observed in any animal. The duration of anesthesia ranged from 10 to 30 minutes after removal of the toads from the alfaxalone bath, and surgical depth of anesthesia was never achieved.Conclusions and clinical relevanceIt was concluded that alfaxalone anesthesia induced by immersion in a concentration of 200 mg L−1 is only suitable for toads undergoing non-invasive short procedures.  相似文献   

8.
ObjectiveAlfaxalone is a popular veterinary anesthetic; however, research on this anesthetic in snakes has been limited to ball pythons, garter snakes and several Australian species. The objective was to evaluate the anesthetic effects of alfaxalone in corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus), a popular pet snake.Study designProspective, randomized crossover study.AnimalsA total of eight corn snakes.MethodsIn phase I, snakes were subcutaneously administered three doses of alfaxalone (5, 10 and 15 mg kg–1) in the cranial third of the body to determine the most effective dose. In phase II, a dose of 15 mg kg–1 was administered in the cranial and caudal thirds of the snakes to determine if injection site affected anesthesia duration. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), righting reflex, escape response, tail pinch, needle prick and tongue flick were monitored at baseline and 5 minute intervals until the snakes fully recovered.ResultsDuration of anesthesia differed significantly, with higher doses lasting longer than lower doses: 5 mg kg–1 [23.8 ± 4.4 (15–30) minutes]; 10 mg kg–1 [40.6 ± 9.4 (25–55) minutes]; and 15 mg kg–1 [56.9 ± 8.4 (50–70) minutes], mean ± standard deviation (range). The tail pinch reflex was not completely lost in phase 1. There was a significant change in fR over time, but this was not related to dose. HR was not different by time or dose. Duration of anesthesia was not different after administration of alfaxalone (15 mg kg–1) in the cranial third versus the caudal third of the body; however, there was a significant decrease in HR and fR at this dose, regardless of injection site.Conclusions and clinical relevanceBased on these results, alfaxalone (15 mg kg–1) provides adequate anesthesia for brief procedures or intubation; however, additional analgesia is required for painful procedures.  相似文献   

9.
    
ObjectiveTo evaluate alfaxalone for total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) in rabbits premedicated with dexmedetomidine or dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine.Study designCrossover study (part 1) with observational study (part 2).AnimalsA total of eight New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), four female and four male, aged 12–16 weeks and weighing 2.8–3.5 kg in part 1. Separately, four additional rabbits in part 2.MethodsCrossover study design with eight rabbits per treatment. Rabbits were administered treatment D, dexmedetomidine (0.2 mg kg–1), or treatment DB, dexmedetomidine (0.1 mg kg–1) and buprenorphine (0.05 mg kg–1) intramuscularly. Anesthesia was induced with alfaxalone intravenously until a supraglottic airway device was placed to deliver 100% oxygen. Anesthesia was maintained with alfaxalone (TIVA). Infusion rates were adjusted to achieve an absent pedal withdrawal reflex. Heart rate, respiratory rate, noninvasive blood pressure, end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure and peripheral hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) were recorded every 5 minutes. Subsequently, four rabbits underwent ovariohysterectomy using treatment DB and alfaxalone TIVA.ResultsThe mean ± standard deviation alfaxalone infusion rate was 9.6 ± 2.6 and 4.5 ± 1.3 mg kg–1 hour–1 for treatments D and DB, respectively. In both treatments, blood pressure remained within acceptable range and SpO2 was > 95%. Postinduction apnea and respiratory depression were observed in both treatments and managed with manual positive pressure ventilation. Four separate rabbits underwent successful ovariohysterectomy with treatment DB and alfaxalone TIVA. One rabbit required supplementation with inhalant anesthesia; three rabbits were successfully maintained using alfaxalone TIVA alone.Conclusions and clinical relevancePremedication with dexmedetomidine–buprenorphine combined with alfaxalone TIVA may be a viable alternative for performing abdominal surgery in the rabbit. The use of supplemental oxygen and ability to provide respiratory support are advised.  相似文献   

10.
ObjectivesTo evaluate alfaxalone–midazolam anesthesia in Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) and the effect of flumazenil administration on recovery time and quality.Study designRandomized, blinded, crossover and controlled, experimental trial.AnimalsA total of 10 male Egyptian fruit bats.MethodsBats were anesthetized with alfaxalone (15 mg kg?1) and midazolam (2 mg kg?1) administered subcutaneously. During anesthesia, vital signs, muscle tone and reflexes were monitored every 10 minutes. Flumazenil (0.3 mg kg?1) or saline at an equal volume was administered subcutaneously 60 minutes after anesthetic administration. Time to induction, time to first movement and recovery time (flying) were measured. Quality of induction, anesthesia and recovery were assessed on a 1–3 scale (1, poor; 2, good; 3, excellent).ResultsTime to induction was 4.2 ± 1.9 minutes (mean ± standard deviation), with median quality score of 2 (range, 1–3). Anesthesia quality score was 3 (1–3). During anesthesia, heart rate and respiratory frequency decreased significantly and penis relaxation, indicating muscle tone, increased significantly. Administration of flumazenil significantly reduced mean recovery time compared with saline (10 ± 5 versus 45 ± 17 minutes, respectively), and significantly improved the quality of recovery [2.5 (2–3) versus 1 (1–2), respectively].Conclusions and clinical relevanceAlfaxalone–midazolam anesthesia resulted in good induction, muscle relaxation and sufficient anesthesia to perform routine diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for approximately 40 minutes. Reversal of midazolam with flumazenil is recommended, resulting in quicker and better recovery.  相似文献   

11.

Objective

To determine the effect of fentanyl on the induction dose and minimum infusion rate of alfaxalone required to prevent movement in response to a noxious stimulus (MIRNM) in dogs.

Study design

Experimental crossover design.

Animals

A group of six healthy, adult, intact female mixed-breed dogs, weighing 19.7 ± 1.3 kg.

Methods

Dogs were randomly administered one of three treatments at weekly intervals: premedication with 0.9% saline (treatment A), fentanyl 5 μg kg–1 (treatment ALF) or fentanyl 10 μg kg–1 (treatment AHF), administered intravenously over 5 minutes. Anesthesia was induced 5 minutes later with incremental doses of alfaxalone to achieve intubation and was maintained for 90 minutes in A with alfaxalone (0.12 mg kg–1 minute–1), in ALF with alfaxalone (0.09 mg kg–1 minute–1) and fentanyl (0.1 μg kg–1 minute–1) and in AHF with alfaxalone (0.06 mg kg–1 minute–1) and fentanyl (0.2 μg kg–1 minute–1). The alfaxalone infusion was increased or decreased by 0.006 mg kg–1 minute–1 based on positive or negative response to antebrachium stimulation (50 V, 50 Hz, 10 ms). Data were analyzed using a mixed-model anova and presented as least squares means ± standard error.

Results

Alfaxalone induction doses were 3.50 ± 0.13 (A), 2.17 ± 0.10 (ALF) and 1.67 ± 0.10 mg kg–1 (AHF) and differed among treatments (p < 0.05). Alfaxalone MIRNM was 0.17 ± 0.01 (A), 0.10 ± 0.01 (ALF) and 0.07 ± 0.01 mg kg–1 minute–1 (AHF) and differed among treatments. ALF and AHF decreased the MIRNM by 44 ± 8% and 62 ± 5%, respectively (p < 0.05). Plasma alfaxalone concentrations at MIRNM were 5.82 ± 0.48 (A), 4.40 ± 0.34 (ALF) and 2.28 ± 0.09 μg mL–1 (AHF).

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Fentanyl, at the doses studied, significantly decreased the alfaxalone induction dose and MIRNM.  相似文献   

12.
    
ObjectiveTo evaluate the pharmacodynamic effects and pharmacokinetics of a single intramuscular (IM) injection of alfaxalone in central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) when injected at a cranial versus a caudal site.Study designProspective, masked, randomized crossover study.AnimalsA total of 13 healthy bearded dragons weighing 0.48 ± 0.1 kg.MethodsAlfaxalone (10 mg kg–1) was administered IM to 13 bearded dragons in the triceps muscle (cranial treatment) or the quadriceps muscle (caudal treatment) separated by 4 weeks. Pharmacodynamic variables included movement score, muscle tone score and righting reflex. Blood was obtained from the caudal tail vein using a sparse sampling methodology. Plasma alfaxalone concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, and pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. Differences in variables between injection sites were analyzed using a nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired data with significance set at p ≤ 0.05.ResultsTime to loss of righting reflex score was not different, median (interquartile range), between cranial and caudal treatments [8 (5–11) and 8 (4–12) minutes, respectively, p = 0.72]. Time to recovery of righting reflex was also not different between cranial and caudal treatments [80 (44–112) and 64 (56–104) minutes, respectively, p = 0.75]. Plasma alfaxalone concentrations were not significantly different between treatments. The population estimate (95% confidence intervals) for volume of distribution per fraction absorbed was 1.0 (0.79–1.20) L kg–1, clearance per fraction absorbed was 9.6 (7.6–11.6) mL minute–1 kg–1, absorption rate constant was 2.3 (1.9–2.8) minute–1 and elimination half-life was 71.9 (52.7–91.1) minutes.Conclusions and clinical relevanceRegardless of the injection site, IM alfaxalone (10 mg kg–1) produced reliable chemical restraint in central bearded dragons, appropriate for nonpainful diagnostic procedures or anesthetic premedication.  相似文献   

13.
    
ObjectiveTo compare the physiological parameters, arterial blood gas values, induction quality, and recovery quality after IV injection of alfaxalone or propofol in dogs.Study designProspective, randomized, blinded crossover.AnimalsEight random-source adult female mixed-breed dogs weighing 18.7 ± 4.5 kg.MethodsDogs were assigned to receive up to 8 mg kg?1 propofol or 4 mg kg?1 alfaxalone, administered to effect, at 10% of the calculated dose every 10 seconds. They then received the alternate drug after a 6-day washout. Temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, direct blood pressure, and arterial blood gases were measured before induction, immediately post-induction, and at 5-minute intervals until extubation. Quality of induction, recovery, and ataxia were scored by a single blinded investigator. Duration of anesthesia and recovery, and adverse events were recorded.ResultsThe mean doses required for induction were 2.6 ± 0.4 mg kg?1 alfaxalone and 5.2 ± 0.8 mg kg?1 propofol. After alfaxalone, temperature, respiration, and pH were significantly lower, and PaCO2 significantly higher post-induction compared to baseline (p < 0.03). After propofol, pH, PaO2, and SaO2 were significantly lower, and PaCO2, HCO3, and PA-aO2 gradient significantly higher post-induction compared to baseline (p < 0.03). Post-induction and 5-minute physiologic and blood gas values were not significantly different between alfaxalone and propofol. Alfaxalone resulted in significantly longer times to achieve sternal recumbency (p = 0.0003) and standing (p = 0.0004) compared to propofol. Subjective scores for induction, recovery, and ataxia were not significantly different between treatments; however, dogs undergoing alfaxalone anesthesia were more likely to have ≥1 adverse event (p = 0.041). There were no serious adverse events in either treatment.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThere were no clinically significant differences in cardiopulmonary effects between propofol and alfaxalone. A single bolus of propofol resulted in shorter recovery times and fewer adverse events than a single bolus of alfaxalone.  相似文献   

14.

Objective

The evaluation of alfaxalone as a premedication agent and intravenous anaesthetic in pigs.

Study design

Prospective, clinical trial.

Animals

Nine healthy, 6–8-week-old female Landrace pigs weighing 22.2 ± 1.0 kg, undergoing epidural catheter placement.

Methods

All pigs were premedicated with 4 mg kg?1 alfaxalone, 40 μg kg?1 medetomidine and 0.4 mg kg?1 butorphanol administered in the cervical musculature. Sedation was subjectively scored by the same observer from 1 (no sedation) to 10 (profound sedation) prior to induction of anaesthesia with alfaxalone intravenously to effect. All pigs were maintained on alfaxalone infusions with the rate of administration adjusted to maintain appropriate anaesthetic depth. Quality of induction was scored from 1 (poor) to 3 (smooth) and basic cardiorespiratory variables were recorded every 5 minutes during anaesthesia. Results are reported as mean ± standard deviation or median (range) as appropriate.

Results

Sedation scores were 9 (7–10). Inductions were smooth in all pigs and cardiovascular variables remained within normal limits for the duration of anaesthesia. The induction dose of alfaxalone was 0.9 (0.0–2.3) mg kg?1. Three pigs did not require additional alfaxalone after premedication to facilitate intubation.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Intramuscular alfaxalone in combination with medetomidine and butorphanol produced moderate to deep sedation in pigs. Alfaxalone produced satisfactory induction and maintenance of anaesthesia with minimal cardiovascular side effects. Appropriate monitoring of pigs premedicated with this protocol is required as some pigs may become anaesthetized after intramuscular administration of this combination of drugs.  相似文献   

15.
    
ObjectiveTo compare the effect of propofol, alfaxalone and ketamine on intraocular pressure (IOP) in cats.Study designProspective, masked, randomized clinical trial.AnimalsA total of 43 ophthalmologically normal cats scheduled to undergo general anesthesia for various procedures.MethodsFollowing baseline IOP measurements using applanation tonometry, anesthesia was induced with propofol (n = 15), alfaxalone (n = 14) or ketamine (n = 14) administered intravenously to effect. Then, midazolam (0.3 mg kg?1) was administered intravenously and endotracheal intubation was performed without application of topical anesthesia. The IOP was measured following each intervention. Data was analyzed using one-way anova and repeated-measures mixed design with post hoc analysis. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant.ResultsMean ± standard error IOP at baseline was not different among groups (propofol, 18 ± 0.6; alfaxalone, 18 ± 0.7; ketamine, 17 ± 0.5 mmHg). Following induction of anesthesia, IOP increased significantly compared with baseline in the propofol (20 ± 0.7 mmHg), but not in the alfaxalone (19 ± 0.8 mmHg) or ketamine (16 ± 0.7 mmHg) groups. Midazolam administration resulted in significant decrease from the previous measurement in the alfaxalone group (16 ± 0.7 mmHg), but not in the propofol group (19 ± 0.7 mmHg) or the ketamine (16 ± 0.8 mmHg) group. A further decrease was measured after intubation in the alfaxalone group (15 ± 0.9 mmHg).Conclusions and clinical relevancePropofol should be used with caution in cats predisposed to perforation or glaucoma, as any increase in IOP should be avoided.  相似文献   

16.
    

Objective

To characterize alfaxalone administered subcutaneously (SC) in guinea pigs, both alone and in combination with dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine.

Study design

Prospective, blinded, crossover study.

Animals

A total of 15 healthy female guinea pigs weighing 400–600 g.

Methods

Alfaxalone (10, 20 and 40 mg kg?1) was administered SC to three guinea pigs as a pilot dose-finding study. Alfaxalone (20 mg kg?1; A20) was selected for comparison against combination protocols of alfaxalone (15 and 20 mg kg?1) with dexmedetomidine (0.25 mg kg?1) and buprenorphine (0.05 mg kg?1; A15DB, A20DB). Each protocol was randomly administered to 12 guinea pigs separated by ≥7 days. Time and quality of induction and recovery, heart rate, respiratory rate, peripheral hemoglobin oxygen saturation, rectal temperature, pedal withdrawal reflex and adverse effects were recorded.

Results

The median time to induction for A20, A15DB and A20DB was 6.8–8.0 minutes with no significant difference between treatments. Mean duration of recumbency for A20 was 73.6 ± 19.6 minutes. Recumbency duration for A15DB and A20DB extended to 90 minutes, at which time dexmedetomidine was antagonized using atipamezole (0.025 mg kg?1 SC). Physiological variables were within normal limits with the exception of one animal that died 45 minutes following treatment with A20DB. Pedal withdrawal reflex remained intact with all treatments. Minor side effects such as twitching or bruxism occurred sporadically with treatment A20 but not with A15DB and A20DB.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

SC alfaxalone produced uncomplicated sedation that may be recommended for nonpainful procedures that do not require complete immobility. The addition of dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine increased the duration of sedation and immobility, but did not result in general anesthesia. This combination sedation protocol may be useful for nonpainful procedures requiring extended immobility.  相似文献   

17.
    
Objective To estimate mean Schirmer tear test (STT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) values in healthy koalas both conscious and anesthetized. Methods Data were gathered from koalas in Victoria, Australia. Conscious examinations were performed on captive koalas. Free‐ranging (wild) koalas were examined under anesthesia. Anesthesia was induced using alfaxalone, and animals were maintained on oxygen and isoflurane if required. All animals were healthy and had no surface ocular pathology detectable during slit lamp biomicroscopy. STT I tests were performed using commercial STT test strips placed in the lower fornix for 1 min. IOP was measured using an applanation tonometer after topical anesthesia. The higher value of the two eyes for both STT and IOP was analyzed. STT was measured in 53 koalas (34 conscious, 19 anesthetized) and IOP was measured in 43 koalas (30 conscious, 13 anesthetized). A two‐sample t‐test was used to compare means. A P‐value <0.05 was regarded as significant. Mean ± SD is presented. Results The mean higher STT in conscious koalas was 10.3 ± 3.6 mm wetting/min and in anesthetized koalas it decreased to 3.8 ± 4.0 mm wetting/min (P < 0.0001). The mean higher IOP in conscious koalas was 15.3 ± 5.1 mmHg, and in anesthetized koalas it was 13.8 ± 3.4 mmHg (P = 0.32). There was no effect of sex on either STT or IOP. Conclusions The mean and SD of STT and IOP values for koalas both conscious and anesthetized were reported. The mean STT was significantly reduced by alfaxalone anesthesia.  相似文献   

18.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the alfaxalone formulation Alfaxan? as an immersion anesthetic in tropical fish species compared to that of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222). 22 black spot barbs (Puntius filamentosis) measuring (mean±SD) 11.4 ±1.4 cm in body length and 22 peacock cichlids (Aulonocara spp.) (measuring 8.4 ± 1.6cm were anesthetized in water baths containing 100 mg/L of MS-222 buffered with 200 mg/L of bicarbonate or 5 mg/L of alfaxalone following a 2-week washout period. Time to maximum effect, recovery periods, self-righting, spontaneous swimming movements, opercular movements, and response to noxious stimuli were recorded. The following results are for the black spot barbs following MS-222 and alfaxalone anesthesia, respectively: mean times (±SD) to surgical anesthesia were 5.5 ± 2.11 and 3.27 ± 1.72 minutes and mean recovery times were 2.95 ± 0.9 and 9.14 ± 3.15 minutes. The peacock cichlid anesthetic protocols for MS-222 (20 of 22 cichlids) and alfaxalone (20 of 21 cichlids) produced the following results, respectively: mean times (±SD) to surgical anesthesia were 14.75 ±5.43 and 11.1 ± 9.84 minutes and mean recovery times were 3.6 ±0.82 and 22.4 ±11.3 minutes. Median recovery time from 5 mg/L alfaxalone was significantly longer (P < 0.001) in both species, by 5 minutes for black spot barbs and by 17 minutes for peacock cichlids. Variation in induction and recovery times between species was observed, with black spot barbs having significantly (P < 0.0001) faster induction times when treated with both drugs, and a faster recovery time from 5 mg/L alfaxalone.  相似文献   

19.
旨在探讨使用不同剂量阿法沙龙和异氟烷静吸复合麻醉(IVIA)对犬麻醉效果的比较.对18只试验犬随机编号后分为L(1～6号)、M(7～12号)、H(13～18号)3组,分别使用阿法沙龙3、6、9 mg·(kg·h)-1静脉恒速滴注(CRI)配合0.5％异氟烷的维持麻醉方案,观察并记录诱导麻醉前1h(T0)、维持麻醉期间(...  相似文献   

20.
Objective  To evaluate the cardiorespiratory changes induced by sevoflurane (SEV) anesthesia in the crested caracara ( Caracara plancus ).
Study design  Prospective experimental trial.
Animals  Eight crested caracaras ( Caracara plancus ) weighing 1.0 (0.9–1.1) kg were used for the study.
Methods  The birds were anesthetized by face mask with isoflurane for brachial artery catheterization. After recovery, anesthesia was re-induced with 6% SEV via face mask. After induction, a noncuffed endotracheal tube was placed and anesthesia was maintained with SEV (3.5% end-tidal) in oxygen (1 L minute−1) using an Ayre's T-piece nonrebreathing circuit, with spontaneous ventilation. Electrocardiography (ECG), direct systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure (SAP, DAP, and MAP), respiratory rate (fR), end-tidal carbon dioxide (P e' CO2), and cloacal temperature (T°C) were measured before induction (baseline – under physical restraint) and after 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 minutes of SEV anesthesia. Arterial blood samples were collected for gas analysis at baseline and then at 10, 25 and 40 minutes.
Results  No ventricular arrhythmias were observed in the present study. Respiratory rate, SAP, DAP, MAP, T°C and pH decreased from pre-induction values, while arterial partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, bicarbonate concentration, and P e 'CO2 were significantly higher than baseline. None of the birds were apneic.
Conclusion and clinical relevance  Sevoflurane anesthesia is suitable for use in healthy members of this species, despite the moderate cardiovascular and respiratory depression produced.  相似文献   

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