毛乌素沙地南缘沙区水分入渗特征及其影响因素

水分入渗是土壤水分循环的重要环节。为探明毛乌素沙地生物结皮覆盖沙区水分入渗特征及其影响因素,采用双环法测定不同类型地表(裸沙、浅灰色藻类结皮、黑褐色藻类结皮和藓类结皮,依次用BS、LC、DC和MC表示)水分入渗速率及其土壤理化性质。结果表明:1与BS相比,LC、DC和MC样地初始入渗率分别减少了37.7%、59.2%和73.6%,稳定前平均入渗率分别减少了37.5%、62.2%和81.3%,稳定入渗率分别减少了13.6%、67.4%和78.9%,累计入渗量分别减少了25.8%、61.3%和78.6%。2不同类型地表达到稳定入渗所需的时间在3~8 min;相关性分析结果显示,水分入渗速率与砂粒和土壤容重呈正相关关系,与粉粒、黏粒、结皮厚度、结皮抗剪强度、结皮层容重和有机碳含量呈负相关关系。3主成分分析结果表明,黏粒、结皮抗剪强度和土壤容重是影响该地区水分入渗速率的主要因子。因此,生物结皮在沙丘表面的形成和发育过程中,通过改变土壤的理化性质,减缓了该地区水分入渗速率,增加了降水的径流流失风险。     

毛乌素沙地天然臭柏种群年龄结构

以毛乌素沙地天然臭柏(Sabina vulgaris)种群为研究对象,按水分、地形等立地条件变化,将臭柏种群划分为滩地、沙丘底部、沙丘坡面和沙丘顶部4种生境类型进行实地调查,分析种群的年龄结构及其动态。运用WinDENDRO~(TM)年轮分析系统确定种群个体年龄,建立幼龄个体和成过熟个体的地径与年龄的回归方程,用以推算样地内所有个体的年龄。结果表明:滩地和沙丘底部生境下的臭柏种群10年以下幼龄植株占94%以上,其年龄结构图表现为金字塔型,属扩展种群;沙丘坡面生境下的臭柏种群以21～30年中龄植株为主,年龄结构表现为圆锥型,属稳定种群;沙丘顶部生境下的臭柏种群以51～60年成熟或老龄植株为主,年龄结构表现为倒金字塔型,属衰退种群。     

Groundwater evapotranspiration under psammophilous vegetation covers in the Mu Us northern China

Groundwater is a significant component of the hydrological cycle in arid and semi-arid areas. Its evapotranspiration is an important part of the water budget because many plants are groundwater-dependent. To restore the degraded ecosystems, the need is pressing to further our understanding of the groundwater evapotranspiration (ET_g) in arid and semi-arid areas. This study employed the White method to estimate ET_gat four sites in the Mu Us Sandy Land in northern China, and the four sites are covered by Salix psammophila(SP site), Artemisia ordosica(AO site), Poplar alba (PA site), and Carexenervis(CE site), respectively. The depth of groundwater table and the duration of drainage were taken into account in calculating the specific yield (S_y) to improve the accuracy of the ET_gestimats. Our results showed that from late May to early November 2013 the ET_g were 361.87 (SP site), 372.53 (AO site), 597.86 (PA site) and 700.76 mm (CE site), respectively. The estimated ET_g rate was also species-dependent and the descending order of the ET_g rate for the four vegetation was: C. enervis, P. alba, A. ordosica, and S. psammophila. In addition, the depth of groundwater table has an obvious effect on the ET_g rate and the effect varied with the vegetation types. Furthermore, the evapotranspiration for the vegetation solely relying on the water supply from unsaturated layers above the groundwater table was much less than that for the vegetation heavily relying on the water supply from shallow aquifers.     

明代边墙修筑时毛乌素沙地范围探讨

根据野外调查,并结合历史文献记载,对明代毛乌素沙地的范围进行了分析。结果表明:明代时毛乌素沙地边墙一带已经处于沙地之中,其环境为沙地、湖滩交错组成,沙漠早在边墙修筑之初就远在边墙的南面。边墙的修建虽说"草茂之地,筑之于内,使虏绝牧;沙碛之地,筑之于外",这只能代表一种景观的差异,与现今所定义的沙地概念不符,不能用来作为沙地与非沙地的分界线。但当时边墙附近植被盖度应好于现在,多为固定沙丘或者平沙地。     

毛乌素沙地南缘不同林龄人工柠条林土壤渗透性研究

为了探讨不同林龄人工柠条林对土壤渗透性能的影响,以天然草地为对照,以土壤初渗速率,稳渗速率,平均渗透速率和渗透总量表征土壤渗透性,运用主成分分析及散点聚类法对毛乌素沙地南缘不同林龄人工柠条(Caragana korshinkii)林地土壤渗透性进行了研究。结果表明:不同林龄人工柠条林地土壤渗透性能大小依次为:15a>24a>36a>天然草地(CK)。即随着人工柠条林林龄的增加,其土壤渗透性能力逐渐减弱,对照天然草地的土壤渗透能力最小。不同林龄人工柠条林地土壤入渗过程回归模拟结果表明:土壤水分入渗过程符合Kostiakov模型,相关系数在0.8003～0.9535之间,且F检验均达到极显著水平。Kostiakov模型是比较适用于干旱、半干旱区的人工柠条林地土壤入渗特征的模型。。     

毛乌素沙地不同生境主要植物叶性状研究

叶性状与植物的生长对策及资源利用效率密切相关,能够反映植物对环境的适应策略.文中比较分析了毛乌素沙地不同生境中(固定沙地、半固定沙地和流动沙地)8种植物叶性状的差异及其相关关系.结果 表明:1)8种植物叶性状差异显著,流动沙地沙米(Agriophyllum squarrosum)具有较大的比叶面积(SLA)和较小的单位...     

毛乌素沙地17年间植被覆盖度变化的遥感监测

为揭示毛乌素沙地植被变化规律,利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)和像元分解模型,建立了TM影像尺度下的毛乌素沙地植被覆盖度遥感定量模型。在此基础上,对毛乌素沙地1990年和2007年2个时期植被覆盖的进行了等级的划分。采用转移矩阵的方法,分析了该区17年来植被覆盖度的变化趋势。研究结果表明:研究区植被覆盖类型的主体为低盖度植被(NDVI,<0.3),其面积由1990年的33176.7369km2下降为2007年的30671.6454km2,年变化率为-0.048%;中盖度(NDVI,0.3-0.6)、高盖度(NDVI,>0.6)的总面积由1990年的1313.5023km2变为2007年的3818.5938km2,年变化率分别为3.91%和3.48%。整个研究区17年间发生正向转移的面积为3209.5153km2,占总面积的9.31%;负向转移的面积为633.0195km2,占总面积的1.84%。毛乌素沙地植被覆盖状况总体呈良性转移趋势,但局部退化的问题也应该加以关注。     

Wind-proof and sand-fixing effects of Artemisia ordosica with different coverages in the Mu Us Sandy Land,northern China

Wind erosion is a key global environmental problem and has many adverse effects. The Mu Us Sandy Land of northern China is characterized by an arid climate, where vegetation patches and bare sand patches are usually distributed mosaically, and aeolian activities occur frequently. Vegetation plays a significant role in controlling wind erosion. Artemisia ordosica is the most dominant native plant species in the Mu Us Sandy Land. It is urgent to study the wind-proof and sand-fixing effects of Artemisia ordosica in the Mu Us Sandy Land. This study analyzed the wind-proof and sand-fixing effects of Artemisia ordosica based on the field data of wind regimes, aeolian sediment transport, and surface change of Artemisia ordosica plots with four coverages (denoted as site A, site B, site C, and site D) in the Mu Us Sandy Land during the period from 1 June 2018 to 29 June 2019. The coverages of Artemisia ordosica at site A, site B, site C, and site D were 2%, 16%, 29%, and 69%, respectively. The annual average wind speeds at 2.0 m height above the ground for site A, site B, site C, and site D were 3.47, 2.77, 2.21, and 1.97 m/s, respectively. The annual drift potentials were 193.80, 69.72, 15.05, and 6.73 VU at site A, site B, site C, and site D, respectively. The total horizontal aeolian sediment fluxes during the period from 2-3 June 2018 to 6 June 2019 at site A, site B, site C, and site D were 4633.61, 896.80, 10.54, and 6.14 kg/m, respectively. Site A had the largest surface changes, and the surface changes at site B were significantly weaker than those at site A, whereas the surface changes at site C and site D were minimal. The results indicated that Artemisia ordosica significantly reduced the wind speed, drift potential, aeolian sediment transport, and surface changes. The higher the coverage of Artemisia ordosica is, the more obvious the effects of wind-proof and sand-fixing. Wind erosion would be effectively controlled in the Mu Us Sandy Land if the coverage of Artemisia ordosica is greater than 29%. These results provide a scientific basis for evaluating the ecosystem service function of Artemisia ordosica and the vegetation protection and construction projects in the Mu Us Sandy Land.     

毛乌素沙地东南缘不同类型沙丘土壤水分分布特征

通过对横山县境内毛乌素沙地东南缘的实地考察,根据植被类型和植被覆盖度,将沙丘分为裸露流动沙丘、灌木覆盖沙丘、乔木覆盖沙丘,分别在各类沙丘不同地貌部位实施4 m深度钻孔取样,并进行含水量测试和粒度分析,研究沙地土壤含水量变化。结果表明:对于垂直方向0～4m深度的沙地、灌木和乔木覆盖沙丘平均含水量变化为:丘间洼地>迎风坡>背风坡,而裸露流动沙丘平均含水量变化为:丘间洼地>背风坡>迎风坡;不同类型沙丘在各地貌部位不同层段含水量变化差异明显,变化趋势不统一。沙丘的地貌部位相同,地表的植被类型和覆盖度差异是影响沙地土壤含水量的重要因素,测试结果显示,迎风坡含水量为:灌木覆盖沙丘>乔木覆盖沙丘>裸露流动沙丘;背风坡含水量为:灌木覆盖沙丘>裸露流动沙丘>乔木覆盖沙丘;丘间洼地含水量为:灌木覆盖沙丘>乔木覆盖沙丘>裸露流动沙丘。灌木覆盖沙丘土壤含水量变异系数最大,水分含量在不同层位波动较大,裸露流动沙丘和乔木覆盖沙丘含水量波动差异较小。沙丘上生长的灌木和乔木明显地改变了沙丘含水量的变化特征,灌木比乔木对沙丘含水量及其垂向变化的影响更显著。灌木对地表大气中的粉尘有较强的拦截能力,灌木沙丘平均的粉砂和黏土含量高,灌木的覆盖有利于沙地的土壤化进程和保持沙地水分,在沙地绿化过程中,应充分考虑灌木植物的作用。     

毛乌素沙地生物结皮对土壤温度的影响

土壤温度对作物生长发育、土壤水盐运移、生物的数量与活性、土壤碳平衡等均有较大的影响。为了研究毛乌素沙地生物结皮区和裸沙区土壤温度的差异,于2010年9~11月在陕北毛乌素沙地东南缘神木县圪丑沟地区,选择晴朗天气进行定位观测试验。结果表明: ① 同一剖面深度,生物结皮样地土壤温度的日变化趋势同裸沙样地一致;且从6:00~21:00时每隔3 h,土壤垂直剖面的温度沿着“\” 型、 微“（”型、明显“（”型、“/” 型、微“）”型、“\”型进行周期性变化。② 生物结皮的覆盖极显著降低了地表的土壤温度（[WTBX]P[WTBZ]＜0.01）。③ 生物结皮样地和裸沙样地表层土壤温度变幅最大,随剖面深度的增加土壤温度变化趋缓。当气温和土壤含水量较低时,生物结皮对同一深度土壤温度变化幅度的影响更明显。从垂直剖面角度看,生物结皮降低了土壤温度及其变幅。④ 生物结皮提高了0~25 cm深度土壤温度对气温的敏感程度。表明土壤温度的变化是多因素作用的结果,前人仅根据生物结皮的颜色来判断其对土壤温度的影响是不够的。生物结皮对土壤温度造成影响的主要原因,可能是其改变了土壤表层结构及土壤水分状况。在今后相关研究中如水分蒸发、土壤化学性状的改变等,要特别注意生物结皮的温度效应对这些过程的影响,从而使分析更加客观深入。     

Effects of vegetation types on soil water dynamics during vegetation restoration in the Mu Us Sandy Land,northwestern China

The arid and semi-arid northwestern China has been undergoing ecological degradation and the efforts to reverse the ecological degradation have been undertaken for many years. Some shifting dunes have been fixed and the vegetation has been partially recovered in certain areas and the Mu Us Sandy Land in the Ordos Plateau is an example of the success. The present study attempts to reveal the relationships between the vegetation restoration and ecohydrology in the Mu Us Sandy Land. We continuously measured soil water content at 10-min intervals under three vegetation types(i.e., shifting dune, shrub-dominated community, and herb-dominated community) in the Mu Us Sandy Land from April 2012 to October 2013. The results show the infiltration coefficient increased with increased rainfall amount and eventually reached a stable value. Infiltration coefficients were 0.91, 0.64, and 0.74 in the shifting dune, in the shrub-dominated community, and in the herb-dominated community, respectively. Cumulative infiltration and soil texture are two vital factors affecting the depths of rainfall penetration. Only rainfall events larger than 35.0 mm could recharge soil water at the 60–80 cm layer in the herb-dominated community. Our results imply that the expected forward succession of restored vegetation may be destined to deterioration after reaching the climax simply because of following two facts:(1) soil water is mainly retained at shallower layer and(2) plant fine roots mainly distribute in deeper layer in the herb-dominated community.