Effects of salinity on osmoregulation,growth and survival in Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus) (Zuiew 1793)

The Asian swamp eel Monopterus albus is normally considered a freshwater species, but can also occasionally be found in brackish water. It is an obligate air‐breather with highly reduced gills, making its osmoregulation physiology interesting because the gills normally represent the primary site of osmoregulation in teleosts. Being a popular fish for human consumption, the swamp eel is cultured extensively in freshwater ponds in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. However, very little is known about its salinity tolerance, which is becoming topical due to the increasing salt‐water intrusions into tropical deltas. We therefore studied how increased salinity affects survival, growth, blood pressure, heart rate, blood osmolality and plasma ions. All eels survived prolonged exposure to 5 and 10 g L^?1, although plasma osmolality increased significantly at 10 g L^?1. Further elevation to 15 and 20 g L^?1 was associated with significantly elevated mortality, with a corresponding increase in plasma osmolality and ion con‐centrations. Our results show that swamp eels thrive in 0–10 g L^?1 with an optimum growth between 0 and 9 g L^?1, indicating that utilization of low saline brackish waters for aquaculture is possible.     

益生菌的应用对鳗鲡池塘水质变化的影响

在鳗鲡养殖池中应用益生菌,研究其对池塘水质变化的影响。结果表明,在鳗鲡养殖池中添加芽胞杆菌、光合菌及EM菌,能有效降低养殖水体的氨氮(NH4+-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO2--N)及化学耗氧量,有利于水质净化和微生态环境的修复。     

Effects of dietary protein levels on the growth,body composition,serum biochemistry and digestive enzyme activity in Chinese rice field eel (Monopterus albus) fingerlings

A 12‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the influence of dietary protein levels on growth performance, body composition, haematological parameters and digestive enzyme activity of Chinese rice field eel (Monopterus albus) fingerlings. Six isolipidic experimental diets (27.89%, 32.23%, 35.95%, 40.06%, 43.31% and 46.53%) were formulated to randomly assign to triplicate groups of 50 rice field eel fingerlings (5.0 ± 0.5 g) cultured in plastic cages. Results indicated that the best growth performance of fish with the highest WG (158.68 ± 31.59%) and SGR (2.28 ± 0.21%) was obtained at 40.06% group. Significant alterations were demonstrated on whole‐body crude protein, crude lipid and amino acid profile by different dietary protein levels. Besides, haematological parameters including triacylglycerol, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase decreased with various levels by the increasing of dietary protein levels. The lowest pepsin activity was observed in 27.89% protein group, which suggested lower availability of protein as substrate for protease activity. Meanwhile, the highest amylase activity in fish of 27.89% group indicated higher carbohydrate level in this group. Based on the polynomial regression analysis of WG and SGR, the dietary protein requirement for fingerlings of Monopterus albus was estimated to be 386.4–390.8 g/kg, respectively, with the lipid level of 10.08%.     

Effect of stocking density on soil,water quality and nitrogen budget in Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798) culture under zero water exchange system

Soil and water interactions and their influence on growth and production in different densities (SD8 & SD16) under zero water exchange were studied in two successive crops of Penaeus monodon in Tamil Nadu, India during 2007 and 2008. Scraping and tilling during pond preparation increased the mineralization rate than scraping only. During crop, there was no significant difference in soil organic carbon and total nitrogen between the SDs. However, as the crop progressed, organic carbon and total nitrogen content of the soil showed significant difference under both the SDs. Between the SDs, nitrate and phosphate content in water significantly differed, whereas the progress of the crop significantly increased both available and total nutrients. Mass balance of nitrogen indicated that applied feed contributed to 97.4–98.5% of input nitrogen, of which nitrogen in sediment accounted for 16.5–27.3%, nitrogen recovery in shrimp was 34.2–43.6% and the nitrogen lost through denitrification and volatilization varied from 4.7% to 34.7%. Zero water exchange system is highly efficient as nitrogen recovery is higher in shrimp and lower in discharge water. Lack of significant difference in metabolites between the SDs indicates the role of aeration and probiotics in sustaining SD16 cultures.     

脂肪和蛋白质水平对工业养殖大西洋鲑消化酶、非特异性免疫及水质的影响

为探讨脂肪和蛋白质水平对工业化养殖大西洋鲑相关消化酶活力、免疫及对水质指标的影响,采用3×2双因素试验设计(3脂肪水平:18%、21%、24%,即F18、F21、F24;2蛋白质水平:38%、48%,即P38、P48),形成6种实验处理的膨化配合颗粒料,每处理3重复,在工业化封闭循环海水养殖(RAS)条件下,选用初重(650.0±45.50)g大西洋鲑720尾进行56 d的养殖实验。结果显示:(1)F21可显著提高大西洋鲑胃、肠、肝脂肪酶活力,比低脂肪分别提高11.52%、14.63%、4.31%;P48使肠、肝胰蛋白酶活力分别提高8.23%、8.33%,且发现其活力水平远高于胃蛋白酶。(2)F18、P48可显著提高肠道AKP酶活力,F18比F21、F24分别提高18.61%、31.70%,P48比P38提高13.69%。(3)F21、F24可显著改善血清的抗氧化能力,F21比F18的SOD活力提高10.32%,同时MDA含量降低4.49%;P48有利于提高血清LZM活力及补体C3含量,P48比P38分别高9.49%、5.93%。(4)低蛋白质水平可显著降低水体中氨氮、硝酸盐的含量,P38比P48分别降低61.70%、28.36%;提高脂肪水平可降低水体氨氮含量,F21、F24比F18分别降低10.00%、8.20%。研究表明,饲料脂肪和蛋白质水平与消化吸收酶、非特异免疫、养殖水氨氮之间关系特征明显;适当提高脂肪水平有利于提高消化道脂肪酶活力,提高蛋白质水平有利于提高免疫力;低蛋白质和中高脂肪组合可有效降低大西洋鲑的氨氮排泄量。