Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on growth,body composition,antioxidant status,lipid metabolism and immunity parameters of juvenile Chu's croaker,Nibea coibor

A‐56 days feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the growth performance, feed utilization, biochemical composition, antioxidant status, lipid metabolism and immunity parameters of Chu's croaker Nibea coibor fed diets supplemented with different levels of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA): 0% (control), 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 25 fish (initial body weight: 12.8 ± 0.1 g) in 15 floating cage. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were not significantly affected. 2% of dietary CLA led to significant lower lipid content in both whole body and liver (p < .05). Muscle lipid content was significantly lower in fish fed 1.5% and 2% CLA (p < .05). Saturated fatty acid (SFA) increased while monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) decreased with increasing dietary CLA in tissues (p < .05). Increasing CLA significantly promoted hepatic lipase (HL), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), serum lysozyme (LSZ) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) while decreased serum triglyceride (TG) in both liver and serum (p < .05). Liver Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (t‐AOC) increased while malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased (p < .05). Our study shown that Chu's croaker can successfully incorporate CLA in tissues up to 2% dietary lipid without growth inhibition, and that CLA increased fish quality due to the increased parameters of lipid metabolism, specific immunity, hepatic antioxidant and CLA accumulation, and the reduction of tissue fat deposition.     

Effect of hydroxyproline supplementation on growth performance,body composition,amino acid profiles,blood‐biochemistry and collagen synthesis of juvenile chu's croaker (Nibea coibor)

Hydroxyproline (Hyp) may play an important role in collagen metabolism, as it is almost exclusively found in collagen. To examine this possibility, a 56‐day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of graded supplementaries of Hyp (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 g/kg dry diet weight) on growth performance, feed utilization, biochemical composition and collagen synthesis of chu's croaker, Nibea coibor (13.6 ± 0.28 g). The growth performance and feed utilization were improved with increased levels of dietary Hyp, reaching a maximum at 5 g/kg (diet H2) followed by a slight decrease. Polynomial regression analysis showed that the maximum specific growth rate (SGR) was attained at 7.177 g/kg dietary Hyp. Increasing levels of Hyp did not affect body composition of juvenile Nibea coibor. However, dietary Hyp supplementation significantly affected the levels of Leu, Ile, Met, Lys, Ser, Glu and Pro in muscle and the levels of Met, Lys, Glu, Pro and Gly in swim bladder. The serum calcium (SC) level decreased significantly with increasing levels of dietary Hyp. However, the triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (T‐CH) levels in serum and liver were relatively stable. Importantly, the acid‐soluble collagen (ASC) and total collagen (TC) levels in swim bladder increased significantly initially and then decreased after reaching a maximum. Polynomial regression analysis revealed that the maximum TC level in swim bladder was attained at 9.736 g/kg of dietary Hyp. Collectively, these results suggest that the appropriate provision of hydroxyproline is essential for maximal collagen synthesis and growth.     

Effects of dietary carbohydrate level on growth and body composition of juvenile giant croaker Nibea japonica

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary carbohydrate level on the growth performance, body composition of giant croaker, Nibea japonica. The six diets were designated as carbohydrate level from 0% to 30%. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 18 giant croaker (initially weighing, 7.40 ± 0.15 g fish^?1) in flow‐through sea water system. The weight gain (WG) and special growth ratio (SGR) had tendency to increase with carbohydrate level from 0% to 12% after that decreased, and significantly lower in fish fed diet with 30% carbohydrate level than in other groups. Moreover, fish fed diet with 30% dietary carbohydrate has significantly higher feed conversion ratio (1.48 ± 0.18) and lower protein efficiency ratio (1.69 ± 0.21) than other groups (P < 0.05). The intraperitoneal fat ratio and condition factor had no significant difference in different groups (P > 0.05), hepatosomatic index value increased with dietary carbohydrate increased (P < 0.05). The result of this study also suggested that excess carbohydrate level (30%) led to lower lipid content in whole body. Based on the second‐order polynomial regression analysis of WG and SGR, 12.2–12.7% dietary carbohydrate provided maximum growth of N. japonica.     

Effects of protein levels on growth,feed utilization,body composition,amino acid composition and physiology indices of juvenile chu's croaker,Nibea coibor

A 49‐day feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimal dietary protein level for juvenile chu's croaker Nibea coibor in sea cages. Five isocaloric diets were formulated to contain graded levels of protein: 360 (D36), 400 (D40), 440 (D44), 480 (D48) and 520 (D52) g kg^?1 diet. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 25 fish (mean 76.0 ± 0.8 g) in a total of 15 floating cages. Specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention efficiency (PRE), feed efficiency and feed intake were significantly higher at D44 and D48. Consumed protein (CP) obtained the maximum at D48, and protein efficiency ratio was significantly higher in fish fed with D44 and D48 compared with fish fed with D36 and D52. Hepatosomatic index and condition factor were not affected. Body protein and moisture content increased with increasing dietary protein, while lipid and ash content were not affected. Individual and total essential amino acids maximized at D44. Digestive enzymes and physiology indices in intestine, liver and plasma were differentially affected. Based on polynomial regression analysis of SGR, PRE and CP, we suggested that the optimum dietary protein level for juvenile chu's croaker was 444–478 g kg^?1 diet.     

浅色黄姑鱼鳃结构及其呼吸面积的研究

应用扫描电镜技术对体重范围在4.75～35.51g的浅色黄姑鱼（Nibea coibor）鳃结构及鳃小片进行了观察与呼吸面积计算,研究体重、体长与呼吸面积之间的相关关系。结果表明,浅色黄姑鱼的平均相对呼吸面积为4.01±1.62cm^2·g^-1。体重与一侧鳃丝总数的相关性N=28.81＋158.45lnW（R^2=0.9670,P〈0.01）较体长与一侧鳃丝总数的相关性N=17.31L^1.4542（R^2=0.8241,P〈0.01）更为显著。单位mm鳃小片的数目随着体重的不断增加显著减少,N=49.971W^-0.3909（P〈0.01）。单个鳃小片的面积随体重的增大而显著增加,a=0.3199W^0.2528（P〈0.01）。总呼吸面积随体重的增大而显著增加,A=11.559W^0.7109（P〈0.01）。相对呼吸面积随体重的增大而显著减小,RA=11.561W^-0.2904（P〈0.01）。     

The effects of dietary vitamin C on growth performance,serum enzymes activities and resistance to Vibrio alginolyticus challenge of yellow drum Nibea albiflora

A 9‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimal dietary vitamin C requirement and its effects on serum enzymes activities and bacterial resistance in the juvenile yellow drum Nibea albiflora (initial weight 33.2 ± 0.10 g). Six practical diets were formulated containing vitamin C 2.1, 45.3, 89.6, 132.4, 178.6 and 547.1 mg kg^?1 diet supplied as l ‐ascorbyl‐2‐monophosphate. The fish fed 547.1 mg kg^?1 diet showed a significantly higher survival than that fed 2.1 mg kg^?1 diet. The weight gains and specific growth rate of the fish fed 2.1 mg kg^?1 diet were significantly lower than those of the fish fed 89.6–547.1 mg kg^?1 diets. The liver vitamin C concentration firstly increased with increasing dietary vitamin C supply from 2.1 to 178.6 mg kg^?1 diet and then stabilized. The serum superoxide dismutase activities of the fish fed 547.1 mg kg^?1 diet were significantly lower than those of the fish fed 2.1–89.6 mg kg^?1 diet. The fish fed 2.1 mg kg^?1 diet had a significantly higher alkaline phosphatase activity than those in the other groups except the 45.3 mg kg^?1 group. Fish that received diets containing vitamin C at 547.1 mg kg^?1 had significantly higher nitro blue tetrazolium and lysozyme activity, and fish that received diets containing vitamin C at 45.3–547.1 mg kg^?1 exhibited resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus infection. The dietary vitamin C requirement of the juvenile yellow drum was established based on broken‐line model of weight gain to be 142.2 mg l ‐ascorbyl‐2‐monophosphate kg^?1 diet.     

Interactive effects of dietary magnesium and vitamin E on growth performance,body composition,blood parameters and antioxidant status in Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) fed oxidized oil

A study was conducted to investigate effects and interactions of magnesium (Mg) and vitamin E (VE) on growth performance, body composition, hepatic antioxidant capacity and serum biochemistry parameters of juvenile Japanese seabass Lateolabrax japonicus under oxidative stress condition. Fish (initial average body weight of 6.10 ± 0.20 g) were fed 9 oxidized oil diets supplemented with 3 grade levels of Mg (0, 520 and 1570 mg kg^?1 diet) and VE (0, 60 and 200 mg kg^?1 diet) for 8 weeks in freshwater. The results showed that diets supplemented 520 mg kg^?1 Mg and/or 60 mg kg^?1 VE had highest growth and muscle lipid content. There were highest total superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities and lowest malondialdehyde content in liver of fish fed diets supplemented 520 mg kg^?1 Mg and/or 60 mg kg^?1 VE. Contrary to Mg concentrations, Ca concentrations and Ca/Mg ratio in whole body were inversely related to dietary Mg levels. However, combined deficiency or excess of dietary Mg and VE led to the decrease of hepatic antioxidant capacity, body lipid deposition and growth of Japanese seabass under oxidative stress condition.     

Effects of dietary vitamin C and vitamin E on the growth,antioxidant defence and digestive enzyme activities of juvenile discus fish (Symphysodon haraldi)

A 56‐day experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary vitamin C and vitamin E on the growth, antioxidant status and digestive enzyme activities of discus fish (Symphysodon haraldi; initial body weight: 7.96 ± 0.61 g and body length: 5.45 ± 0.65 cm). Animals were fed with 13 different diets including one control diet and 12 treatment diets containing four levels of vitamin C (magnesium‐L‐ascorbyl‐2‐phosphate; 40, 80, 120 and 160 mg/kg) crossed with three levels of vitamin E (DL‐α‐tocopheryl acetate; 40, 80 and 120 mg/kg). The results showed that the fish fed diets containing additional vitamin C (40 mg/kg) and vitamin E (80 mg/kg) showed higher specific growth rate, length growth rate, total antioxidant capacity and protease activity but had lower feed conversion ratio and total superoxide dismutase activity than those fed the control diet. Collectively, these findings suggest that the inclusion of additional 40 mg/kg of vitamin C and 80 mg/kg of vitamin E in the basal diet could have beneficial effect on the growth, antioxidant defence and digestion of S. haraldi.     

Effect of dietary vitamin C on the growth performance,antioxidant ability and innate immunity of juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Richardson)

A 12‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin C on growth performance, antioxidant status and innate immune responses in juvenile yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets (44% crude protein and 7% lipid) were formulated to contain six graded dietary vitamin C (ascorbate‐2‐poly‐ phosphate, ROVIMIX^® STAY‐C^® 35) levels ranging from 1.9 to 316.0 mg kg^?1 diet. The results of present study indicated that fish fed the lowest vitamin C diet had lower weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) than those fed the diets supplemented vitamin C. WG and SGR did significantly increase with dietary vitamin C levels increasing from 1.9 to 156.5 mg kg^?1. However, no significant increase was observed with further dietary vitamin C levels increasing from 156.5 to 316 mg kg^?1. Survival, protein efficiency ratio and feed efficiency were not significantly affected by the dietary vitamin C levels. The activities of serum superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase significantly increased when dietary vitamin C levels increased from 1.9 to 156.5 mg kg^?1, fish fed the lowest vitamin C diet had higher serum malondialdehyde content than those fed the diets supplemented with vitamin C. Fish fed the diet containing 156.5 mg kg^?1 vitamin C had the highest lysozyme, total complement activity, phagocytosis index and respiratory burst of head kidney among all treatments. The challenge test with Aeromonas hydrophila indicated that lower cumulative survival was observed in fish fed the lowest vitamin C diet. Analysis by broken‐line regression of SGR and lysozyme activity indicated that the dietary vitamin C requirement of juvenile yellow catfish was estimated to be 114.5 and 102.5 mg kg^?1 diet, respectively.     

Effects of dietary vitamin B1 on growth performance,blood metabolites,body composition,intestinal enzyme activities and morphometric parameters of juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)

The effects of vitamin B₁ on growth, blood metabolites, body composition, intestinal enzyme activities and morphometric parameters were evaluated by a 63‐day feeding trial in Pelteobagrus fulvidraco fed diets containing vitamin B₁ with 4.29, 6.02, 7.86, 11.94 and 19.05 mg/kg, respectively. Results showed that 7.86 mg/kg vitamin B₁ resulted in significantly higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) (p < .05). Serum triglyceride, cholesterol and whole‐body lipid were observed in 11.94 mg/kg vitamin B₁ group significantly higher than those in 4.29 mg/kg group, accompanied by the lower serum glucose content in the same group (p < .05). Significantly higher values of whole‐body protein, serum total protein, relative intestinal length, fold height, intestinal trypsin, amylase, alkaline phosphatase, Na+/K+‐ATPase, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase, creatine kinase, muscular layer thickness and intestosomatic index were observed in 7.86 mg/kg vitamin B₁ group compared with those in 4.29 mg/kg group (p < .05). These results suggested that diets supplemented with vitamin B₁ improved growth performance, feed utilization, intestinal digestive and absorption capacity of juvenile yellow catfish. The optimal dietary vitamin B₁ requirements estimated using a two‐slope broken‐line model based on WG and PER of yellow catfish were 7.42 and 6.01 mg/kg, respectively.     

Effects of different dietary amino acid patterns on growth performance and body composition of juvenile giant croaker Nibea japonica

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary amino acid patterns on growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile Nibea japonica. Four semi‐purified diets were formulated to simulate the dietary amino acid profiles of juvenile giant croaker whole body protein (GCP), Peru fishmeal protein (PFP), red sea bream eggs protein (REP) and soybean meal protein (SMP) by supplementing with pre‐coated crystalline amino acids (CAA). A control diet contained only intact protein sources provided by the fishmeal and casein (2:1). Each experimental diet was fed to satiated triplicate groups of juveniles (10.73 ± 0.07 g) twice a day for 8 weeks. The highest weight gain (WG) was observed in the juveniles fed the control diet, whereas no significant differences were found between the juveniles fed the GCP and control diets. Fish fed the control, GCP, PFP and SMP diets did not exhibit any significant difference in protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed conversion (FCR) or nitrogen (N) retention. The results of this study suggest that the amino acid (AA) patterns of juvenile whole body protein could be used as a guideline in the formulation of dry diets, which also confirms that the juvenile giant croaker is able to utilize high amounts (20%) of CAA in coated form for growth.     

Effect of graded levels of dietary thiamine on the growth performance,body composition and haemato‐biochemical parameters of juvenile Sclizothorax prenanti

This study was conducted to determine dietary thiamine requirement of juvenile Sclizothorax prenanti and evaluate the effect of dietary thiamine levels on growth performance, body composition and haemato‐biochemical parameters for this fish species. The seven experimental diets were formulated to contain the graded levels of thiamine (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 100 mg kg^?1 diet, respectively), providing the actual dietary thiamine values of 0.31 (control), 9.82, 21.49, 29.83, 41.66, 62.24 and 114.58 mg kg^?1 diet, respectively. Each diet was assigned to three replicate groups of S. prenanti (initial body weight: 13.46 ± 0.28 g, means ± SD) for 60 days. Increasing dietary thiamine level up to 21.49 mg kg^?1 diet increased weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) (P < 0.05), beyond which they remained nearly unchanged. Similarly, hepatic thiamine concentration and several serum biochemical parameters (transketolase activity, triglyceride and total cholesterol contents) increased with increasing levels of thiamine up to 21.49 mg kg^?1 diet (P < 0.05) and, thereafter, remained almost constant. However, no significant differences in body composition (moisture, protein, lipid and ash contents) were found among dietary thiamine treatments (P > 0.05). Analysis by the broken‐line regression of WGR, SGR, FE, PER, hepatic thiamine concentration and serum transketolase activity indicated that dietary thiamine requirements in juvenile S. prenanti were 18.45–25.91 mg kg^?1 diet.     

Effects of dietary vitamin C on growth,flesh quality and antioxidant capacity of juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus

To investigate the effects of dietary vitamin C on growth, flesh quality and antioxidant capacity of juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus, a 56‐day feeding trial with five graded levels of dietary VC (D1: 11.69, D2: 34.89, D3: 59.10, D4: 114.26 and D5: 227.93 mg VC per kg of diet) was performed on 375 fish (triplicate groups of 25 fish per diet, initial weight 13.57 ± 0.09 g). Results showed that fish of D3 group exhibited the maximum specific growth rate (SGR) and the highest liver enzymatic activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐PX), which were consistent with the expression levels of cat and gsh‐px. Besides, the D3 group also showed higher contents of protein and lipid, and lower cooking loss, drip loss and malondialdehyde content in muscle than D1 group. The docosahexaenoic acid proportion in muscle increased with increasing dietary VC levels. Furthermore, the lowest expression levels of carnitine palmitoyltransferase1 (cpt1) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (pparα) were detected in livers of D3 group. The optimum dietary VC level was 49.73 mg/kg from the broken‐line analysis based on the SGR, in which better growth performance, antioxidative ability and flesh quality were observed in T. ovatus juveniles.     

不同饲料维生素C水平对口黑鲈仔鱼生长、免疫、抗氧化能力的影响

通过研究不同饲料维生素C(VC)含量对大口黑鲈仔鱼生长、免疫和抗氧化能力的影响,探究其维生素C最适需求量,为维生素C在大口黑鲈仔鱼饲料中的应用提供科学依据。实验设计5个实验组,分别为0(VC0)、200(VC200)、400(VC400)、800(VC800)和1600(VC1600)mg/kg。以出膜后11日(体重为1.2±0.3 mg)的大口黑鲈仔鱼为研究对象,在工厂化循环水系统进行为期3周的投喂实验。结果表明：大口黑鲈仔鱼的终末体重、增重率、特定生长率均随饲料中维生素C添加水平的提高先升高,其中VC400组数值最高。通过折线模型分析维生素C添加水平与增重率的关系,大口黑鲈仔鱼饲料中维生素C最适添加水平为421.2 mg/kg。各组生长激素和类胰岛素生长因子1的mRNA表达水平的变化趋势和生长性能基本一致。各维生素C添加组的补体浓度无显著差异,但都显著高于VC0组,补体C3与补体C4浓度均在VC1600组达到最大值。在溶菌酶含量中,VC400组、VC800组与VC1600组含量无显著差异,显著高于VC0组与VC200组。各组过氧化氢酶活性、谷胱甘肽含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性均随添加水平的提高先升高,均在VC400组取得最大值。各组的碱性磷酸酶活性和体内维生素C含量随饲料维生素C添加量的升高而升高,丙二醛含量随饲料维生素C添加量的升高而降低。综上所述,饲料中添加420mg/kg维生素C可以有效提高大口黑鲈仔鱼的生长性能、免疫性能和抗氧化性。     

Effects of different dietary vitamin C supplementations on growth performance,mucus immune responses and antioxidant status of loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus Cantor) juveniles

A 60‐day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of different dietary vitamin C levels on growth performance, immune response and antioxidant capacity of loach juveniles. Six isonitrogenous (58.6% of crude protein), isoenergetic (17.5 kJ g^?1) practical diets supplemented with 0 (VC0), 100 (VC100), 200 (VC200), 500 (VC500), 1000 (VC1000) and 5000 mg kg^?1 (VC5000) of VC (35% ascorbic acid equivalent) were fed to fish (mean initial weight 0.11 ± 0.02 g) in triplicate. Results showed that fish fed VC0 diet had significantly lower body weight gain (BWG) and survival rate (SR). However, BWG and SR improved significantly in fish fed VC100 and VC200 diet respectively. Whole body ascorbic acid concentration increased with incremental dietary VC levels from 0 to 100 mg kg^?1. The activity of mucus alkaline phophatase was significantly increased by the dietary VC level. Incremental levels of VC significantly reduced activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase. Moreover, fish fed diets containing more than 100 mg kg^?1 VC significantly down‐regulated the superoxide dismutase and GPx mRNA expression in liver. Meanwhile, the expressions of liver heat shock protein (HSP70) and nuclear factor‐erythroid 2‐related‐2 (Nrf2) were affected by fish fed diets containing VC from 100 to 5000 mg kg^?1. In conclusion, VC requirement of loach juveniles for optimum growth and functionally preventing lipid peroxidation was more than 200 mg kg^?1 of diet. Moreover, high dose of VC supplementation did not show any detrimental effects on loach growth performance.     

Effects of dietary vitamin C on growth,antioxidant activity,and immunity in ricefield eel (Monopterus albus)

A 10-week feeding trial aimed to investigate the effects of dietary vitamin C (l -ascorbic acid) on growth, antioxidant activity, and immunity in ricefield eel, Monopterus albus. Six diets were formulated with different levels of vitamin C supplementation (0.1, 17.5, 34.8, 68.6, 139.7, and 278.5 mg/kg). The results indicated that the weight gain (WG) of the M. albus fed the diets with vitamin C was remarkably higher than that of the M. albus fed the control diet (p < .05), and the quadratic analysis showed an optimal vitamin C level of 80.66 mg/kg. Compared with the control group, serum lysozyme activities, the complement pathway, red blood cell counts, white blood cell counts, immunoglobulin M, and phagocytosis percentage were significantly increased (p < .05) in the treatment groups, and superoxide dismutase activity, serum glucose, and malondialdehyde content were significantly decreased (p < .05) in the treatment groups. The challenge trial with Aeromonas hydrophila showed that the M. albus fed the diets with vitamin C had remarkably reduced cumulative mortality compared with those fed the control diet (p < .05), and mortality in the 68.60 mg/kg diet group was the lowest. Based on WG, the optimal vitamin C supplementation level for M. albus was estimated to be 80.66 mg/kg.     

Growth,biochemical composition,innate immunity and histological performance of the juvenile humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) after treatment with recombinant fish growth hormone

Humpback grouper take a long time to grow to marketable size. In this study, recombinant Epinephelus lanceolatus growth hormone (rElGH) was applied orally and by intraperitoneal injection to accelerate their growth. Daily application of crude rElGH at a dose of 50 mg kg^?1 in commercial diet for 42 days or with injections of 0.2 μg rElGH g^?1 total body weight every 2 weeks resulted in significant increases in growth performance, protein and lipid content, plasma glucose, liver glycogen and innate immunity compared to control groups. Relative weight gain from the oral and injection doses above compared to C? (Control negative, only commercial diet without rElGH treatment or chemical substances related to treatment, either for oral or injection route) were 40.25% and 38.77%, respectively. There was no specific histological damage to the kidneys, liver or spleen that was attributable to rElGH administration. These results strongly suggested that the stimulation of growth and immunity following oral and intraperitoneal administration was due to a specific action of rElGH and that recombinant GH is safe for fish consumption.     

Effect of dietary Clostridium butyricum and different feeding patterns on growth performance,antioxidant and immune capacity in freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)

An 8‐week study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different feeding patterns with dietary Clostridium butyricum supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant and non‐specific immune responses in freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (0.39 ± 0.001 g). There were four feeding methodologies: feeding basal diet continuously (P1); feeding diet with 500 mg/kg C. butyricum continuously (P2); feeding diet with 500 mg/kg C. butyricum 5 days after 2 days of basal diet (P3) and feeding diet with 500 mg/kg C. butyricum 2 days after 5 days of basal diet (P4). The results revealed that prawns in P3 had the highest weight gain rate (WGR) and lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the other groups. Haemolymph total protein levels and superoxide dismutase activity increased significantly in P2, P3 and P4 groups, while malondialdehyde content and anti‐superoxide anion levels decreased significantly compared to control. The mRNA expression of intestinal dorsal and Toll in P2 and P3 groups decreased significantly compared to control. Prawns in P3 exhibited improved growth performance, increased antioxidant capacity and enhanced immune function. We concluded that feeding diet with 500 mg/kg C. butyricum for 5 days after 2 days of basal diet was recommended for M. rosenbergii.     

饲料脂肪水平对胭脂鱼幼鱼生长、体组成和抗氧化能力的影响

试验选用体重(6.73±0.21)g的胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)幼鱼540尾,随机分成6个组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾试验鱼。以大豆油为脂肪源,配制成脂肪水平为2.04%、4.43%、6.88%、9.02%、11.98%、13.39%的半精制饲料,进行为期56 d的生长试验,研究脂肪水平对胭脂鱼幼鱼生长、体组成及机体抗氧化能力的影响。结果显示:饲料脂肪水平对胭脂鱼的生长性能有显著影响(P<0.05)。脂肪水平为6.88%时,胭脂鱼增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质沉积效率最高,饲料系数最低。脂肪沉积效率随脂肪水平的增加呈下降趋势。随脂肪水平增加,胭脂鱼全鱼、肌肉和肝胰脏脂肪含量逐渐上升,至6.88%组后稳定,而全鱼水分、粗蛋白含量没有显著变化(P>0.05)。胭脂鱼机体抗氧化能力随着脂肪水平的增加呈现先升后降趋势,脂肪水平为6.88%时,总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧物歧化酶(SOD)值最大,丙二醛(MDA)值最小,即抗氧化能力最强。以增重率、特定生长率和饲料系数进行回归分析并考虑脂肪水平对胭脂鱼营养组成和抗氧化能力的影响,确定胭脂鱼幼鱼适宜脂肪水平为6.62%~7.02%。     

饲料维生素C水平对吉富罗非鱼生长性能、肌肉品质和抗氧化功能的影响

以维生素C多聚磷酸酯为维生素C(VC)源,评价了饲料VC水平对吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)生长、肌肉品质和抗氧化功能的影响。在基础饲料中分别添加0、60、300和1 500 mg/kg的VC(分别记为C 0、C 60、C300和C 1500组)配制成4种实验饲料,投喂初始体质量为(77.07±2.24)g的吉富罗非鱼56 d,实验分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复20尾鱼。结果表明,饲料中添加VC可以显著提高吉富罗非鱼的增重率、特定生长率和成活率(P0.05),但3个添加组之间无显著差异(P0.05);各实验组罗非鱼肌肉的粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量不受饲料VC添加水平的影响(P0.05),罗非鱼肌肉的水分含量以C 1500组最低,显著低于其余3组(P0.05);C 300组罗非鱼肌肉的弹性和咀嚼性显著高于C 0组(P0.05);C 1500组的肌肉硬度、凝聚性、弹性、黏性、咀嚼性均显著高于C 0组(P0.05),各组的肌肉回复性无显著差异(P0.05);VC添加组的罗非鱼血清和肌肉的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均显著高于C 0组(P0.05),血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以C 300组最高,显著高于C 0组(P0.05),肌肉CAT活性有增高趋势但未出现显著差异(P0.05),3个VC添加组的血清丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著低于C 0组(P0.05),C1500组的肌肉MDA含量显著低于C 0组(P0.05)。上述结果表明,饲料中添加适量VC(有效含量282 mg/kg)能提高吉富罗非鱼的生长性能,改善其肌肉品质,增强机体抗氧化功能。