免耕与常规耕作潮棕壤交换性阳离子的剖面分布特征

通过田间定位试验.研究了不同耕作方式对潮棕壤0-100 cm深度6个土层土壤交换性阳离子的影响.结果表明,与常规耕作相比,免耕使土壤表层pH显著增,.而电导率下降;同时,免耕增加了表层土壤可交换性K~+含量,降低了可交换性Na~+含量,但对可交换性Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)和阳离子交换量没有产生显著影响.相关分析结果表明,可交换性K~+与土壤养分含量没有显著相关性,而可交换性Na~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)和阳离子交换量与有机质和全氮含量均呈负相关关系.     

不同耕作方式下黑土有机无机复合体变化及有机碳分布特征

研究了不同耕作方式下黑土有机无机复合体组成及有机碳在各级复合体中的分布特征。结果表明:黑土有机无机复合体组成以粉粒复合体为主;黑土有机碳主要存在于小粒级复合体中,开垦有使有机碳向小粒级复合体中聚集的趋势。随着复合体粒径的增大,有机碳各组分的含量趋于减少,HA/FA比值趋于增加;腐殖质碳主要集中在粉砂粒以下的复合体中,且复合体的粒径越小,HA所占比重越大。开垦可导致土壤复合体分散,不利于HA类胶结物质向小粒级复合体中分配,轮作有利于土壤有机碳的累积,土壤物理性状的改善及土壤肥力的提高。     

绿洲盐化潮土有效锌含量与盐分离子的相关性及通径分析

以张掖市甘州区和临泽县绿洲盐化潮土为研究对象,通过采集具有代表性、正常耕作种植、前茬为玉米的典型地块0~20 cm耕层土样分析化验,研究了区域土壤有效锌和盐分离子含量特征,运用通径分析方法研究了它们之间的相关性及不同盐分离子对土壤有效锌含量的影响程度。结果表明,河西绿洲灌区盐化潮土有效锌含量介于0.289~0.736 mg/kg之间,平均为0.473 mg/kg,变异系数为18.68%,超过70%的土壤低于缺锌临界值(0.5 mg/kg),且土壤有效锌含量有随含盐量升高而降低的趋势。土壤有效锌含量与HCO_3~–、Mg~(2+)、Na~+含量之间呈极显著负相关,与Cl~–、Ca~(2+)、K~+含量之间呈显著负相关,与SO_4~(2–)含量之间的相关性不显著。Mg~(2+)对土壤有效锌含量表现出强烈的直接和间接负效应,HCO_3~–表现出很大的直接负效应和强烈的间接正效应,Cl~–、K~+和Na~+均表现出较强的直接和间接负效应,SO_4~(2–)表现出较弱的直接和间接正效应,Ca~(2+)表现出较弱的直接和间接负效应。Mg~(2+)、HCO_3~–和Na~+是影响土壤有效锌含量变化的3个主导因素,对决定系数R~2的贡献超过了68%。     

不同形态氮肥对设施土壤盐分含量和离子组成的影响

通过室内模拟培养实验,研究了尿素、碳酸氢铵和硝酸钙对设施土壤盐分含量和离子组成的影响.结果表明:(1)随着培养时间延长,不同形态氮肥处理土壤含盐量总体呈先升高后降低再升高的趋势.施肥处理的土壤含盐量较对照(CK)明显增加,但不同氮肥处理与未施氮肥处理(N0)间的土壤含盐量在整个培养期间内总体差异不显著.且氮肥用量对含盐量的影响也不显著.(2)设施土壤中尿素和碳酸氢铵处理的电导率与含盐量呈极显著正相关,硝酸钙处理电导率与含盐量呈显著正相关.且随培养时间的延长呈波浪状变化.其电导率显著高于相同氮用量时的其他两种氮肥处理;电导率与氮肥用量呈极显著正相关.(3)不同形态氮肥处理的土壤盐分离子组成相近,均以阴离子为主.设施土壤阴离子占盐分总量的76.29%～93.81%,露地土壤为75.16%～96.63%,以SO_4~(2-)含量最高,分别占67.37%和67.28%,NO_3~-含量次之;土壤中阳离子含量较少,以Ca~(2+)为主,K~+,Na~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)的含量随氮肥用量的增加而增加.(4)土壤电导率受阳离子的影响较大.阴离子的影响较小.设施土壤的电导率与Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),K~+.NO_3~-含量呈极显著正相关,与Cl~-1呈显著正相关.露地土壤电导率与Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)含量呈极显著正相关,与HCO_3~-呈显著负相关.     

土壤盐分离子对乌鲁木齐小白菜Pb含量的影响研究

为研究土壤中盐分离子对小白菜Pb含量的影响,采取正交试验L_(16)4~5和盆栽试验方法,分析了5种阳离子(Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、K~+、Na~+、Pb~(2+))和3种阴离子(SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-、NO_3~-)对小白菜地上部和根系中Pb含量的影响。结果表明,试验条件下小白菜地上部Pb含量为0.215~0.930 mg·kg~(-1),根系中Pb含量为1.648~24.33 mg·kg~(-1),可食用部分超标率达81.3%。土壤盐分离子对小白菜地上部Pb含量影响顺序为:Ca~(2+)Mg~(2+)Na~+Pb~(2+)K~+。根据相关性分析,土壤中Ca~(2+)与小白菜地上部Pb含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.540 3,P0.05),Na~+和Pb~(2+)呈正相关但不显著。Mg~(2+)和K~+呈负相关,也不显著。Cl~-和NO_3~-与小白菜地上部Pb含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.540,P0.05),SO_4~(2-)呈正相关,但不显著。对小白菜根系Pb含量影响顺序为:Pb~(2+)K~+Na~+Ca~(2+)Mg~(2+),土壤中Pb~(2+)对小白菜根系Pb的含量呈显著正相关(r=0.483,P0.05),Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、K~+、Na~+、SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-和NO_3~-相关性不显著。乌鲁木齐土壤中固有的盐分离子对小白菜可食用部分Pb的吸收没有抑制作用。     

磁化微咸水灌溉对土壤交换性盐基离子组成的影响

在淡水资源贫乏的土壤盐渍化地区,通过对磁化微咸水灌溉后土壤交换性盐基离子组成和水溶性盐分的测定分析,探讨地下微咸水灌溉对土壤交换性盐基离子组成的影响。结果表明:(1)微咸水灌溉中土壤交换性Mg~(2+)、K~+、Na~+降低0.7%~25%,其交换性盐基饱和度(BSP)降低7.9%~32.4%;交换性Ca~(2+)和交换性盐基总量(TEB)提高6.7%~7.9%,BSP Ca~(2+)(Ca~(2+)在交换性盐基中所占百分比)提高1.5%~3.0%;(Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+))/TEB、Ca~(2+)/K~+、Ca~(2+)/Mg~(2+)和Mg~(2+)/K~+均增加0.6%~51%,K~+/TEB则降低13.2%~31.3%;(2)磁化微咸水灌溉后,土壤交换性K~+、Ca~(2+)、TEB和BSP K~+、BSP Ca~(2+)含量提高13.2%~31.3%;交换性Na~+、Mg~(2+)和BSP Na~+、BSP Mg~(2+)均降低为9.3%~56.5%,呈显著差异水平(P0.05),且各交换性盐基离子平均含量大小依次为Ca~(2+)Mg~(2+)Na~+K~+;Ca~(2+)/K~+、Ca~(2+)/Mg~(2+)、(Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+))/TEB、K~+/TEB均提高3.7%~47.8%,Mg~(2+)/K~+则降低47.8%~55.4%;(3)土壤交换性盐基离子与水溶性盐基离子K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)之间总体呈极显著相关(P0.01),与(Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+))/TEB均表现为极显著相关(P0.01)。综上所述,磁化微咸水灌溉改变了土壤盐基离子的交换特性和离子组成,对降低土壤盐渍化地区长期应用微咸水灌溉产生的土壤盐分积聚有良好的作用。     

用δ13C法研究黑土有机碳组分的变化规律

通过室内短期培养实验，利用δ^13C的方法研究了小麦秸秆分解过程中黑土有机碳组分的变化规律。结果表明：有机物料本身含有相当数量的腐殖物质，这些物质的加入对土壤中有机碳的更新与活化有重要的作用。黑土中添加小麦秸秆后，土壤有机碳各组分的含量明显增加。随着培养时间的延长，土壤有机碳各组分的含量在不断变化，新形成的和原土中的HA与FA间发生转化，而且主要以FA向HA转化为主，原土的HA与FA间的转化速度比新形成的HA和FA的转化速度相对较慢。最初FA的形成速度大于HA的速度。随着培养时间的延长，由于部分FA向HA转化，加速了HA的形成，最终土壤HA与FA皆呈积累趋势，且HA的增加量显著大于FA。土壤中新形成的FA比原有的FA分解速度快。     

辽西褐土区设施土壤交换性养分累积规律研究

本文自辽宁省西部朝阳地区旱地土壤及设施栽培土壤采集耕层土壤样品,分析了褐土区旱地改为设施栽培后土壤pH、电导率、有机质、速效养分及交换性养分含量的变化。研究结果表明:1)朝阳褐土地区旱地变为设施种植蔬菜后,耕层土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量、土壤电导率均显著增加,土壤pH值则由偏碱性显著下降至中性及微酸性;2)设施土壤交换性盐基总量显著增加,较旱地土壤提高了11.37%,其中设施土壤的交换性Mg~(2+)、K~+含量分别是旱地土壤的1.89倍和2.77倍,均显著增加;土壤交换性Ca~(2+)的含量无显著变化。3)设施土壤中交换性Mg~(2+)和K~+占交换性盐基总量的比例显著高于邻近的旱地土壤,交换性Ca~(2+)的比例则显著低于旱地;设施土壤Ca/K、Mg/K、Ca/Mg比值较旱地土壤均显著下降,其中设施土壤的平均Mg/K比值已低于2,土壤缺Mg现象应得到重视。在设施土壤养分管理过程中,应充分考虑交换性养分的数量及其比例关系。     

葛藤覆盖对幼龄橡胶园表层土壤理化性状和酶活性的影响

  【目的】  绿肥覆盖是解决土壤有机质含量低、土壤酸化和养分不平衡的有效途径之一,葛藤作为一种常见的豆科绿肥,研究其覆盖对胶园土壤性状和土壤酶活性的影响,可为绿肥的应用推广、胶园地力提升和橡胶增产增效提供理论依据和技术支撑。  【方法】  以海南儋州幼龄胶园中葛藤覆盖4年的土壤为研究对象,以相同区域无葛藤覆盖的幼龄胶园土壤为对照,采集0—10 cm (上层) 和10—20 cm (下层) 土样,测定了土壤容重、pH、土壤含水量、有机碳、总氮、总磷、总钾、速效磷、速效钾、铵态氮、硝态氮和6种土壤酶 (蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶、脲酶、L-亮氨酸氨基肽酶和β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶) 活性。  【结果】  1) 与无葛藤覆盖相比,种植葛藤提高了土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量,增幅分别为4.2%～5.9%、9.1%～11.8%和12.0%～38.1%,上层有机碳和全氮增幅 (5.9%、11.8%) 高于下层 (4.2%、9.1%),而全磷含量上层增幅 (12.0%) 低于下层 (38.1%);上层土壤pH明显提高,而下层土壤pH显著下降;2) 种植葛藤显著增加了上层土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性,增加幅度分别为同一土层裸地的327.8%和108.1%,但显著减低了上层土壤蔗糖酶活性 (活性下降为裸地的50.8%)。种植葛藤对两个土层的土壤β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶、β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶和L-亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性的影响均不显著;3) 种植葛藤后土壤过氧化氢酶活性与全氮、全钾含量之间呈显著正相关,与速效钾之间呈显著负相关 (P < 0.05);土壤蔗糖酶活性与全氮、pH、全钾和速效磷均呈显著负相关。裸地土壤中,过氧化氢酶活性与铵态氮呈显著负相关;脲酶活性与有机碳和速效钾分别呈极显著和显著负相关,与pH和全钾分别呈极显著和显著正相关;蔗糖酶活性与pH、全钾呈显著负相关,与速效钾和有机碳呈显著正相关;β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶和β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性与硝态氮含量均呈显著负相关。  【结论】  葛藤覆盖能有效缓解胶园上层土壤酸化,改善土壤养分状况,提高幼龄胶园0—10 cm土层土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶的活性,具有一定的改土增效作用。因此,葛藤覆盖是一种提高幼龄胶园表层土壤熟化和综合肥力水平可行的管理措施。     

施用有机物料对土壤镉形态的影响

采用室内培养试验,研究作物新鲜秸秆和腐熟猪粪对模拟镉（Cd）污染的土壤中Cd形态转化的动态影响。结果表明,各处理土壤交换态Cd含量随培养时间均逐渐降低。碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态Cd含量先增加后降低, 而有机质结合态和残渣态Cd含量则逐渐增加。添加秸秆可增加土壤交换态Cd含量,但随时间延长,增幅逐渐降低, 猪粪则可降低土壤交换态Cd含量。添加有机物后土壤交换态Cd含量的变化主要是由有机质结合态或残渣态Cd含量的变化而引起。秸秆和猪粪对土壤Cd形态的转化与土壤胡敏酸（HA）和富里酸（FA）的变化有关。秸秆对能活化土壤Cd的FA增加幅度大于对能钝化土壤Cd的HA增加幅度,降低HA/FA比,但降幅随时间逐渐减少; 猪粪在整个培养阶段对HA增加幅度均大于FA的增加幅度,增加HA/FA比。秸秆和猪粪均可降低潮土pH而提高红壤pH,但只有猪粪可通过提高红壤pH降低Cd向交换态转化。添加秸秆和猪粪后,Cd由低活性态向交换态转化与HA/FA呈显著负相关。     

石灰性土壤无机磷的形态分布及其有效性

本文应用蒋柏藩和顾益初(1989)提出的石灰性土壤无机磷的分级方法,对我国北方主要的石灰性土类进行了无机磷形态分级的研究,并对其有效性作出了初步评价。供试的甘肃、陕西和河南的16种土壤的无机磷形态的分布情况为:Ca₂-P平均占无机磷总量的1.34%,Ca-P占9.91%,Al-P占4.27%,Fe-P占4.40%,O-P占10.9%,Ca₁₀-P占69.1%。生物试验的结果表明:Ca₂-P型的磷酸盐是最有效的,也是作物磷素营养的主要来源;Ca₈-P、Al-P和Fe-P可以作为缓效磷源;Ca₁₀-P和O-P只是一种潜在磷源。本研究为石灰性土壤无机磷的研究和磷肥的合理施用提供了理论依据。     

Integrative Soil Application of Humic Acid and Sulfur Improves Saline Calcareous Soil Properties and Barley Plant Performance

ABSTRACT

During the 2017 and 2018 seasons, two field experiments were conducted on newly reclaimed saline calcareous soil (7.13 dS m^?1, 16.9% CaCO₃) in the experimental farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Demo, Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. The current work aimed at identifying the potential positive effects of applied humic acid (HA) and elemental sulfur (S) on some soil properties and barley plant performance. The results showed that the application of HA and/or S at different rates ameliorated the adverse effects of saline calcareous soil conditions and significantly reduced some chemical properties of the soil (e.g., pH, ECe, and CaCO₃%), while soil organic matter (OM%) and some nutrients (e.g., P, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) contents were significantly increased. In addition, the contents of nutrients (e.g., P, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) in barley plant and yielded grain, grain content of N and protein (%), and the performance (e.g., plant height, spike length, grain and straw yields, and weight of 1000-grain) of barley plant were significantly increased with the application of HA and/or S. The best results were obtained through the integrative application of 100 kg HA + 400 kg S ha^?1 to the tested saline calcareous soil. Therefore, the integrative soil application of 100 kg HA + 400 kg S ha^?1 can be recommended for the cultivation and sustainability of crop production in saline calcareous soil, in addition to rationalize the use of mineral fertilizers, which represent a surplus point for the sustainable agriculture system.     

Formation of metal-humic acid complexes by titration and their characterization by differential thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy

Humic acid (HA) extracted from a Eustis loamy sand (Psammentic Paleudult, Red Yellow Podzolic soil) was flocculated by titration with Al³⁺-, Fe³⁺-, Cu²⁺-, Zn²⁺-, Mn²⁺-, Ba²⁺-, Ca²⁺-, and Mn²⁺-chloride solutions, respectively, to determine possible development of metal-HA complexes, as reported by Flaig et al. (1975), and Tiurin and Kononova (1962). Titration was conducted with HA solutions with an initial pH 11.5 or 7.0. The results indicated that the cations used, except Mg²⁺, yielded insoluble complexes with HA, irrespective of initial pH. After titration, the pH of the metal-HA flocs was 6.0–7.0, which was expected in view of the presence of cation exchange and buffering capacity of HA compounds. More complex formation through electrovalent and covalent bonding by COO^? and phenolic OH groups of the HA molecule was only attained by the use of HA solutions with pH 11.5. On the other hand, less complex formation occurred by the use of HA solutions with an initial pH 7.0, through electrovalent bonding by COO^? groups. Differential thermal analysis (d.t.a.) curves of HA showed shifts in temperatures of the main decomposition peak as a result of flocculation with the different metals. Based on the type of the cations involved, the metal-humic acid flocs could be listed in the following decreasing order of thermal stability: Al³⁺ = Zn²⁺ = Mg²⁺ ≥ HA > Ca²⁺ > Ba²⁺ > Fe³⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Mn²⁺. A systematic relationship could not be found indicating that trivalent ions resulted in the formation of thermally less stable metal-humic acid flocs than divalent ions, as has been reported for HA-metal complexes. Physical mixtures of HA and metal hydroxides exhibited d.t.a. features resembling those of original (nontreated) HA, but not those of the HA-metal flocs.Infrared spectroscopy revealed increased absorption for COO^? vibrations at 1620 and 1400cm^?1 in spectrograms of metal-HA flocs compared to that of original humic acid, a phenomenon explained by many authors to be caused by bonding of the metal ions in hydrated form to the carboxyl or phenolic hydroxyl groups or both of the humic acid molecule. HA-flocs formed from solutions with an initial pH 11.5 had identical i.r. spectra compared with those formed from solutions with an initial pH 7.0.     

Effects of aluminium on growth and nutrition in birch seedlings under magnesium- or calcium-limiting growth conditions

Growth and nutrition of birch seedlings (Betula pendula Roth) with and without 0.5 mM Al³⁺ were studied. The seedlings were cultivated at growth-limiting Mg- or Ca-conditions by adding one of these elements at relative addition rates (R_Mg, R_Ca) of 0.15 day^?1. The concentration of Ca²⁺ in the Mg-limited treatments was 0.01.0.1 or 1 mM and Mg²⁺ was given in equal molarities in the Ca-limited treatments. The relative growth rates, R_G, of the plants and plant parts attained values close to R_Mg or R_Ca and were not affected by the concentration of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ or Al³⁺ in the culture solution. Uptake of Ca, at Ca-limitation, increased significantly in the roots after addition of Al, and decreased in all plant parts when the Mg concentration of the culture solution was raised. Less clear effects were found on Mg uptake at Mg-limitation. The inhibitory effect of Al on Mg uptake decreased with time as a result of the growth technique. The root mass fraction was significantly larger in plants limited in Ca (24%) than in plants limited in Mg (20%). The usefulness in using the balance between Ca and Al or ratios between Ca, Mg, K and Al as diagnostic tools for assessing the nutritional status of trees is discussed.     

Nutrient Availability Response to Sulfur Amendment in Histosols having Variable Calcium Carbonates

High soil pH and excessive calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) in the Everglades Agricultural Area of south Florida reduce the availability of phosphorus and micronutrients to crops. Sulfur (S) amendment is recommended to reduce soil pH and enhance nutrient supply. The study’s objective was to determine the sulfur amendment effectiveness on soil pH and nutrient availability in organic soil as CaCO₃ content increases in soil. An experiment of four S rates (0, 90,224, and 448 kg ha^?1) and three added CaCO₃ (0%, 12.5%, and 50% by volume) in organic soil was established. Sulfur application had limited effects on soil pH reduction as CaCO₃ level increased and therefore failed to enhance nutrient availability; however, it increased sulfate concentration in soils, which could be at risk for export from the field. Unexpected increases in manganese concentration with added CaCO₃ was associated with reducing conditions due to increased soil bulk density, which changed the soil physical properties.     

Mapping of Chemical Characteristics and Fertility Status of Intensively Cultivated Soils of Punjab,India

Cultivation of high-yielding crop varieties and intensive cropping has depleted the soil fertility in Northwest (NW) India, resulting in the appearance of multi-nutrient deficiencies in different crops and cropping systems. In the present investigation, geo-referenced soil samples from Indian Punjab were analyzed to map fertility status using a Geographical Information System (GIS). Soil texture, which affects soil hydraulic properties and soil strength, varied from sandy to clayey loam, with majority (47.3%) of the cultivated area being sandy loam. About 95% of the total area of the state shows pH between 6.5 and 8.5 (40% of the area between pH 6.5 and 7.5 and 54% between 7.5 and 8.5) and electrical conductivity (EC) <0.8 dS m^?1. Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) with <5% values represents 97% area of the state. The GIS-based maps indicate that irrespective of the agroclimatic variations, more than 90% of the soils showed low to medium soil organic carbon (OC) content and 50% low to medium (<22.4 kg P ha^?1) available phosphorus (P) content with a marginal (7%) deficiency of potassium (K). The dominance of low to medium status of available P in these soils could be due to the mining of soil P by the rice–wheat cropping system practiced in the region. The intensively cultivated soils of Indian Punjab showed 11% of soil samples were low in zinc (Zn), 15% low in manganese (Mn), 2% low in copper (Cu), and 12% low in iron (Fe). Availability of micronutrients increased with increase in OC content and decreased with increase in sand content, pH, and CaCO₃. GIS-based maps are effective in identifying hot spots, which need immediate attention and call for strategic planning for sustainable management.     

不同年限温室土壤盐分变化及对土壤退化的影响

为明确种植年限与土壤盐分及土壤退化间的关系,选择栽培模式和管理方式相近的温室,研究其土壤盐分、pH和交换性盐基离子随种植年限的变化趋势。结果表明:随种植年限的增加,土壤全盐量增加,第18年达1.833g/kg;土壤K~+和SO_4~(2–)含量升高,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和HCO_3~–含量降低;土壤中Na~+和Cl~–增量相对较少。土壤盐离子之和占全盐百分比在第6年平均为77.58%,而至第18年时为52.46%,说明随着种植年限延长,土壤盐离子组成已发生较大改变。土壤pH,第18年比第6年平均下降了1.01个单位,土壤交换性盐基下降了20.11%。因而,随温室种植年限延长,土壤盐渍化严重,酸化程度加重,交换能力下降,土壤肥力下降。     

Changes in the organic matter forms in chernozems of the Kamennaya Steppe under different land uses, locations, and hydromorphism degrees

The soils of the Kamennaya Steppe (Voronezh oblast) were studied. The rate of changes in the contents of C_org and the particular forms of organic matter (labile, microbial, and stable) were revealed in the quasi-natural soils of the fallows and shelterbelt and in the arable soils (rainfed farming for 12, 55, 85, and 115 yrs and irrigated farming for 40 yrs) of different positions on the watersheds and slopes. The effect of the increased soil moistening in the recent decades was also studied. In the upper 50 cm of the fallow soils that were not plowed since 1882, the relative C_org accumulation in the recent 30 yrs has amounted to 5%. The soils of the shelterbelt planted in 1903 were similar to the fallow soils. As compared to the soil of the unmown fallow, the C_org loss from the 1-m soil layer under the shelterbelt and the 12-year-old cropland were less than 9%; the losses from the plowed soils (used for 55–115 yrs) were 21–27% on the watersheds and 37–46% on the slopes. In the first decade, the rate of the Corg losses in the 0- to 20-cm layer of the cultivated chernozem was 120 g C/m². With the increasing duration of the soil plowing (from 55 to 115 yrs), the C_org losses decreased from 45 to 28 g C/m² per yr in the watershed soils and from 51 to 35 g C/m² per yr in the soils on the slopes. The maximum loss of C_org was found for the soils on slopes, waterlogged soils, and irrigated soils. In the slope soils, the C_org loss due to erosion was 9–18% of the total. In the upper horizons of the old agrogenic soils, compared to the soil of the unmown fallow, the C_ha/C_fa increased, since the content of fulvic acids (FA) faster decreased than that of the humic acids (HA); the C content of the nonhydrolyzable residue was reduced. The slope and waterlogged soils differed from the watershed soils in the smaller amounts of HA and FA and in the greater content of humin carbon. In the 0- to 20-cm layer of the soils studied, the rate of the basal respiration (BR) was 0.2–0.5 μg C/g soil per h, the content of the microbial biomass (C_micr) was 326–1073 μg C/g, and the share of C_micr amounted to 1.0–1.9%. These values were minimal in the irrigated soil and maximal in the fallow ones. A high correlation coefficient (r = 0.88–0.92) was found between the C_micr content and the BR, between the contents of C_org and HA, and between the contents of C_org and mobile C. The correlation coefficient between the contents of C_org and FA and C_org and humin C was 0.67.     

Soybean root growth in relation to ionic composition in magnesium-amended acid subsoils: Implications on root citrate ameliorating aluminum constraints

Abstract

Hydroponic studies with soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) have shown that µmol L^?1 additions of Mg²⁺ were as effective in ameliorating Al rhizotoxicity as additions of Ca²⁺in the mmol L^?1 concentration range. The objectives of this study were to assess the ameliorative effects of Mg on soybean root growth in acidic subsoils and to relate the soil solution ionic compositions to soybean root growth. Roots of soybean cultivar Plant Introduction 416937 extending from a limed surface soil compartment grew for 28 days into a subsurface compartment containing acid subsoils from the Cecil (oxidic and kaolinitic), Creedmoor (montmorillonitic) and Norfolk (kaolinitic) series. The three Mg treatments consisted of native equilibrium soil solution concentrations in each soil (50 or 100 µmol L^?1) and MgCl₂ additions to achieve 150 and 300 µmol L^?1 Mg (Mg150 and Mg300, respectively) in the soil solutions. Root elongations into Mg-treated subsoils were compared with a CaCO₃ treatment limed to achieve a soil pH value of 6. Subsoil root growth responses to the Mg treatments were less than for the lime treatments. Root length relative to the limed treatments for all subsoils (RRL) was poorly related to the activity of the soil solution Al species (Al³⁺ and Al-hydroxyl species) and Mg²⁺. However, the RRL values were more closely related to the parameters associated with soil solution Ca activity, including (Ca²⁺), (Al³⁺)/(Ca²⁺) and (Al³⁺)/([Ca²⁺] + [Mg²⁺]), suggesting that Ca could be a primary factor ameliorating Al and H⁺ rhizotoxicity in these subsoils. Increased tolerance to Al rhizotoxicity of soybean by micromolar Mg additions to hydroponic solutions, inducing citrate secretion from roots to externally complex toxic Al, may be less important in acid subsoils with low native Ca levels.     

Effects of fire temperature on the physical and chemical characteristics of the ash from two plots of cork oak (Quercus suber)

Cork oak, (Quercus suber) is widely distributed in the Mediterranean region, an area subject to frequent fires. The ash produced by burning can have impacts on the soil status and water resources that can differ according to the temperature reached during fire and the characteristics of the litter, defined as the dead organic matter accumulated on the soil surface prior to the fire. The aim of this work is to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of ash produced in laboratory experiments to approximate conditions typical of fires in this region. The litter of Quercus suber collected from two different plots on the Iberian Peninsula, Mas Bassets (Catalonia) and Albufeira (Portugal), was combusted at different temperatures for 2 h. We measured Mass Loss (ML per cent), ash colour and CaCO₃ content, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and the major cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺ and Na⁺) released from ash slurries created by mixing ash with deionized water. The results showed that ML per cent is higher at all temperatures in Albufeira samples compared to Mas Bassets samples, except at 550°C, and the rate of loss increases faster with temperature than the Mas Bassets samples. At 150°C the ash colour is yellowish, becoming reddish at 200–250°C and black at 300°C. Above 400°C the ash is grey/white. This thermal degradation is mostly observed in Albufeira litter. The formation of CaCO₃ was identified at a lower temperature in Albufeira litter. At temperatures < 300°C, pH and EC values are lower, rising at higher temperatures, especially in Albufeira slurries. The concentration of cations at lower temperatures does not differ substantially from the unburned sample except for Mg²⁺. The cation concentration increases at medium temperatures and decrease at higher temperatures, especially the concentration of divalent cations. The monovalent cations showed a larger concentration at moderate temperatures, mainly in Albufeira ash slurries. The analysis of the Ca:Mg ratio also showed that for the same temperature, a higher severity results for Albufeira litter. Potential negative effects on soil properties are observed at medium and higher temperatures. These negative effects include a higher percentage of mass loss, meaning more soil may be exposed to erosion, higher pH values and greater cation release from ash, especially monovalalent cations (K⁺, Na⁺) in higher proportions than the divalent ions (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺), that can lead to impacts on soil physical properties like aggregate stability. Furthermore, the ions in ash may alter soil chemistry which may be detrimental to some plants thus altering the recovery of these ecosystems after fire. Low intensity prescribed fire can be a useful tool to land management in these sites, due to the reduced effects of fire temperatures on the physical and chemical properties of surface litter, and can reduce the risk of high temperature wildland fires by reducing fuel loadings. From the perspective of water resources, lower fire temperatures produce fewer impacts on the chemistry of overland flow and there is less probability that the soil surface will be eroded. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.