Effect of dietary lipid on growth,body composition,serum biochemistry and hepatic metabolite alteration in Chinese rice field eel (Monopterus albus) fingerlings

Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing dietary lipid concentrations from 71.90 to 142.70 g/kg were formulated and fed to Chinese rice field eel Monopterus albus fingerlings (5.00 ± 0.50 g). The highest values of weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), together with the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) were found in fish fed with 89.10 g/kg lipid diet. Fish fed with 71.90 g/kg diet (F1) had higher hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index and whole‐body crude lipid than fish in the other four treatments (p < .05). Plasma concentration of triacylglycerol and the activity of alanine aminotransferase were also higher in fish fed with F1 diet. Whole‐body fatty acid profile varied exclusively, but with a stable value of n?3/n?6 ratio. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics identified eighteen differential metabolites (including idose, alanine, glutamic acid, serine and hypotaurine) in liver affected by dietary lipid content using PLS‐DA analysis. The subsequent pathway enrichment revealed ten affected pathways, with the top three pathways being glycine, serine and threonine metabolism; starch and sucrose metabolism; and D‐glutamine and D‐glutamate metabolism. The broken‐line model of SGR suggested that a dietary lipid concentration of 83.50 g/kg was appropriate for M. albus fingerlings.     

Effect of dietary taurine supplementation on growth,digestive enzyme,immunity and resistant to dry stress of rice field eel (Monopterus albus) fed low fish meal diets

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary taurine supplementation on growth, immunity and resistant to dry stress of rice field eel (Monopterus albus) fed low fish meal diets. Six isonitrogenous and isolipid diets (32% fish meal) supplemented with six taurine concentrations (0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2 and 1.5 g/kg; designated as T₀, T_0.03, T_0.06, T_0.09, T_0.12 and T_0.15 groups, respectively) were prepared. A diet including 42% fish meal (FM group) was also included as a reference. The results showed that specific growth rate (SGR) in FM group was significantly higher than that in lower fish meal treatments. SGR significantly increased and slowly decreased with the increase in taurine supplementation level. Lipase activity value in intestine of M. albus fed FM diet was maximum, and with the increase in taurine supplementation level, lipase activity significantly increased and slowly decreased. The FM group had relative higher total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) content, catalase (CAT), total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD), and lyzozyme (LZM) activities in serum than the other groups. With the increase in dietary taurine supplementation level, the CAT, T‐SOD, T‐AOC and LZM activities in serum significantly increased and then decreased. In the dry stress experience, the adrenaline (AD), cortisol (COR), glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (CHOL), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, T‐AOC content, CAT and T‐SOD activities in serum of M. albus in the four groups first increased and reached the peak at 2 hr, and then decreased under air‐exposure stress. Compared to the FM group, T_0.15 group had relative higher T‐AOC content, CAT and T‐SOD activities, and lower AD, COR GLU, TC and MDA concentrations.     

饲料中赖氨酸水平对克氏原螯虾生长、体组成与消化酶活性的影响

克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)购自盱眙某龙虾养殖场,初始体质量为(7.60±0.01)g。以酪蛋白、明胶、小麦面筋粉和晶体氨基酸为蛋白源配制7组蛋白质水平为28.26%、能量为17.15 kJ.g 1的等氮等能半纯和饲料,各组赖氨酸质量分数分别为0.76%、1.00%、1.22%、1.47%、1.69%、1.89%和2.18%。实验虾分为7组,每组设4个重复,每个重复12尾虾,分别投喂以上7种饲料。养殖实验于室外网箱(规格为60 cm×60 cm×60 cm)中进行,饲养周期为60 d。结果表明,随着饲料中赖氨酸水平的升高,增重率、特定生长率和饲料效率均显著升高(P<0.05),分别在赖氨酸水平1.69%、1.69%和1.22%组时,三者达到最大值;当赖氨酸水平进一步升高,三者均呈下降趋势。各组的成活率为89.58%~97.92%,组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。全虾水分含量以赖氨酸水平1.22%组最低,显著低于0.76%组(P<0.05)。全虾粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量分别以赖氨酸水平1.89%组和1.69%组最高,均显著高于0.76%组(P<0.05)。各组之间的全虾灰分含量、肌肉组成、肌肉氨基酸组成和消化酶活性均无显著差异(P>0.05)。以增重率为评价指标进行一元二次回归分析,得出克氏原螯虾的适宜赖氨酸需求量为1.66%,占饲料蛋白的5.87%。本研究旨在通过确定克氏原螯虾对饲料中赖氨酸的适宜需求量,为其人工配合饲料的研制提供基础数据和理论依据。     

Effects of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth,body composition and digestive enzyme activities in Chinese mitten‐handed crab,Eriocheir sinensis

This study aimed to determine the optimal protein to energy ratio (P/E ratio) and evaluate the effect of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth performance, body composition and digestive enzymes activities in Chinese mitten‐handed crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Nine practical diets containing three levels both for protein (DP 30%, 35% and 40%) and lipid (DL 2%, 7% and 12%) with P/E ratios ranging from 13.69 to 19.79 mg KJ^?1 were fed to four replicates of crabs (3.39 ± 0.10 g) for 10 weeks. Weight gain increased significantly with the increase in DP level at each DL level. Moreover, weight gain increased in crabs fed with diets containing DL level from 2% to 12% and DP level from 30% to 35%. However, the diet containing 40% DP and 12% DL levels significantly decreased the growth performance and protein efficiency of the crabs. The whole crab and hepatopancreas lipid contents also increased as dietary lipid increased, but not dietary protein. The total protease activity increased significantly with the increase in dietary protein at each lipid level. The lipase activity was statistically comparable among different DL levels at each DP level. Taken together, the crab fed the diet containing 35% protein and 12% lipid levels with P/E 15.77 mg KJ^?1 revealed optimal growth, feed utilization efficiency and digestive enzymes activities. Moreover, our study indicated that the higher dietary lipid level at a relatively lower dietary protein level could provide protein sparing effect in Eriocheir sinensis.     

Effects of dietary protein levels on the activity of the digestive enzyme of albino and normal Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)

We evaluated the effects of different proportions of dietary protein (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% protein) on the activity of digestive enzymes of normal and albino Apostichopus japonicus. The experimental diets were fed for 60 days, the optimal conditions for digestive enzyme activity in sea cucumbers were studied. The optimal temperature for protease was 29.3°C and the optimal pH was 1.8. The optimal temperature for amylase was 34.3°C and the optimal pH was 6.7. The optimal temperature for cellulase was 56°C and the optimal pH was 5.9. The activity of intestinal protease increased at first and then decreased as the proportion of dietary protein increased, reaching the maximum when the proportion of protein was 19.7%. The activity of protease in the intestine of normal sea cucumber was significantly lower than that of albino sea cucumber, and the activity of amylase was significantly higher than that of albino sea cucumber. This study is expected to provide a basis for further explaining the ecological difference of albino and normal A. japonicus.     

肌醇对哲罗鲑生长性能、体成分及消化酶活性的影响

为了探讨肌醇对哲罗鲑(Hucho taimen)生长性能、体成分及消化酶活性的影响, 以鱼粉、明胶和酪蛋白为蛋白源配制肌醇含量为99.8(不添加肌醇)、199.8、299.8、499.8、699.8、899.8和5 099.8 mg/kg的7种饲料, 分别投喂7个处理组, 每组3个重复, 每重复30尾鱼, 进行为期56 d的饲养实验。结果表明, 投喂肌醇含量为499.8 mg/kg饲料组的增重率最大, 且与添加量低于299.8 mg/kg的3个饲料组差异显著(P<0.05)。饲料系数在499.8 mg/kg饲料组最低, 在5 099.8 mg/kg饲料组最高, 两组间差异显著(P<0.05)。肌醇含量为499.8~899.8 mg/kg饲料组的特定生长率显著高于99.8~299.8 mg/kg及5 099.8 mg/kg饲料组(P<0.05)。肌肉中水分、粗脂肪和粗蛋白各组间差异不显著(P>0.05), 肝淀粉酶、幽门盲囊脂肪酶活性各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。肠道蛋白酶活性在肌醇含量为199.8~499.8 mg/kg饲料组较高, 显著高于其他组(P<0.05), 脂肪酶活性在299.8~899.8 mg/kg饲料组高于99.8 mg/kg饲料组(P<0.05)。由此得出, 饲料中适量添加肌醇可提高哲罗鲑的生长性能及消化酶活性; 肌醇含量过低时哲罗鲑增重率、消化酶活性均较低; 肌醇含量过高时哲罗鲑特定增长率、消化酶活性较低, 饲料系数较高; 以增重率为指标由折线回归模型分析得出, 肌醇的最适含量为536.6 mg/kg饲料。

     

饲料蛋白水平对达氏鲟幼鱼生长性能、体组成、消化酶活性以及血液生化指标的影响

为了解达氏鲟(Acipenser dabryanus)幼鱼适宜的饲料蛋白质水平,试验选取平均初始体重为(400.68±8.55)g的健康达氏鲟幼鱼为试验对象,在室内流水系统中进行为期8周的摄食生长实验。试验鱼随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,分别饲喂蛋白质水平为30%、35%、40%、45%、50%的5种等脂等能饲料。试验期间,水流量为6 L/min,水温(24.0±1.0)℃,溶氧大于6.0 mg/L,氨氮小于0.02 mg/L。结果显示:增重率随饲料蛋白水平的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势,饲料系数呈现相反的趋势。蛋白质效率随饲料蛋白水平的增加呈先平缓后下降的趋势。各试验组间肥满度无显著差异。肝体比和脏体比随饲料蛋白水平的增加而下降。各试验组间甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量无显著差异,饲料蛋白水平为50%的试验组的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活力显著高于其他试验组。本试验中胃蛋白酶活力与饲料蛋白水平呈正相关关系,淀粉酶活力呈负相关关系,脂肪酶在各试验组无显著差异。鱼体蛋白和脂肪含量均随饲料蛋白水平的增加而增加。分别对增重率、饲料系数这二者与饲料蛋白水平之间的关系进行二次回归分析,得出达氏鲟幼鱼饲料中适宜的蛋白水平为41.5%~42.97%。     

饲料蛋白质水平对拟穴青蟹幼蟹生长性能、体成分和消化酶活性的影响

用蛋白质水平分别为31.45%,36.37%,41.55%,46.13%,51.72%和56.86%的6种等能饲料,对初始体重为(11.86?0.11)mg的拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)幼蟹进行为期3周的养殖实验,考察饲料蛋白质水平对拟穴青蟹幼蟹生长性能、体成分以及消化酶活性的影响,以期获得拟穴青蟹幼蟹饲料蛋白质的适宜添加量。结果表明,饲料蛋白质水平对拟穴青蟹幼蟹的成活率影响不显著(P0.05);幼蟹的增重率和特定生长率随饲料蛋白质水平的提高先显著升高(P0.05)后稍有下降,最大值出现在蛋白质水平为51.72%的实验组;随着饲料蛋白质水平的提高,幼蟹粗蛋白质含量显著升高(P0.05)后趋于稳定,粗脂肪含量显著降低(P0.05),灰分含量先显著升高(P0.05)后显著降低(P0.05),水分含量则没有显著变化(P0.05);随着饲料蛋白质水平的提高,幼蟹蛋白酶活性显著升高(P0.05),淀粉酶活性显著降低(P0.05),各组脂肪酶活性也有显著差异(P0.05),但没有明显的变化规律。本研究条件下,饲料蛋白质水平在41.55%~56.86%,拟穴青蟹幼蟹均表现出较好的生长率,增重率和蛋白质水平的回归分析表明,幼蟹饲料蛋白质适宜水平为49.03%。     

饲料中不同磷水平对黄鳝生长、体成分及部分生理生化指标的影响

为探讨饲料中不同磷水平对黄鳝幼鱼生长、体成分、骨骼矿化及血液生化指标的影响,以商业配方为基础,磷酸二氢钙为磷源[Ca(H2PO4)2],配制磷含量分别为0.67%、0.91%、1.05%、1.29%和1.53%的5种等氮等能饲料。每种饲料投喂3个网箱(1.5 m×2.0 m×1.5 m),每个网箱放养实验鱼[初始体质量(34.4±0.3)g]100尾,进行70 d的养殖实验。结果显示:(1)随着饲料中磷含量从0.67%增加到1.05%,黄鳝幼鱼各组增重率(WGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)和饲料效率(FE)显著升高(P0.05),当磷含量高于1.05%后各指标进入平台期。折线模型分析[Y=104.67-46.07(1.10-X),R2=0.944]显示,当饲料中磷含量为1.10%时可满足黄鳝生长需要;(2)随着饲料中磷含量的增加,实验鱼体的粗蛋白含量和肥满度显著升高(P0.05),而粗脂肪含量和肝体比显著下降(P0.05);(3)饲料磷含量增加,可显著提高实验组全鱼灰分和全鱼磷含量(P0.05)。折线模型分析[Y=0.988-0.635 4(1.05-X),R2=0.928]显示,当饲料中磷含量为1.05%时可满足黄鳝全鱼磷累积需要;饲料磷含量增加也显著提高了脊椎骨钙和磷含量(P0.05),但脊椎骨钙磷比无显著差异。折线模型分析[Y=7.696-0.985 5(1.10-X),R2=0.956]显示,当饲料中磷含量为1.10%时可满足黄鳝脊椎磷累积需要;(4)饲料磷水平对血清中的磷和钙含量以及碱性磷酸酶活性有显著影响(P0.05)。研究表明,在本实验条件下,饲料中磷含量为1.10%,可以满足黄鳝对磷最大的组织储存需要以及最佳的生长效果。     

Effects of low dietary protein level on serum oestradiol,testosterone and sex reversal in rice field eel,Monopterus albus (Zuiew)

We investigated the effects of low dietary protein in isocaloric diets on sex reversal of Monopterus albus by evaluating the oestradiol (E₂) and testosterone (T) concentrations, gonadosomatic index (GSI), sex ratio and gonad structure at the histological level. Fish (9.50 ± 1.50 g average initial weight; n=3 per group) were fed with five practical diets containing 100, 150, 200, 250 or 400 g kg^?1 crude protein to apparent satiation for 15 months. Serum E₂ and T concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassays. E₂ concentrations and GSI significantly increased while T concentrations decreased as the dietary protein level was raised. Fish fed 400 g kg^?1 of dietary protein had significantly higher E₂ concentrations and GSI than those fed with lower dietary protein levels. The T concentrations of fish fed 100 g kg^?1 of dietary protein was significantly higher than that of fish fed higher dietary protein levels. The shift of sex ratio towards more male and intersex fish was observed with decreasing dietary protein levels. Therefore, low dietary protein level may promote sex change from female to male in M. albus. This study provides important information for successful reproductive management and may be exploited for aquaculture of this species.     

Effects of salinity on osmoregulation,growth and survival in Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus) (Zuiew 1793)

The Asian swamp eel Monopterus albus is normally considered a freshwater species, but can also occasionally be found in brackish water. It is an obligate air‐breather with highly reduced gills, making its osmoregulation physiology interesting because the gills normally represent the primary site of osmoregulation in teleosts. Being a popular fish for human consumption, the swamp eel is cultured extensively in freshwater ponds in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. However, very little is known about its salinity tolerance, which is becoming topical due to the increasing salt‐water intrusions into tropical deltas. We therefore studied how increased salinity affects survival, growth, blood pressure, heart rate, blood osmolality and plasma ions. All eels survived prolonged exposure to 5 and 10 g L^?1, although plasma osmolality increased significantly at 10 g L^?1. Further elevation to 15 and 20 g L^?1 was associated with significantly elevated mortality, with a corresponding increase in plasma osmolality and ion con‐centrations. Our results show that swamp eels thrive in 0–10 g L^?1 with an optimum growth between 0 and 9 g L^?1, indicating that utilization of low saline brackish waters for aquaculture is possible.     

Influence of dietary protein levels on growth performance and body composition of African bonytongue fingerlings,Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829)

Two experiments were conducted to examine the influence of dietary protein levels on growth and carcass proximate composition of Heterotis fingerlings. Four isoenergetic practical diets were formulated to contain dietary protein levels from 250 to 400 g kg^?1 diet. Replicate groups of young Heterotis (initial live weight 3.96 and 26.40 g in experiments 1 and 2 respectively) were handfed twice daily to apparent satiation for a period of 42 and 28 days respectively. Statistical analysis revealed that growth rate was significantly affected by dietary protein level (P < 0.01). The highest weight gain was observed in fingerlings fed with 300 and 350 g protein kg^?1 diet for fish size ranging between 3–15 and 26–62 g respectively. There was no significant difference between groups fed with 300, 350 and 400 g protein kg^?1 diet for Heterotis fingerlings (3–15 g) in the one hand; in the other hand, significant differences were found between fish (26–62 g) fed with 350 g protein kg^?1 diet and those receiving 300 and 400 g protein kg^?1 diet, with no significant difference between each other. The specific growth rate varied from 2.4% to 3.1% day^?1. The whole‐body protein, lipid, moisture and ash contents were not significantly affected by dietary protein levels (P > 0.05). The relationships between percentage weight gain and dietary protein levels suggested very similar dietary protein requirement (about 310 g crude protein kg^?1 diet) for Heterotis ranging from 3 to 62 g. The maximum growth occurred at about 345 g protein kg^?1 diet.     

饲料脂肪水平对匙吻鲟生长、体组成、消化酶活性、血清生化及抗氧化性能的影响

为探讨饲料脂肪水平对匙吻鲟生长、体组成、消化酶活性、血清生化指标、抗氧化性能的影响,将鱼油与豆油等比例混合作为脂肪源,配制成脂肪水平分别为3.01%、5.12%、7.14%、9.35%和11.64%的5种等氮膨化实验饲料,将270尾匙吻鲟[初始体质量（81.38±0.14）g]分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复18尾鱼,在室外养殖系统微流水养殖56 d。结果显示：①随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,实验鱼增重率（WGR）、特定生长率（SGR）、饲料转化率、蛋白质效率（PER）、肝体比（HSI）及肥满度（CF）均呈现先升高后下降的趋势,回归分析确定,当SGR达到最大值时,饲料脂肪水平为7.88%;当PER达到最大值时,饲料脂肪水平为9.47%;②实验鱼肌肉、肝脏粗脂肪含量随饲料脂肪水平上升而上升,11.64%组显著高于3.01%、5.12%和7.14%组,全鱼及肌肉粗蛋白含量随饲料脂肪水平增加呈上升趋势,3.01%组显著低于其他组,7.14%、9.35%组之间没有显著性差异;③实验鱼肌肉和肝脏主要脂肪酸组成与饲料脂肪酸组成相关,随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,肌肉和肝脏中n-6多不饱和脂肪酸（n-6 PUFA）比例升高,n-3/n-6降低,肝脏中饱和脂肪酸（SFA,C16：0、C18：0）随着饲料脂肪水平上升而下降;单不饱和脂肪酸C18：1n-9呈先上升后下降趋势;肌肉和肝脏脂肪酸组成中,组间n-3高不饱和脂肪酸（n-3 HUFA）、n-3 PUFA比例没有显著性差异;④7.14%组肠蛋白酶活性显著高于9.35%组,肝脏淀粉酶活性在脂肪水平7.14%以上组趋于稳定,肝脏蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性在组间没有显著性差异;⑤血清总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）及球蛋白（GLOB）浓度随饲料脂肪水平升高呈上升趋势,血清总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）浓度11.64%组显著高于3.01%组,谷丙转氨酶（ALT）和谷草转氨酶（AST）活性未受到饲料脂肪水平的影响;⑥饲料脂肪水平的上升可以显著提高血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性,回归分析得出当SOD活性达到最大值时,饲料脂肪水平为9.69%;但对谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量没有显著影响;肝脏SOD活性11.64%组显著低于其他各组,GSH-Px活性9.35%组显著高于3.01%、5.12%、7.14%组,与11.64%组没有显著性差异,GSH、MDA含量在组间没有显著性差异。通过对饲喂不同脂肪水平饲料实验鱼生长、饲料利用率、鱼体组成、消化酶活性及鱼体健康等方面指标综合分析,认为本实验条件下,匙吻鲟适宜脂肪水平为7.88%~9.69%。     

Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth, feed conversion and body composition in rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), fingerlings

Twelve experimental diets (D‐1 to D‐12) in a 4 × 3 factorial design (four protein levels: 250, 350, 400 and 450 g kg^?1 and three lipid levels: 50, 100 and 150 g kg^?1) were formulated. Carbohydrate level was constant at 250 g kg^?1. Rohu fingerlings (average wt. 4.3 ± 0.02 g) were fed the experimental diets for 60 days in three replicates at 2% BW  day^?1. Weight gain (%), specific growth rate (% day^?1) and feed gain ratio (FGR) indicated that diets containing 450 g kg^?1 protein and 100 or 150 g kg^?1 lipid (diets D‐11 and D‐12) resulted in best performance, although results were not significantly different from those of diet D‐9 (400 g kg^?1 protein and 150 g kg^?1 lipid). Protein efficiency ratio was highest with diets D‐6 (350 g kg^?1 protein and 150 g kg^?1 lipid) and D‐9 (400 g kg^?1 protein and 150 g kg^?1 lipid) (P > 0.05) and declined with higher and lower protein diets at all levels of lipid tested. Elevated lipid level (50, 100 or 150 g kg^?1) did not produce better FGR in diets containing 400 and 450 g kg^?1 dietary protein (P > 0.05). The combined effects of protein and lipid were evident up to 400 g kg^?1 protein. Growth and FGR showed consistent improvement with increased lipid levels from 50 to 150 g kg^?1 at each protein level tested except with diets containing 450 g kg^?1 protein. Apparent nutrient digestibility (for protein, lipid and energy) did not show significant variation among different dietary groups (P > 0.05). Whole body protein and lipid contents increased significantly (P > 0.05) with dietary protein level. The results of this study indicate that rohu fingerlings are adapted to utilize high protein in diets with varying efficiency. The fish could utilize lipid to spare protein but there is no significant advantage from this beyond the dietary protein level of 350–400 g kg^?1 in terms of growth and body composition.     

Effects of practical dietary protein to lipid levels on growth,digestive enzyme activities and body composition of juvenile rice field eel (Monopterus albus)

A 10-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary protein to lipid ratios (P/L) on growth, intestinal digestive enzyme activities and body composition in juvenile rice field eel (Monopterus albus) (initial mean body weight of 65.76 ± 1.07 g, mean ± SEM). Nine test diets were formulated in a 3 × 3 factorial design to contain three protein levels (350, 400 and 450 g kg^?1) for each of three lipid levels (40, 80 and 120 g kg^?1), respectively. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 60 fish per net cage (1.5 × 2.0 × 1.5 m). Results showed the survival was above 96 % and was not affected by dietary treatments. Fish fed the diet with 450 g kg^?1 protein and 40 g kg^?1 lipid showed the best weight gain (WG) (103.95 %) and feed conversion ratio (1.60) (P < 0.05). WG, protein efficiency ratio and energy retention increased with the increasing in lipid at 350 g kg^?1 protein level (P < 0.05). However, WG showed a little decline with increasing dietary lipid when fish fed the diets with 400 and 450 g kg^?1 protein level, but no significant difference was observed (P < 0.05). Hepatosomatic index, visceralsomatic index and intestinal lipase activity increased with the increasing of dietary lipid level irrespective protein level. Intestinal trypsin activity increased with the increasing of dietary lipid level when fish fed the diets with 350 g kg^?1 protein, but showed converse trend when fish fed the diets with 400 and 450 g kg^?1 protein. Serum triglyceride, body lipid and energy were positively correlated with the dietary lipid. Results of the present study showed that the dietary protein/lipid ratio of 450/40 g kg^?1 is considered optimum for rice field eel under culture conditions, and the increase in dietary lipid level has no efficient protein-sparing effect when fish fed the diets with 400 and 450 g kg^?1 protein level.     

饲料中蛋白脂肪比对斑点叉尾鮰幼鱼生长、消化酶活性及肌肉成分的影响

探讨了不同的蛋白和脂肪水平对斑点叉尾生长与品质等的影响,试验设计以豆粕调节蛋白含量,混合油脂(鱼油∶豆油=1∶1)调节脂肪含量,并以α-淀粉和次粉为填充物,共配制3个蛋白(P)水平(28%,32%,36%),每一蛋白水平设3个脂肪(L)水平(5.0%,7.5%,10.0%),共9种饲料,分别为P28L10,P32L10,P36L10,P28L7.5,P32L7.5,P36L7.5,P28L5,P32L5和P36L5,每组4重复,每重复80尾鱼[(1.5±0.02)g]。饲养60d后,进行生产性能测定,并采集肌肉等组织样本,测定相关指标。结果表明:饲料蛋白脂肪比对斑点叉尾幼鱼生长有显著影响(P<0.05)。其中P36L7.5组增重率(WGR)、饲料效率(FCR)最高,与P36L10和P32L7.5组差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著高于其它组(P<0.05)。P36L10组试验鱼肥满度(CF)最高,与P32L7.5和P36L7.5组差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。鱼体内脏比(VBR)、腹脂率(MSI)随脂肪水平降低而显著降低(P<0.05)。试验各组肌肉水分含量差异不显著(P>...     

Effects of water temperatures and dietary protein levels on growth,body composition and blood biochemistry of juvenile GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of water temperature (WT) and dietary protein levels on growth, body composition and blood biochemistry of GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus; initial average body weight: 38.75 ± 0.61g, n = 20). The fish were fed with six diets contained graded levels of protein (209.6, 251.0, 302.4, 354.3, 401.9 and 456.8 g/kg) and raised in each of WT (22°C, 28°C and 34°C) for 8 weeks. Results showed that the growth, feed utilization and protein efficiency were significantly increased with the increase of dietary protein level and followed by the latter platform at each WT. The fish raised at 28 and 34°C showed similar growth performance, and their values were significantly higher than the fish raised at 22°C (p < 0.05). The lipid contents in whole body were decreases with the increase of dietary protein level at each WT. However, the whole‐body protein, ash and moisture contents were not affected by dietary protein level or WT (p > 0.05). The values of serum biochemical indices (ALP, ALT, AST and TCHO) were all decreased with the increase of dietary protein. The optimal dietary protein requirement for GIFT tilapia to achieve maximal growth performance is 374.4, 301.7 and 304.9 g protein/kg diet at 22, 28 and 34°C, respectively.     

Effects of the dietary protein to energy ratio on growth,feed utilization and body composition in Macrobrachium nipponense

Oriental river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense) has been widely cultured in Asian countries. However, its nutritional studies are very limited. In the present 8‐week study, we investigated the effects of dietary protein to energy ratio (P/E ratio) on the growth, feed utilization and body composition in juvenile M. nipponense (initial weight 0.302 ±0.03 g). Two‐factor experiment was designed and nine semi‐purified diets were formulated to contain three lipid levels (20, 80 and 140 g kg^?1) and three protein levels (330, 380 and 430 g kg^?1), producing P/E ratios from 16.5 to 23.4 mg KJ^?1 protein. The results indicated that the growth, survival rate and protein efficiency were dose dependently improved by the increased dietary lipid, but not dietary protein content. Increased dietary lipid content and/or protein content increased lipid accumulation in whole body, hepatopancreas and muscle, but did not change the feed intake and hepatopancreas weight. In conclusion, our present study indicated that M. nipponense is a species with relatively high‐energy requirement. It could utilize dietary lipid content up to 140 g kg^?1, while the dietary protein with more than 330 g kg^?1 would not promote growth and protein efficiency. Taken together, 330 g kg^?1 dietary protein and 140 g kg^?1 dietary lipid level with P/E ratio 16.49 could be optimum for M. nipponense.     

Effects of dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratio on growth,feed utilization,body composition and digestive enzyme activities of golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratio (CHO: L) on growth, feed utilization, body composition and digestive enzyme activities of golden pompano, Trachinotus ovatus. Five iso‐nitrogenous (450 g/kg protein) and iso‐energetic (19 MJ/kg gross energy) diets with varying CHO: L ratios of 0.68, 1.02, 1.62, 2.61 and 4.35, respectively, were fed to triplicate groups of 30 fish (average 13.8 ± 0.1 g). Results showed that dietary CHO: L ratios did not show any significant influence on survival of golden pompano (p > .05) but significantly affected its growth performance and feed utilization (p < .05). Fish fed diets with CHO: L ratios at 1.62 and 2.61 exhibited the highest final body weight, weight gain ratio, specific growth rate, feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio. Fish body lipid and liver glycogen contents were also significantly influenced by CHO: L ratio (p < .05). Hepatic amylase activity increased firstly and then decreased as the dietary CHO: L ratio increased, while lipases activity decreased with increasing dietary CHO:L level. The regression model analysis showed that the most suitable dietary CHO: L ratio (protein 450 g/kg) to reach the highest weight gain ratio is 2.38.     

中草药不同投喂模式对黄鳝生长及生理生化指标的影响

以黄鳝(Monopterus albus)基础饲料为对照组,在基础饲料中添加1.0％和2.0％的复方中草药,设置4组,即对照组D1(不添加中草药,正常投喂)、试验组D2(连续投喂1.0％中草药饲料)、试验组D3(投喂1.0％中草药饲料7d,饥饿7d)、试验组D4(投喂2.0％中草药饲料7d,饥饿7d),共计4个处理.养殖试验进行90d.结果表明,各试验组均能提高黄鳝成活率和增重率,且各组间差异不显著(P＞0.05);与对照组相比,各试验组均能显著降低血清中的血糖(GLU)、甘油三酯(TG)和尿素氮(BUN)(P＜0.05),且D4组的谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);各试验组均能显著提高血清中过氧化氢酶(CAT)、总抗氧化力(T-AOC)、溶菌酶(LSZ)活力(P＜0.05),D2和D4组补体C3活力显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);同时发现各试验组均能显著提高黄鳝脂肪酶活力(P＜0.05),除D2组淀粉酶和蛋白酶活力显著高于对照组外(P＜0.05),其他组淀粉酶和蛋白酶活力与对照组无明显差异(P＞0.05);各试验组均能显著降低黄鳝粗脂肪和灰分含量(P＜0.05),除D2组能显著提高黄鳝粗蛋白含量外(P＜0.05),其他组对黄鳝体蛋白含量影响不大(P＞0.05).当中草药添加量为1.0％时,连续投喂在各方面均优于间隔投喂,而间隔投喂2.0％的中草药能一定程度地改善黄鳝肝功能,提高其免疫力.