蚕豆、大巢菜籽及苦瓜籽饲料对草鱼生长、肌肉成分、组织生化指标和消化酶活性的影响

分别以常规配合饲料(配合饲料组)、浸泡蚕豆(浸泡蚕豆组)、含75%蚕豆(蚕豆饲料组)、60%大巢菜籽(巢菜籽饲料组)、60%苦瓜籽(苦瓜籽饲料组)的饲料饲喂体重为(59.0±0.6)g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella),养殖8周后,配合饲料的增重率显著高于其他各组(P0.05),饲料系数显著低于其他各组(P0.05);与浸泡蚕豆组相比,蚕豆饲料组的增重率提高56.9%,而巢菜籽饲料组、苦瓜籽饲料组的增重率则分别下降30.6%、21.2%(P0.05);浸泡蚕豆组、蚕豆饲料组、巢菜籽饲料组、苦瓜籽饲料组的肌肉胶原蛋白含量较配合饲料组显著提高,而肌肉脂肪含量显著下降(P0.05);苦瓜籽饲料组的肌肉总氨基酸(TAA)、鲜味氨基酸(DAA)含量显著高于配合饲料组和浸泡蚕豆组(P0.05)。在生化指标方面,与配合饲料组相比,投喂蚕豆、巢菜籽饲料及浸泡蚕豆显著降低了肝胰脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性(P0.05),提高了肝胰脏丙二醛(MDA)含量和肌肉肌酸激酶(CK)活性(P0.05),但蚕豆饲料组的肝胰脏丙二醛(MDA)含量低于浸泡蚕豆组(P0.05);在消化酶方面,投饲蚕豆、巢菜籽、苦瓜籽饲料和浸泡蚕豆显著降低了前肠脂肪酶活性(P0.05),提高了α-淀粉酶活性(P0.05),蚕豆饲料组、巢菜籽饲料组及浸泡蚕豆组的碱性蛋白酶活性较对照组显著降低(P0.05)。上述结果表明,饲喂以蚕豆、大巢菜籽、苦瓜籽为主要成分的配合饲料及浸泡蚕豆可改变草鱼肌肉组成,但也降低了草鱼生长性能;综合生长性能和肌肉组成,蚕豆饲料较巢菜籽饲料、苦瓜籽饲料和浸泡蚕豆在脆化草鱼生产养殖上更具有可行性。     

饲料蛋白水平对达氏鲟幼鱼生长性能、体组成、消化酶活性以及血液生化指标的影响

为了解达氏鲟(Acipenser dabryanus)幼鱼适宜的饲料蛋白质水平,试验选取平均初始体重为(400.68±8.55)g的健康达氏鲟幼鱼为试验对象,在室内流水系统中进行为期8周的摄食生长实验。试验鱼随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,分别饲喂蛋白质水平为30%、35%、40%、45%、50%的5种等脂等能饲料。试验期间,水流量为6 L/min,水温(24.0±1.0)℃,溶氧大于6.0 mg/L,氨氮小于0.02 mg/L。结果显示:增重率随饲料蛋白水平的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势,饲料系数呈现相反的趋势。蛋白质效率随饲料蛋白水平的增加呈先平缓后下降的趋势。各试验组间肥满度无显著差异。肝体比和脏体比随饲料蛋白水平的增加而下降。各试验组间甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量无显著差异,饲料蛋白水平为50%的试验组的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活力显著高于其他试验组。本试验中胃蛋白酶活力与饲料蛋白水平呈正相关关系,淀粉酶活力呈负相关关系,脂肪酶在各试验组无显著差异。鱼体蛋白和脂肪含量均随饲料蛋白水平的增加而增加。分别对增重率、饲料系数这二者与饲料蛋白水平之间的关系进行二次回归分析,得出达氏鲟幼鱼饲料中适宜的蛋白水平为41.5%~42.97%。     

饲料中蛋白脂肪比对斑点叉尾鮰幼鱼生长、消化酶活性及肌肉成分的影响

探讨了不同的蛋白和脂肪水平对斑点叉尾生长与品质等的影响,试验设计以豆粕调节蛋白含量,混合油脂(鱼油∶豆油=1∶1)调节脂肪含量,并以α-淀粉和次粉为填充物,共配制3个蛋白(P)水平(28%,32%,36%),每一蛋白水平设3个脂肪(L)水平(5.0%,7.5%,10.0%),共9种饲料,分别为P28L10,P32L10,P36L10,P28L7.5,P32L7.5,P36L7.5,P28L5,P32L5和P36L5,每组4重复,每重复80尾鱼[(1.5±0.02)g]。饲养60d后,进行生产性能测定,并采集肌肉等组织样本,测定相关指标。结果表明:饲料蛋白脂肪比对斑点叉尾幼鱼生长有显著影响(P<0.05)。其中P36L7.5组增重率(WGR)、饲料效率(FCR)最高,与P36L10和P32L7.5组差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著高于其它组(P<0.05)。P36L10组试验鱼肥满度(CF)最高,与P32L7.5和P36L7.5组差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。鱼体内脏比(VBR)、腹脂率(MSI)随脂肪水平降低而显著降低(P<0.05)。试验各组肌肉水分含量差异不显著(P>...     

肌醇对哲罗鲑生长性能、体成分及消化酶活性的影响

为了探讨肌醇对哲罗鲑(Hucho taimen)生长性能、体成分及消化酶活性的影响, 以鱼粉、明胶和酪蛋白为蛋白源配制肌醇含量为99.8(不添加肌醇)、199.8、299.8、499.8、699.8、899.8和5 099.8 mg/kg的7种饲料, 分别投喂7个处理组, 每组3个重复, 每重复30尾鱼, 进行为期56 d的饲养实验。结果表明, 投喂肌醇含量为499.8 mg/kg饲料组的增重率最大, 且与添加量低于299.8 mg/kg的3个饲料组差异显著(P<0.05)。饲料系数在499.8 mg/kg饲料组最低, 在5 099.8 mg/kg饲料组最高, 两组间差异显著(P<0.05)。肌醇含量为499.8~899.8 mg/kg饲料组的特定生长率显著高于99.8~299.8 mg/kg及5 099.8 mg/kg饲料组(P<0.05)。肌肉中水分、粗脂肪和粗蛋白各组间差异不显著(P>0.05), 肝淀粉酶、幽门盲囊脂肪酶活性各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。肠道蛋白酶活性在肌醇含量为199.8~499.8 mg/kg饲料组较高, 显著高于其他组(P<0.05), 脂肪酶活性在299.8~899.8 mg/kg饲料组高于99.8 mg/kg饲料组(P<0.05)。由此得出, 饲料中适量添加肌醇可提高哲罗鲑的生长性能及消化酶活性; 肌醇含量过低时哲罗鲑增重率、消化酶活性均较低; 肌醇含量过高时哲罗鲑特定增长率、消化酶活性较低, 饲料系数较高; 以增重率为指标由折线回归模型分析得出, 肌醇的最适含量为536.6 mg/kg饲料。

     

Effects of zinc oxide supported on zeolite on growth performance,intestinal barrier function and digestive enzyme activities of Nile tilapia

A total of 720 Nile tilapia fingerlings were allocated to four treatments and used to investigate the effects of zinc oxide supported on zeolite (Z‐ZnO) on growth performance and intestinal function. The basal diet (control) was not supplemented with zinc and contained 60 mg Zn kg^?1. The other three groups were added 30 mg Zn kg^?1 to the basal diet, in which zinc was supplemented as Z‐ZnO, Z + ZnO (mixture of zeolite and ZnO) or ZnSO₄, respectively. As compared to the control, supplemental Z‐ZnO improved (P < 0.05) specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and survivor ratio; increased (P < 0.05) villus‐height‐to‐crypt‐depth ratio and transepithelial electrical resistance; decreased (P < 0.05) mucosal‐to‐serosal flux of dextran 4 kDa; and improved (P < 0.05) intestinal activities of protease, amylase, lipase and alkaline phosphatase. Fish fed with Z‐ZnO had higher (P < 0.05) specific growth rate and PER, and better intestinal barrier function than those fed with ZnSO₄ or Z + ZnO. The zinc concentrations in whole body and vertebrae were not affected by dietary treatments. The results indicated that Z‐ZnO improved intestinal morphology, barrier function and digestive enzyme activities. Such changes in intestinal health in the presence of Z‐ZnO might contribute to its improvement in growth performance.     

Growth,body composition,intestinal enzyme activities and microflora of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed graded levels of dietary phosphorus

A 9‐week feeding trial was carried out with juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) to study the effects of dietary phosphorus on growth, body composition, intestinal enzyme activities and microflora. Quadruple groups of juvenile Jian carp (7.17 ± 0.01 g) were fed practical diets containing available phosphorus 1.7 (unsupplemented control), 3.6, 5.5, 7.3, 9.2 and 11.0 g kg^?1 diet to satiation. Feed intake, specific growth ratio and feed efficiency were the lowest in fish fed the basal diet (P < 0.05). Body moisture, protein, lipid content and ash were all significantly affected by dietary available phosphorus levels (P < 0.05). Activities of trypsin, amylase, Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase were improved with increasing dietary phosphorus levels. Intestinal Aeromonas and Escherichia coli decreased with increasing dietary phosphorus up to 3.6 and 5.5 g kg^?1 diet respectively (P < 0.05), while Lactobacillus increased with the increasing dietary phosphorus up to 9.2 g kg^?1 diet (P < 0.05). These results suggested that phosphorus could enhance intestinal enzyme activities of juvenile Jian carp and the minimum dietary available phosphorus requirement for SGR of juvenile Jian carp (7.2–63.8 g) was 5.2 g kg^?1 diet.     

Effects of stocking density on the growth performance,digestive enzyme activities,antioxidant resistance,and intestinal microflora of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) juveniles

In this study, effects of stocking density on the growth performance and physiological responses of blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala juveniles were evaluated. The fish (average body weight, 25.76 ± 2.25 g) were randomly stocked at densities of 30F (30 fish/m³), 60F, 90F and 120F in 12 cages (1 m × 1 m × 1 m) in a concrete pond, with three cages for each density, for a period of 6 weeks. The higher stocking densities had a negative effect on individual growth performance. The results indicated that serum cortisol, triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and malondialdehyde activities; and Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas and Vibrio numbers in the intestinal microflora increased significantly as the stocking density increased. In contrast, the viscerosomatic index, hepatosomatic index survival rate; serum glucose, total cholesterol, lipase, protease, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities; and Clostridium, Bacteroides, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus and Bacillus numbers in the intestinal microflora decreased significantly. The 90F and 120F groups showed obvious enlargement of the lamina propria and goblet cell damage, indicating that the gut showed inflammatory responses. The specific growth rate and weight gain rate increased significantly as the stocking density increased from 30 to 60 fish/m³, but decreased significantly when the stocking density was over 60 fish/m³.     

Modulation of growth performances,survival, digestive enzyme activities and intestinal microbiota in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) larvae using short chain fructooligosaccharide

This study investigates the effects of inclusion of low levels of dietary short chain fructooligosacchairde (sc‐FOS) on physiological response and intestinal microbiota of carp (Cyprinus carpio) larvae. After acclimation, fish (550 ± 20 mg) were allocated into nine tanks (40 fish per tank) and triplicate groups were fed a control diet (0%) or diets containing 0.5% and 1% sc‐FOS for 7 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the growth performance parameters (final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), food conversion ratio (FCR) and condition factor (CF), survival rate as well as digestive enzyme activities (amylase, lipase and protease), total viable counts of heterotrophic aerobic bacteria (TVC) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) level in intestinal microbiota were measured. Our results revealed no significant (P > 0.05) effects of sc‐FOS on growth performance and TVC when compared with the control group. However, administration of low levels of dietary sc‐FOS significantly increased digestive enzyme activities (lipase and amylase) and LAB levels (P < 0.05). Also, survival rate was significantly elevated in sc‐FOS fed carp. These results revealed that administration of low levels of sc‐FOS can be considered as a beneficial dietary supplement for larval stage of common carp.     

饲料不同淀粉水平对团头鲂成鱼生长性能、消化酶活性及肌肉成分的影响

为探讨饲料淀粉水平对团头鲂成鱼生长、消化酶活性和肌肉成分的影响,选用初始均重为(161±2.7)g的团头鲂成鱼360尾,随机分成6组(每组3个重复),分别投喂含淀粉17.1%、21.8%、26.4%、32.0%、36.3%和41.9%的等氮等脂饲料9周。结果发现,团头鲂成鱼成活率和特定生长率不受饲料淀粉水平影响,但饲料添加适量淀粉能提高饲料和蛋白利用率,淀粉水平对肝脏和肠道中的总蛋白酶和纤维素酶活性不产生影响,却显著影响淀粉酶活性。肝体比、肝糖原和肌肉粗脂肪含量随饲料淀粉含量的增加而显著增加,血清血糖、胆固醇和甘油三酯含量不受饲料淀粉水平的显著影响,饲料中添加过量淀粉显著降低了血清补体3和补体4含量。以蛋白质效率和饲料效率为评价指标,经折线模型回归分析,得到团头鲂成鱼饲料中淀粉的适宜添加量分别为饲料干重的34.1%和31.4%,但考虑到血清补体的活性,团头鲂成鱼日粮淀粉水平不应超过36.3%。     

Effects of dietary thiamin supplement on growth,body composition and intestinal enzyme activities of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

A total of 1050 juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) (8.20 ± 0.02 g) were fed diets containing seven graded levels of thiamin (0.25, 0.48, 0.79, 1.06, 1.37, 1.63 and 2.65 mg kg^?1) for 60 days to investigate the effects of thiamin on growth, body composition and digestive enzyme activities. Percent weight gain (PWG), feed intake and feed efficiency (FE) were the lowest in fish fed the basal diet (P < 0.05). Protein productive value and lipid productive value increased with increasing dietary thiamin levels up to 1.06 and 0.79 mg kg^?1 diet, respectively (P < 0.05). Body protein and lipid increased with increasing dietary thiamin levels (P < 0.05), while moisture and ash of fish carcasses decreased with the increase in dietary thiamin supplementation (P < 0.05). Intestinal folds height had a similar trend to PWG (P < 0.05). Activities of α‐amylase, lipase, trypsin, Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase in intestine were all affected by the dietary thiamin (P < 0.05). In conclusion, thiamin could improve growth and intestinal enzyme activities of juvenile Jian carp. The dietary thiamin requirement of juvenile Jian carp (8.0–60.2 g) based on PWG was 1.02 mg kg^?1 diet.     

Effects of dietary glutamate supplementation on growth performance,digestive enzyme activities and antioxidant capacity in intestine of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

A 56‐day feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary glutamate (Glu) supplementation on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities and intestinal antioxidant capacity of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). A total of 540 grass carp with average initial weight of 370 ± 3.8 g were fed three diets supplemented with 0, 8 and 16 g kg^?1 Glu. The per cent weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and protein and lipid productive value were significantly improved by dietary Glu supplementation. Feed intake, condition factor, visceral somatic index and perivisceral fat ratio were not significantly different between dietary groups. Hepatosomatic index, intestinal somatic index, intestine length index, intestine protein content, trypsin activity in hepatopancreas and intestine, lipase activity in proximal and mid‐intestine (MI) and hepatopancreas, alkaline phosphatase and gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase activities in intestine, creatine kinase activities in the mid‐ and distal intestine, intestinal folds height in the proximal and MI were significantly increased with increased Glu. Malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl contents in the intestine decreased with increased Glu. Superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, glutathione reducase, catalase and total superoxide dismutase activities, and glutathione content in the intestine were increased with increased Glu. These results suggested that dietary Glu supplementation increased intestinal antioxidant capacity, digestive and absorptive ability and improved fish growth.     

饲料中添加丁酸钠对草鱼生长、消化酶活性、血清生化指标和肠道组织学的影响

为了探究饲料中补充不同水平丁酸钠对草鱼生长性能、肠道消化酶活性、血清生化指标和肠道组织形态的影响,分别添加0 mg/kg (SB0)、1 000 mg/kg (SB1)、2 000 mg/kg(SB2)和3 000 mg/kg (SB3)的微囊丁酸钠(含50%丁酸钠)至基础饲料中,设计4组等氮等脂的实验饲料。选取300尾体质健康的草鱼(10.0±0.1) g,分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复25尾鱼,放置在水泥池中养殖8周。结果显示,各组草鱼增重率为273.7%～279.9%,饲料系数为1.55～1.60,饲料中补充丁酸钠对草鱼生长性能和体成分无显著影响。与对照组相比,添加不同水平的丁酸钠均显著提高了肠道蛋白酶活性和血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,降低了血清谷草转氨酶(AST)活性,SB1组血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性显著升高,而SB2和SB3组血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性显著降低。各组肠道淀粉酶活性、血清酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、甘油三酯(TG)、葡萄糖(GLU)、总蛋白(TP)和D-乳酸(D-LA)无显著差异。在肠道组织学方面,各丁酸钠补充组肠道绒毛高度和SB1、SB2组肌层厚度显著...     

Effect of dietary iron levels on growth,body composition and intestinal enzyme activities of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

A 60‐day feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effect of iron on growth, body composition and digestive enzyme activities. Diets with seven levels of iron (53.9, 90.0, 115.6, 146.1, 176.0, 215.8 and 266.0 mg iron kg^?1 diet) were fed to Jian carp (initial weight 11.4 ± 0.0 g). Per cent weight gain (PWG), feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio were the lowest in fish fed the basal diet (P < 0.05). Body protein content was increased with the increasing iron levels (P < 0.05), but moisture, lipid and ash of fish were not significantly affected by dietary iron levels (P > 0.05). Activities of trypsin, lipase, α‐amylase, Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase were improved with increasing dietary iron levels. Serum iron were significantly enhanced with dietary iron levels up to 146.1 mg iron kg^?1 diet, and plateaued. In conclusion, iron improved digestive enzyme activities of juvenile Jian carp and the dietary iron requirement for serum iron of juvenile Jian carp (11.4–64.0 g) was 147.4 mg iron kg^?1 diet with ferrous fumarate as the iron source.     

饲料蛋白质水平对拟穴青蟹幼蟹生长性能、体成分和消化酶活性的影响

用蛋白质水平分别为31.45%,36.37%,41.55%,46.13%,51.72%和56.86%的6种等能饲料,对初始体重为(11.86?0.11)mg的拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)幼蟹进行为期3周的养殖实验,考察饲料蛋白质水平对拟穴青蟹幼蟹生长性能、体成分以及消化酶活性的影响,以期获得拟穴青蟹幼蟹饲料蛋白质的适宜添加量。结果表明,饲料蛋白质水平对拟穴青蟹幼蟹的成活率影响不显著(P0.05);幼蟹的增重率和特定生长率随饲料蛋白质水平的提高先显著升高(P0.05)后稍有下降,最大值出现在蛋白质水平为51.72%的实验组;随着饲料蛋白质水平的提高,幼蟹粗蛋白质含量显著升高(P0.05)后趋于稳定,粗脂肪含量显著降低(P0.05),灰分含量先显著升高(P0.05)后显著降低(P0.05),水分含量则没有显著变化(P0.05);随着饲料蛋白质水平的提高,幼蟹蛋白酶活性显著升高(P0.05),淀粉酶活性显著降低(P0.05),各组脂肪酶活性也有显著差异(P0.05),但没有明显的变化规律。本研究条件下,饲料蛋白质水平在41.55%~56.86%,拟穴青蟹幼蟹均表现出较好的生长率,增重率和蛋白质水平的回归分析表明,幼蟹饲料蛋白质适宜水平为49.03%。     

Effect of dietary pantothenic acid supplement on growth, body composition and intestinal enzyme activities of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

A 9-week feeding trial was carried out with juvenile Jian carp to study the effect of dietary pantothenic acid (PA) on growth, body composition and intestinal enzyme activities. Semi-purified diets with seven levels (4.0, 15.5, 25.6, 36.1, 45.9, 56.1 and 65.9 mg PA kg⁻¹) of supplemental calcium d -pantothenate were fed to Jian carp (13.0 ± 0.0 g). PA improved specific growth rate (SGR), protein productive value (PPV), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lipid production value (LPV) ( P <  0.05). Fish fed the control diet had significantly lower feed efficiency (FE) than that in any other group ( P <  0.05). Body protein content increased with increasing PA levels ( P <  0.05), but moisture, lipid and ash of fish carcasses were negatively related to the graded PA levels ( P <  0.05). Intestine protein content (IPC), hepatopancreas protein content (HPC) and activity of α-amylase, lipase, trypsin, Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase, alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT) were all positively affected by the dietary PA levels ( P <  0.05), while intestine index (ISI) and hepatopancreas index (HSI) decreased with the increment of supplemental levels of PA ( P <  0.05). These results suggested that PA could enhance fish growth and intestinal enzyme activities. The dietary PA requirement of juvenile Jian carp, Cyprinus carpio var . Jian (13.0–73.0 g), for optimal growth estimated by the broken-line analysis was 23.0 mg PA kg⁻¹ diet.     

Effects of stocking density on the growth performance,physiological response and intestinal microbiota of juvenile Echiura worms (Urechis unicinctus)

Aquaculture of the Echiura worm Urechis unicinctus has developed rapidly in recent years. However, the artificial cultivation technology remains to be perfected. In this study, the effects of stocking density on the growth performance, physiological responses and intestinal microbiota of U. unicinctus juveniles were evaluated. Juvenile worms were randomly stocked at densities of 200 U (U. unicinctus/m³), 500 U, 1,000 U and 2,000 U, in aquariums. The results indicated that the contents of triglycerides, glucose, total cholesterol, lactic acid, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and aspartate transaminase in the coelomic fluid of U. unicinctus juveniles were significantly enhanced with increasing stocking density. The digestive enzyme activities increased with increasing stocking density from 200 U to 1,000 U, before exhibiting a significant decrease in the 2,000 U group. In contrast, the antioxidant capacity of U. unicinctus juveniles was suppressed under high stocking density conditions. In case of the intestinal microbiota of U. unicinctus juveniles, Actinobacteria were more abundant in the 200 U group; SJA15, Gluconobacter and OP81 were higher in the 1,000 U group; Burkholderiales and Limnohabitans were enriched in the 2,000 U group. The highest and lowest survival rates of the U. unicinctus juveniles were recorded in the 500 U and 200 U groups respectively, and high stocking densities negatively affected the individual growth performance. In summary, due to the highest survival rate and appropriate growth performance and physiological responses, 500 U was considered to be the optimal stocking density for the cultivation of U. unicinctus juveniles.     

Growth,body composition and intestinal enzyme activities of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed graded levels of dietary zinc

A 6‐week trial was carried out with 900 juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) to investigate the effects of dietary zinc on growth, body composition and intestinal enzyme activities. Diets supplemented with increasing levels (15.3, 26.9, 40.8, 58.2, 68.9 and 92.5 mg Zn kg^?1) of zinc lactate were fed to Jian carp (mean initial weight 15.7 ± 0.01 g). Results indicated that per cent weight gain (PWG), feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lipid productive value (LPV) enhanced with dietary zinc levels up to 40.8 mg kg^?1 diet (P < 0.05), and plateaued thereafter (P > 0.05). Feed intake (FI) was similar to that observed for PWG. Intestosomatic index (ISI), relative gut length (RGL), hepatopancreas protein content (HPC), intestine protein content (IPC), trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, amylase, alkaline phosphatase (AKP), Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase and γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase (γ‐GT) activities were all higher by dietary zinc supplementation than zinc un‐supplementation (P < 0.05). These results suggested that zinc could promote growth and increase nutrient deposition and intestinal enzyme activities. The dietary zinc requirements (use zinc lactate as zinc source) of juvenile Jian carp (15.7–42.2 g) based on PWG and serum zinc were 48.7 and 43.2 mg Zn kg^?1 diet, respectively.     

饲料中添加复合芽孢杆菌对草鱼消化道酶活性及肠道菌群的影响

用含复合芽孢杆菌(105cfu/g饲料,枯草芽孢杆菌和解淀粉芽孢杆菌以1∶1比例混合)的基础日粮,按体重3%的日投饵量,饲喂体重(51.37±0.58)g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus),饲养实验45 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,处理组肠道内容物胰蛋白酶活性提高了79.46%(P<0.01);肝胰腺脂肪酶活性提高了16.82%(P<0.01),肝胰腺淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性无显著差异(P>0.05)。肠道菌群数量分析显示,处理组肠道芽孢杆菌数均显著提高(P<0.01),弧菌和大肠杆菌数显著降低(P<0.01)。结果提示,饵料中添加复合芽孢杆菌能够改善草鱼肠道菌群组成,并提高消化道特定消化酶活性。     

Effects of exogenous xylanase supplementation in plant protein‐enriched diets on growth performance,intestinal enzyme activities and microflora of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

A total of 900 juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) (7.99 ± 0.02 g) were fed diets containing graded levels of xylanase at 220 (unsupplemented control), 650, 1070, 1480, 1810 and 2470 U kg^?1 diet for 10 weeks to investigate the effects of xylanase levels on growth performance, intestinal enzyme activities and microflora. The per cent weight gain, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, protein production value, lipid production value, ash production value, calcium production value and phosphorus retention ratio were significantly improved with increasing levels of xylanase up to a point, and thereafter declined (P < 0.05). The activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase and amylase in the hepatopancreas and intestine, activities of alkaline phosphatase, Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase, creatine kinase and γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase in three intestinal segments were improved by dietary xylanase (P < 0.05). The amounts of Lactobacillus, Escherichia coli and Aeromonas were significantly affected by dietary xylanase levels (P < 0.05). In conclusion, xylanase supplementation improved growth performance, enhanced intestinal enzyme activities and influenced the balance of intestinal microflora of juvenile Jian carp. The optimal level of xylanase in juvenile Jian carp (7.99–99.16 g) based on PWG was 1259 U kg^?1 diet by the quadratic regression analysis.     

饲料中大豆黄酮对大菱鲆生长、消化酶活力、抗氧化力及肠道结构的影响

为研究大豆黄酮在大菱鲆幼鱼中的营养生理作用,本实验在以鱼粉为主要蛋白源的基础饲料中添加不同剂量的大豆黄酮(0、5、10、20和100 mg/kg)来配制5种等氮等脂的实验饲料,并通过12周的投喂养殖实验评估饲料中不同剂量的大豆黄酮对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、消化酶活力、抗氧化力以及肠道结构的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,饲料中添加不同剂量的大豆黄酮对大菱鲆幼鱼的存活率(98.89%~100.00%)、终末体质量(21.24~24.42 g)、特定生长率(1.81~1.98%/d)、饲料效率(1.01~1.11)、摄食率(1.43~1.51%/d)及形体指标均没有产生显著性影响;饲料中添加大豆黄酮显著降低了大菱鲆幼鱼鱼体的粗蛋白(15.41%~15.59%)和粗脂肪(3.19%~3.93%)含量,但对鱼体的水分(77.41%~79.70%)和灰分(3.46%~3.81%)含量未产生显著性影响;饲料中添加10~100 mg/kg大豆黄酮显著提高了大菱鲆幼鱼的胰蛋白酶活力(35.26~40.66 U/g prot),但胃蛋白酶(31.75~49.56 U/mg prot)、肠蛋白酶(10.00~14.79U/mg prot)、胃淀粉酶(0.10~0.25 U/mg prot)和肠淀粉酶(0.05~0.17 U/mg prot)的活力在各处理组间没有显著性差异。饲料中添加5、10和20 mg/kg的大豆黄酮显著降低了血清丙二醛(10.67~11.17 nmol/mL)的含量,并显著提高了大菱鲆幼鱼血清超氧化物歧化酶(51.05~53.36U/mL)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(551.40 U/mL)的活力;饲料中添加不同浓度的大豆黄酮对大菱鲆幼鱼后肠肠道结构完整性没有显著性影响,但10~20 mg/kg大豆黄酮显著促进了肠道组织结构的发育和成熟,提高了大菱鲆幼鱼后肠肠绒毛的高度(391.26~401.48μm)。研究表明,大豆黄酮(5~100 mg/kg)对大菱鲆的生长没有显著性的影响,但饲料中适量的大豆黄酮(10~20mg/kg)可以显著提高大菱鲆幼鱼的消化酶活力和抗氧化能力,并促进肠道绒毛的发育。