Effect of dietary protein and lipid levels and protein to energy ratios on growth, survival and body composition of the mangrove red snapper, Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal 1775)

The approximate levels of dietary protein and energy that would sustain good growth and survival of the mangrove red snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal) were determined in two feeding experiments. In the preliminary experiment, six fish meal‐based diets were formulated to contain three protein levels (35%, 42.5% and 50%) and two lipid levels (6% and 12%) for each protein, with dietary energy ranging from 14.6 MJ kg^?1 to 20.5 MJ kg^?1. The protein to energy (P/E) ratios of diets ranged from 20.6 mg protein kJ^?1 to 27.5 mg protein kJ^?1. Diets were fed for 100 days to triplicate groups of snappers with an average initial weight of 24.8 ± 0.4 g. No significant interaction between different levels of protein and lipid was observed. Survival rates (93.8% to 100%), feed conversion ratios (FCR) (2.61–3.06) and condition factors (K) were not affected by different dietary treatments. Regardless of lipid level, fish fed 50% protein diets had a significantly higher specific growth rate (SGR) than fish fed the 35% protein diets, but not compared with the 42.5% diets (P < 0.05). Increasing lipid to 12% in all protein levels resulted in no improvement in growth over the 6% level. Fish body moisture did not vary while lipid levels based on dry matter were high (27.9% to 33.7%). Snapper appear to require more than 40% dietary protein and a high dietary energy level for good growth. In the second experiment, fish (21.1 ± 0.1 g) in four replicate groups were fed for 94 days with three diets (39%, 44% and 49% protein with P/E ratios of 21.1, 23.3 and 25.5 mg protein kJ^?1 respectively) containing similar dietary energy levels of about 19 MJ kg^?1. Average final weight, SGR and FCR were significantly higher in diets containing 44% and 49% protein diets (P > 0.05). There were no differences in survival rates, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and nutrient composition of snapper flesh. All fish had fatty livers. Results indicated that the diet containing 44% protein with a P/E ratio of 23.3 mg protein kJ^?1 was optimum for snapper growth under the experimental conditions used in the study.     

Partial replacement of fishmeal by defatted soybean meal in formulated diets for the mangrove red snapper, Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal 1775)

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect on growth and feed efficiencies of the mangrove red snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) when dietary fishmeal is partially replaced by defatted soybean meal (DSM). In the preliminary experiment, snapper (mean weight±SD, 58.22±5.28 g) were fed in triplicate with different dietary amounts of DSM (7.8–42.2%) that were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. After 14 weeks, survival, growth and feed efficiencies, and hepatosomatic index (HSI) did not differ. Based on these results, a feeding trial was done using a positive control diet that contained 64% fishmeal, while the other four diets had DSM levels of 12%, 24%, 36%, and 48% that replaced fishmeal protein at 12.5%, 25%, 37.5%, and 50% respectively. All diets were formulated to have about the same protein level (50%), protein to energy ratio (P/E of 25‐mg protein kJ^?1), and dietary energy (19.8 MJ kg^?1). These were fed to triplicate groups of snapper (mean total weight tank^?1±SD, 73.19±1.2 g) at 15 fish (average weight, 4.88 g) per 1.5‐t tank for 19 weeks. Growth (final average weight and specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival, and HSI were not significantly different (P>0.05) while protein efficiency ratios or PERs were similar in treatments with DSM. Among snapper fed DSM, haematocrit value was significantly lower in fish fed 48% DSM and not different with fish fed 36% DSM. Whole‐body crude fat of snapper fed 48% DSM was lowest while the crude protein and nitrogen‐free extract (NFE) levels were highest. Histopathological analysis showed that lipid vacuoles in livers of snapper were reduced in size as dietary DSM increased. There was slight lipid deposition in the liver of snapper at 36% DSM while at 48% DSM it was excessive and hepatocytes were necrotic. There were no differences in the histology of snapper intestine. Under the experimental condition of this study, DSM can be used in snapper diets at 24% (replacing 25% of fishmeal protein) based on growth, survival and feed efficiencies, and histology of liver and intestine. For a lesser diet cost, an inclusion level higher than 24% DSM is possible with a bioavailable phosphorus supplement.     

The effects of varying dietary protein level on growth,feed conversion,body composition and apparent digestibility coefficient of juvenile mangrove red snapper,Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal 1775)

The effects of several dietary protein levels on the growth, feed conversion, body composition and diet digestibility of juvenile Lutjanus argentimaculatus (body weight 12.3 g) were examined. Seven isolipidic (7.4%) diets were formulated to contain graded levels of protein (28–58%) with dietary energy ranging from 19.7 to 21.5 kJ g^?1. Diets were distributed to triplicate groups of fish thrice a day at ration of 2% body weight for 90 days. Growth, feed conversion, protein utilization and digestibility of nutrients increased with increasing dietary protein level up to 43%, after which no significant improvement was observed. Digestibility of dry matter and energy showed a concomitant increase with the reduction in dietary wheat meal, attaining maximal values with high protein diets. No significant differences were detected in moisture, protein, lipid and ash content of whole fish or body organs as dietary protein increased. The mesenteric fat, hepato‐ and viscerosomatic indices decreased with increasing protein level. The cholesterol, triglycerides and haematocrit values were similar among treatments, except that high levels of plasma lipids were recorded above 43% protein diet. The use of a practical diet containing 43% protein is appropriate for the growth of L. argentimaculatus juveniles under the experimental conditions of the present study.     

Effects of different feeding level on the growth, feed efficiency and body composition of juvenile mangrove red snapper, Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal 1775)

The effects of several feeding levels (1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4% and 4.5% of body weight per day, BW day⁻¹) on the growth, feed efficiency and body composition of juvenile Lutjanus argentimaculatus (body weight 27.1 g) were examined. Fish were fed a test diet (40% protein, 18.4% lipid and 13.4 kJ g⁻¹) for 75 days in three equal meals. Weight gain and specific growth rate increased with increasing feeding level up to 2.5% BW day⁻¹, after which no significant improvement in growth was observed. The feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, retention of protein and digestibility of nutrients did not differ for fish fed 1–2.5% BW day⁻¹, but decreased significantly when feeding levels were increased above 3% BW day⁻¹. The chemical compositions of whole fish or body organs were significantly affected by the feeding level. The condition factor, mesenteric fat, hepato- and viscerosomatic indices were higher in fish fed 2.5–4.5% BW day⁻¹. The cholesterol, triglycerides and haematocrit values were similar among treatments, except that high levels of plasma lipids were recorded in fish fed at 2.5% BW day⁻¹. Taking into consideration the growth, feed efficiency and body composition data attained in this study, a feeding level of 2.5% BW day⁻¹ is recommended for juvenile L. argentimaculatus weighing between 27 and 140 g.     

Intestinal microbiota of mangrove red snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus Forsskål, 1775) reared in sea cages

Using polymerase chain reaction amplification of 16S rDNA coupled to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing of isolated amplicons, we investigated the microbiota of the intestinal digesta and mucosal surface in mangrove red snapper cultured in a cage aquaculture area in Daya Bay. A total of 14 sequences were characterized by phylogenetic analysis. Among the bacterial species determinated from sequences, the γ‐Proteobacteria group (64.25%, nine species) dominated absolutely in fish intestines. Others belonged to Spirochaetes (14.3%, two species), Cyanobacteria (14.3%, two species) and Firmicutes (7.15%, one species). However, the bacteria were identified as uncultured accounting for 28.6% (four species). The apparent bacterial richness (calculated as the numbers of DGGE bands) was significantly higher in digesta than that in mucosal tissue samples (P<0.05). There existed five dominant individual populations including one unknown species of Firmicutes, Arthrospira sp., Vibrio metschnikovii, Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio sp. in intestinal digesta, and in contrast, only three dominant individual populations including Vibrio natriegens, V. harveyi and Vibrio sp. in intestinal mucosal surface. The results indicated that the microbiota in intestinal digesta was significantly different from that in mucosal surface.     

紫红笛鲷与红鳍笛鲷5种同工酶的比较研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺垂直平板梯度凝胶电泳的方法,对紫红笛鲷和红鳍笛鲷8种组织中的5种同工酶(EST,LDH,MDH,ME,POD)进行比较研究,对所研究的5种同工酶在两种鱼的组织分布、位点表达及活性作了分析和总结。试验结果表明:两种鱼的ME、MDH同工酶谱非常相似,只在活性上略有差异;EST、LDH、POD等的酶谱表达带型和活性不同,这些酶可作为紫红笛鲷和红鳍笛鲷的遗传鉴定标记,能够将亲缘关系很近的这两种鱼区分开来,从而为形态分类学提供生化依据。     

饲料中添加复合植物提取物对大口黑鲈生长性能、血清生化指标和肝脏、肠道健康的影响

为研究饲料中添加由桑叶黄酮、栗木单宁和桑叶多糖组成的复合植物提取物对大口黑鲈生长性能、血清生化指标和肝脏、肠道健康的影响,实验设计3个处理组,每组4个重复,分别投喂添加0、0.1%、0.2%复合植物提取物的等氮等脂饲料(J0、J1、J2),养殖周期为56 d。结果显示,与J0组相比,J2组大口黑鲈的末均重、增重率及特定生长率分别显著提高8.34%、11.24%和5.88%;3组大口黑鲈机体粗脂肪、水分、粗灰分、钙和总磷,肥满度、脏体比均无显著差异,粗蛋白含量随着复合植物提取物添加量的增加呈上升趋势,与J0组相比,J2组显著提高5.61%;J1和J2组肝体比显著降低9.10%～10.28%,血清白蛋白含量和白蛋白/球蛋白值显著提高8.28%～12.62%和13.56%～23.73%,J2组血清球蛋白含量显著降低9.47%,J1和J2组血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性和血糖含量分别显著降低31.25%～46.88%、7.69%～12.54%和20.90%～22.40%;J1和J2组胆固醇和甘油三脂含量呈降低趋势,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈升高趋势;J1和J2组肝脂空泡化程度显著...     

尖吻鲈仔鱼骨骼发育观察

掌握尖翅燕鱼 (Platax teira) 仔稚鱼脊柱及附肢骨骼系统的发育时序特征,可为其苗种繁育、环境适应及分类鉴定提供理论依据。采用软骨-硬骨双染色法对尖翅燕鱼仔稚鱼 [0~30日龄 (dah)] 脊柱、胸鳍、腹鳍、背鳍、臀鳍以及尾鳍进行染色观察与分析。结果表明,尖翅燕鱼有24枚脊椎骨,尾部骨骼由5枚尾下骨和2枚尾上骨构成,附肢支鳍骨的发育顺序为胸鳍、腹鳍、尾鳍、臀鳍和背鳍。尖翅燕鱼在初孵仔鱼已具备胸鳍支鳍骨原基和脊索,4 dah仔鱼胸鳍和腹鳍最先发育;7 dah仔鱼髓弓、脉弓开始出现;13 dah仔鱼骨骼形态和数量基本稳定;26 dah左右稚鱼开始骨化,脊柱和脊椎最先完成骨化;30 dah进入幼鱼阶段,其外表形态已经固定,与成鱼无异,典型特征为头部、躯干部和尾部各有3条黑色条带,身体呈雪白银色,受到外界刺激时体色瞬间变为黑色。尖翅燕鱼脊柱及附肢骨的发育顺序与其他海水鱼基本一致,但骨骼发育时间节点和数量有所不同。     

清江河多鳞白甲鱼胚胎发育观察

为了提高尖翅燕鱼 (Platax teira) 的卵孵化率和苗种成活率,并为人工催产和苗种繁育提供理论依据,观察分析了尖翅燕鱼受精卵胚胎发育和仔稚鱼发育的时序特征,对其形态学指标进行测量,推算出仔稚鱼阶段生长特性的回归方程。结果显示,尖翅燕鱼受精卵为浮性卵,直径 (1.29±0.09) mm,卵壳较坚韧,呈黄色透明的球状,单个油球,无黏性。在孵化温度 (26±0.3) ℃、盐度34~36和pH 7.8±0.5条件下,整个胚胎发育经历7个阶段共27个时期,耗时27 h 45 min。初孵仔鱼全长 (3.120±0.349) mm,呈透明状,体表散布着大量分枝叶黄素,先后经历仔鱼期 (0~17 d) 和稚鱼期 (17~25 d),25 d后进入幼鱼期。此时幼鱼鳍棘和鳍条已发育完全,其典型特征为头部、躯干部和尾部各有3条黑色条带,身体呈银白色。统计模型显示,尖翅燕鱼早期阶段生长速度较缓,7日龄后生长加速;8日龄仔鱼出现残食和攻击行为。     

An immunohistochemical study on endocrine cells in the neuroendocrine system of the digestive tract of milkfish Chanos chanos (Forsskal, 1775)

In this study, several kinds of endocrine cells which produce neuropeptides and hormones have been identified and located in the digestive tract of milkfish (Chanos chanos) by the immunohistochemical technique. The oesophagus, stomach (cardiacus, fundic and pyloric regions), pyloric caeca, intestine (anterior, middle and posterior regions) and rectum were divided from the digestive tract of milkfish. The distribution and frequency of the endocrine cells produced these neuropeptides and hormones including gastrin, cholecystokinin, leu‐enkephalin, neuropeptide Y and somatostatin were described in these segments. Endocrine cells containing all neuropeptides and hormones immunoreactivities were present in the anterior intestine region, but no reaction was found in oesophagus. Only a few L‐ENK‐ and SST‐immunoreactive cells were detected in the pyloric caeca. Large numbers of SST‐immunoreactive cells were observed in the stomach with no immunoreactivities to other neuropeptides and hormones. Two different types of endocrine cells were founded in the intestine and pyloric caeca. These results indicate that the anterior intestine region may be the main region of food digestion and absorption, and the neuropeptides and hormones regulate the food intake process by different ways in milkfish.     

不同蛋白质水平下添加小肽对石斑鱼生长、消化酶、血清生化和抗氧化能力的影响

设计6组实验,测定在3种不同饲料蛋白质水平（44%,48%,52%）下添加2种水平的小肽（0.05%,0.1%）对赤点石斑鱼（Epinephelus akaara）生长、消化酶、血清生化和抗氧化能力的影响。饲料分别为D1（44%,0.05%）,D2（44%,0.1%）,D3（48%,0.05%）,D4（48%,0.1%）,D5（52%,0.05%）,D6（52%,0.1%）。每组饲料3个平行,每个玻璃钢纤维桶（500 L）放15尾石斑鱼[初始体质量（42.16±0.23）g],实验进行8周。结果显示,各组石斑鱼增重、特定生长率、肌肉粗蛋白、脂肪和灰分无显著差异,随着蛋白质和小肽水平的增加,肌肉粗脂肪、血清胆固醇和甘油三酯质量浓度降低（P<0.05）;胃蛋白酶活性在d2组最高,小肽对肠道淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性不存在显著影响,在d1组活性较高（p>0.05）;各组石斑鱼肝脏丙二醛和过氧化物酶差异不显著（P>0.05）。由上述结果可以看出在不同蛋白质水平下添加小肽可以降低石斑鱼的蛋白需求,促进脂肪代谢,增加消化酶活性。 

     

Growth performance,haematological and serum biochemical profiles in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets with varying levels of lupin (Lupinus albus) meal

A feeding experiment was conducted to study the response of rainbow trout juveniles fed different levels of lupin meal in diets for rainbow trout juveniles. Very limited information is available on the relationship between dietary lupin meal in rainbow trout health status. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of lupin meal inclusion levels (0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60%) on growth performance and health status of rainbow trout juveniles. The experimental diets (LM₀, LM₁₅, LM₃₀, LM₄₅, and LM₆₀) were formulated iso‐nitrogenous (41% crude protein) and iso‐calorific (18% crude lipid). The fish were fed twice a day. As a result, the best growth performance was observed in fish fed with LM₁₅ and LM₃₀ diets. No significant differences were detected among experimental groups in terms of body compositions. The haematological values showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower heamatocrit and mean cellular volume (MCV) in the group of LM₆₀ compared with the other groups. For the other haematological parameters such as haemoglobin, red blood cell and mean cellular haemoglobin studied in the present study no significant differences were observed (p < 0.05). The lupin meal included groups showed significant reduction in total protein (TPROT), triglyceride (TROG), cholesterol (CHOL), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) compared with the control group (p < 0.05). The inclusion of lupin meal did not cause any changes in glucose (GLU), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) between the treatment groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, lupin meal might be used in rainbow trout diets up to 30% without any malnutrition effect on growth performance, haemotological and serum biochemical parameters.     

Genetic assessment of milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal) stocks based on novel short tandem repeats for marker‐aided broodstock management

Milkfish hatchery broodstock are either from on‐grown wild‐caught or hatchery‐produced fry/juveniles. To determine if a marker‐assisted management scheme can be formulated for improved milkfish hatchery production, milkfish stocks were genetically characterized using nine novel short tandem repeats or microsatellites. Eight wild‐bred Philippine stocks (CLA, CUR, CAM, SIH, SBH‐I1, HH, PAL and ZH‐P₀), four hatchery‐bred stocks (SBH‐I2, SBH‐D, BoH and ZH‐F₁), two farm stocks of known mixed lineages (SPH and BDH) and one Indonesian hatchery‐bred stock (WJH) were assessed. WJH was included since milkfish fingerlings from Indonesia reared in Philippine farms could be developed into future broodstock. Mean allelic richness (Ar) was highest in wild‐bred stocks (9.5) and lowest in hatchery‐bred spawners (9.1). Mean expected heterozygosities (He) were relatively similar in all stocks with wild‐bred stocks slightly higher (0.67) than the others. An analysis of molecular variance indicated significant yet low genetic differentiation among stocks (F_ST = 0.013; p = .000) where variation (98.6%) was explained by intra‐stock differences. In some of the domesticated stocks, reductions in mean allelic richness were observed in first generation hatchery broodstock (e.g. ZH‐F₁; Ar = 8.3), compared with their founder stock (e.g. ZH‐P₀; Ar = 9.4). The Indonesian stock was similar to local wild‐bred stocks based on genetic variability indices; thus, it might be likely that the local stocks’ fitness traits could be comparable with the imported milkfish stock which has been perceived to be better. The quality of locally available farmed milkfish and prospects of formulating a broodstock management scheme for the production of good quality milkfish seedstock are herewith discussed.     

大豆抗原蛋白对罗氏沼虾生理生化及免疫的影响

为探讨大豆抗原蛋白与豆粕饲用效果的关系,本研究配制4种等氮等能的实验饲料,以含有21.5%鱼粉、15.45%豆粕和15%发酵豆粕的实用饲料为基础饲料(T15组),用发酵豆粕完全替代T15组中的豆粕(TF组),比较发酵豆粕对豆粕的替代效果;再以鱼粉、酪蛋白和大豆分离蛋白为主要蛋白源分别配制与T15、TF组相近抗原蛋白含量的半纯化饲料AP5、AP0(抗原蛋白含量分别为5%和0%)组,探究抗原蛋白的生物学效应。选用初始体重为(0.17±0.02) g的罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)在室内水泥池网箱中进行为期64 d的养殖实验。结果显示:两种系列饲料中,大豆抗原蛋白含量的降低对罗氏沼虾生长、血清生化指标及免疫相关基因表达有不同的影响。在实用饲料组中,随着大豆抗原蛋白的降低,罗氏沼虾的增重率、肝胰腺蛋白酶活力、血清白蛋白、总蛋白、鳃Toll受体mRNA、NF-κB mRNA和肝胰腺HSP70 mRNA相对表达量都显著降低(P0.05),而血清超氧化物歧化酶活力显著升高(P0.05);在纯化饲料组中,随着大豆抗原蛋白的降低,罗氏沼虾的增重率、血清超氧化物歧化酶活力和丙二醛含量、肝胰腺HSP70mRNA相对表达量没有显著性差异(P0.05),肝胰腺淀粉酶活力、蛋白酶活力、血清白蛋白、总蛋白都显著降低(P0.05),而肌肉粗灰分、血清谷草转氨酶活力、鳃Toll受体mRNA、NF-κBmRNA相对表达量显著升高(P0.05)。比较实用饲料组与半纯化饲料组的结果可知,罗氏沼虾对实用饲料中5%的大豆抗原蛋白有一定的耐受性,并且有利于其生长和健康,推测大豆抗原蛋白与豆粕中的其他抗营养因子间存在有益的联合效应,显著降低其中的大豆抗原蛋白含量则不利于蛋白合成代谢和肝胰腺健康,导致生长性能下降。建议在实际生产中发酵豆粕和豆粕按一定比例混合使用。     

大豆浓缩蛋白替代鱼粉对大黄鱼幼鱼生长、体成分、血清生化指标及肝组织学的影响

为探索大豆浓缩蛋白(SPC)替代鱼粉水平对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)幼鱼生长、体成分和血清生化指标以及肝组织学的影响。以初始体重为(10.50±0.04)g的大黄鱼幼鱼为研究对象,用SPC替代基础饲料(含40%鱼粉)0%(FM)、25%(R25)、50%(R50)、75%(R75)、100%(R100)的鱼粉制作成5种等氮(粗蛋白水平为45%)等脂(粗脂肪水平为10%)的实验饲料。各实验组以对照组(FM)饲料蛋氨酸、赖氨酸含量为基准,分别添加适量的晶体赖氨酸和蛋氨酸。养殖实验在浙江省象山县西沪港区进行,每个处理随机分配3个网箱(1.5 m×1.5 m×2 m),每个网箱放养60尾,养殖周期为56 d。结果表明,与对照组相比(FM),SPC替代鱼粉水平对大黄鱼幼鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、存活率(SR)以及饲料系数(FCR)没有显著影响(P0.05);肌肉粗蛋白和全鱼粗蛋白无显著差异(P0.05),肌肉粗脂肪和全鱼粗脂肪含量随替代比例的增加有下降的趋势,均以R100组含量最低,肌肉水分含量和全鱼水分有上升的趋势;血清各项指标没有显著性差异,但血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)含量有下降趋势,以R100组含量最低;血清胆固醇(CHOL)、甘油三酯(TG)的含量呈现出先升高后下降的趋势。从肝组织学观察中发现,SPC替代水平超过75%会对肝细胞产生损伤,引起肝细胞空泡化,脂肪堆积加重,肝细胞核逐渐溶解或缺失。综上所述,在本研究条件下,SPC替代饲料75%的鱼粉,不会对大黄鱼幼鱼的生长造成负面影响。     

人工养殖不同年龄史氏鲟的血液生化指标

测定了1～5龄5个年龄组的人工养殖史氏鲟血液的总蛋白、血脂、血糖、血清酶和无机离子等共22项血液生化指标。结果显示,1龄史氏鲟总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）和球蛋白（GLB）含量最低,与2～5龄组有显著性差异。5龄史氏鲟GLB最高,且与1～4龄组有显著性差异。1～4龄白蛋白／球蛋白比值（A/G）间无差异,5龄组A/G值显著降低,并与1～4龄组差异显著。随着年龄的增长,胆固醇（CHOL）和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDLC）逐渐升高,与年龄呈正线性相关且相关性显著（P<0.05）,5龄HDL-C与1～4龄有显著性差异。所有年龄组中甘油三脂（TRIG）无显著性差异。1～4龄组血糖（G）无显著性差异,5龄组G含量显著降低。尿素氮（BUN）与年龄呈显著负线性相关（〖WTBX〗R=-0.3627）,但相关性不显著（P=0.0815>0.05）。CREA与年龄呈正线性相关（R=0.4154, P=0.0389）。1～4龄总胆红素（T-BIL）无显著性差异,5龄最高。1～4龄组碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）无显著性差异,5龄组显著升高,与1～4龄组差异极显著（P<0.01）。所有年龄组的乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）和淀粉酶（AMY）无显著性差异。1龄组钠离子（Na+）最低,并与2～5龄组有显著性差异,2～5龄组中的Na+无显著性差异。各年龄组中钾（K+）、氯（Cl-）、镁（Mg2+）无显著性差异     

Quantitative changes in a serum protein,AS, during the life cycle of the lamprey,Petromyzon marinus L.

The electrophoretically fastest migrating protein in ammocoete serum, AS protein, was isolated and found to be an acidic glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 140,000 Daltons. Purified AS was injected into rabbits to produce a monospecific antiserum that was used in rocket immunoelectrophoresis to quantitate AS at different periods in the life cycle. AS was found to constitute approximately 70% of total serum protein in the ammocoete, remained at about the same value during transformation, and was reduced to 38% of total serum protein in the juvenile adult. In both male and female upstream migrant animals, AS was less than 0.5% of total serum protein. When juveniles were acclimated to seawater over a 10 week period, it was found that their AS level was reduced by 92% to 3.8% of total serum protein. These results are discussed in relation to changes in other serum proteins at various intervals of the lamprey life cycle.     

Apparent digestibility of some nutrient sources by juvenile mud crab, Scylla serrata (Forskal 1775)

As part of preliminary work aimed at the development of a formulated diet for the mud crab, Scylla serrata, an experiment was conducted with juvenile mud crabs (95.65±2.17 g) to determine apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) for cellulose, fish meal, shrimp meal, blood meal, soybean meal, wheat flour and cod liver oil. Apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter (ADC_dm), energy (ADC_energy) and protein (ADC_protein) were in the ranges 70.0–95.7%, 77.4–97.1% and 57.7–97.9% respectively. Soybean meal had the highest ADC_dm and wheat flour had the lowest value (P<0.05), while the ADC_dm for fish meal, blood meal and shrimp meal were not different (P≥0.05). Similarly, soybean meal had the same ADC_energy as that of fish meal, but higher than those of cod liver oil, blood meal and shrimp meal (P<0.05). Moreover, the ADC_protein for blood meal or shrimp meal were not significantly different from fish meal (P≥0.05); nevertheless, they were lower than that of soybean meal and higher than that of wheat flour (P<0.05). Of significant interest was the ADC_dm (78.0%) and ADC_energy (77.4%) for cellulose, which indicates that plant‐based nutrient sources may well be a useful component of formulated diets for mud crabs.     

饲料中n-3长链多不饱和脂肪酸水平对花鲈幼鱼血清生化指标的影响

为研究饲料中n-3长链多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3LC-PUFA)水平对花鲈幼鱼血清生化指标的影响,以初始体重(29.2±1.34)g的花鲈幼鱼为研究对象,分别投喂n-3LC-PUFA含量分别为0.13、0.30、0.56、1.03、1.45、2.41(%饲料干物质)的饲料,实验周期63d。结果表明,饲料中n-3LC-PUFA水平对花鲈幼鱼血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性、总甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)含量无显著性影响(P0.05),而血清中肌酐(CREA)水平在饲料中n-3含量为1.45%时显著高于其余各组(P0.05)。结果表明,以血清CREA含量为标准,花鲈幼鱼饲料中n-3LC-PUFA含量应低于1.45%。