生物质炭与秸秆配施对紫色土团聚体中有机碳含量的影响

以油菜/玉米轮作农田生态系统为研究对象,通过田间微区试验,研究了生物质炭、秸秆(BC:8 000 kg·hm~(-2)生物质炭、CS:8 000 kg·hm~(-2)秸秆、0.5BC:4 000 kg·hm~(-2)生物质炭、0.5CS:4000kg·hm~(-2)秸秆、BC+CS:4 000 kg·hm~(-2)生物质炭+4 000 kg·hm~(-2)秸秆)与化肥配施对紫色土团聚体含量及稳定性、土壤有机碳及有机碳在各粒级团聚体中分布的影响,为合理利用有机物料及为紫色土培肥提供依据。结果表明:(1)与对照(CK)相比,秸秆、生物质炭还田(除0.5BC处理外)均能提高2 mm粒级团聚体含量,降低0.053 mm粒级团聚体含量,同时提高水稳性团聚体的平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、大于0.25 mm团聚体含量(R_(0.25)),其中只有CS处理达到了显著水平,且随着秸秆施用量增加,效果越显著。CS+BC处理则能显著提高0.25～2mm粒级水稳性团聚体含量。(2)除CS处理,其他各处理较CK均能显著提高土壤总有机碳含量,其中BC和CS+BC处理分别提高了45.55%和44.45%(P0.05),效果优于单施秸秆处理,且随着生物质炭施用量的增加,土壤总有机碳呈增加趋势。对不同粒级团聚体有机碳而言,各处理的团聚体有机碳主要分布在0.053mm和2mm粒级团聚体中;BC处理较其他处理能提高土壤不同粒级团聚体有机碳含量,其次为CS+BC处理。(3)通过计算团聚体有机碳贡献率发现,各处理对土壤团聚体有机碳贡献率主要分布在0.25～2 mm和0.053 mm粒级团聚体中,其中仅CS处理显著提高了2 mm粒级团聚体有机碳贡献率,较CK提高了53.53%;CS+BC、0.5BC处理分别较CK显著提高了0.053 mm粒级团聚体有机碳贡献率,增幅为26.20%,48.63%。(4)秸秆和生物质炭还田能提高玉米和油菜的生物产量和经济产量,其中CS、BC、CS+BC效果较明显。总之,秸秆与生物质炭配施是改善紫色土结构和提升碳水平的较优培肥措施。     

长期施肥紫色水稻土团聚体稳定性及其固碳特征

【目的】探讨长期不同施肥对土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性的影响,以及团聚体中有机碳对碳投入的响应。【方法】采集经历30年不同施肥处理后的紫色水稻土,利用湿筛法分离2 mm、0.25~2mm、0.053~0.25mm和0.053 mm团聚体组分,并分析团聚体的稳定性以及年均碳投入量和有机碳固定速率的关系。【结果】与不施肥(CK)比较,施肥(N、NP、NPK、M、MN、MNP和MNPK)使2 mm团聚体所占比例提高了9.6%~36.1%,0.25~2 mm团聚体降低了6.7%~26.3%,0.053~0.25 mm和0.053 mm团聚体所占比例基本稳定;单施化肥处理(N、NP和NPK)没有显著提高土壤团聚体的稳定性,化肥与有机肥配施(MNP和MNPK)显著增加团聚体的稳定性。与CK相比施肥显著增加土壤总有机碳和2 mm团聚体有机碳含量,其他粒径团聚体碳含量略有提高,但未达显著水平;化肥配施有机肥对团聚体有机碳含量增加效果优于单施化肥。CK和N处理土壤有机碳损失速率为0.08t/(hm~2·a)和0.02 t/(hm~2·a),单施化肥(NP和NPK)、单施有机肥(M)、化肥配施有机肥(MN、MNP和MNPK)处理土壤有机碳的固定速率分别为0.14、0.10和0.17t/(hm2·a)。土壤有机碳的固定速率与碳投入呈显著的线性相关关系(R~2=0.531,P0.05);碳转化效率为3.3%;随碳投入的增加,各粒径团聚体碳含量均增加,且2 mm团聚体的碳增加速率远远高于其他团聚体。【结论】化肥配施有机肥增强团聚体稳定性效果优于单施化肥;本试验紫色水稻土的有机碳还没有达到饱和,仍具有一定固碳潜力,增加的有机碳主要固持在2 mm团聚体中。     

有机肥增减施后红壤水稻土团聚体有机碳的变化特征

利用一个长达35 a水稻土长期定位试验,在保证原有定位试验继续正常开展的前提下,将部分原化肥处理增施有机肥,部分原有机肥处理改施化肥或者增施有机肥,研究有机肥增减施后长期不同施肥红壤性水稻土团聚体有机碳变化特征及影响。结果显示:红壤性水稻土以0.25 mm团聚体为主;长期不同施肥下土壤团聚体有机碳含量高低排序均表现为:0.25 mm团聚体0.25～0.053 mm团聚体(0.053 mm)团聚体,长期施用有机肥可提高红壤水稻土各粒级有机碳含量和2mm团聚体有机碳的贡献率。施肥对红壤性水稻土各粒径团聚体有机碳影响的大小排序为:0.053 mm0.25～0.053 mm(2 mm)2～0.25 mm;游离氧化铁和络合态铝对2～0.25 mm粒径团聚体有机碳有着重要影响,游离氧化铁在2 mm团聚体的形成中发挥作用。增加有机肥施用量可提高2 mm各粒级团聚体有机碳含量,减施有机肥则显著降低各粒级团聚体有机碳含量。不管减施还是增施有机肥均导致2mm团聚体有机碳贡献率降低;同时,减施有机肥后2 mm的各级团聚体有机碳贡献率提高,而增施有机肥后2～0.25 mm团聚体有机碳贡献率提高。     

长期施肥对红壤性水稻土团聚体活性有机碳的影响

在23年的长期田间定位试验区,研究了长期施肥对红壤性水稻土团聚体活性有机碳含量的影响。结果表明,在不施肥(CK)、无机肥(NPK)、有机肥(猪粪+紫云英绿肥)(OM)和无机肥与有机肥配施(NPKM)处理中,土壤团聚体活性有机碳含量均随深度的增加而降低。长期施用肥料,特别是有机肥与无机肥配施会提高土壤团聚体活性有机碳含量,从而保持和提高土壤有机碳库质量。不同粒级土壤团聚体中活性有机碳含量和团聚体活性有机碳占团聚体有机碳比率有差异,潜在可矿化碳含量和潜在可矿化碳占团聚体有机碳比率从高到低的顺序为:0.25~1mm、1~3mm、>3mm、0.05~0.25mm和<0.05mm;而可溶性有机碳含量和可溶性有机碳占团聚体有机碳比率从高到低的顺序为:0.05~0.25mm、0.25~1mm、1~3mm、>3mm和<0.05mm。不同施肥处理A层土壤团聚体潜在可矿化碳、可溶性有机碳含量都与土壤团聚体有机碳含量都呈极显著相关;P层除1~3mm团聚体外都呈显著相关。土壤微团聚体(<0.25mm)中有机碳的稳定性高于大团聚体(>0.25mm)。     

长期施肥对灌漠土团聚体及其稳定性的影响

利用设计在武威的长期定位试验研究了单施氮肥或有机肥、有机肥与氮肥配施等措施对灌漠土团聚体及稳定性的影响。结果表明,与不施肥相比,单施氮肥不能显著提高各粒级水稳性团聚体有机碳的含量,而单施有机肥或者与氮肥配施能够显著提高各粒级水稳性团聚体有机碳的含量。其中0.25~2 mm粒级水稳性团聚体的有机碳浓度高于其它粒级。相关分析表明,0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的含量与土壤有机碳水平呈显著正相关。不同处理的0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量依次为:农肥、绿肥和秸秆的处理CK、农肥+氮肥、绿肥+氮肥和秸秆+氮肥的处理氮肥处理(P0.05)。可见,单施有机肥能促进0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的形成,而单施氮肥或者与有机肥配施不利于0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的形成。     

绿肥化肥配施对土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布的影响

开展了5年的定位试验,研究减施20%化肥下紫云英不同翻压量对土壤团聚体、有机碳的影响。试验设置5个处理:不施肥(CK),传统化肥(100%CF),80%传统化肥配施15 t/hm~2紫云英(M1+80%CF),80%传统化肥配施22.5 t/hm~2紫云英(M2+80%CF),传统化肥配施30 t/hm~2紫云英(M3+80%CF)。结果表明:1) 0.25～2.00 mm团聚体在土壤中含量最高,占42.7%～56.1%。与100%CF相比,绿肥化肥配施处理0.25～2.00 mm团聚体含量增加了6.2%～21.2%,2.00 mm团聚体含量降低了11.4%～32.7%;2) 80%化肥配施不同量紫云英条件下,土壤总有机碳含量均高于100%CF,2.00 mm团聚体有机碳含量均高于100%CF,紫云英翻压量达到30 t/hm~2时,0.05～0.25 mm团聚体有机碳含量低于100%CF。3)2.00 mm和0.05～0.25 mm团聚体对土壤有机碳的贡献率最大,分别为28.5%～39.0%和43.2%～56.0%。试验结果表明,在豫南单季稻产区利用紫云英配施80%化肥可以提升土壤品质和肥力。     

绿肥根茬还田和化肥用量对土壤团聚性及碳氮分布的影响

通过3年定位试验探讨绿肥根茬还田和化肥用量对土壤团聚性及碳氮分布特征的影响。试验依据绿肥根茬还田和化肥用量共设置5个处理:100%化肥即常规施肥(100%CF);绿肥根茬还田(GM);100%化肥+绿肥根茬还田(100%CF+GM);90%化肥+绿肥根茬还田(90%CF+GM);80%化肥+绿肥根茬还田(80%CF+GM)。土壤团聚体采用湿筛法分离,有机碳和全氮含量用碳氮仪测定。结果表明:(1)0.25～2 mm团聚体在土壤中占绝对优势,但在处理间无显著差异(P>0.05)。与100%CF相比,绿肥根茬还田4个处理GM、100%CF+GM、90%CF+GM和80%CF+GM使0.05～0.25和<0.05 mm团聚体向>2 mm大团聚体转变,并显著提高团聚体稳定性,但4个处理间无显著差异;(2)有机碳和全氮含量随团聚体粒径增大而提高。>0.25 mm大团聚体对土壤有机碳和全氮贡献率最高(有机碳和全氮贡献率分别为60.1%～82.9%和66.6%～83.0%),绿肥根茬还田使这一趋势增强,即随着微团聚体向大团聚体转变,有机碳和全氮也被大团聚体固持;(3)相关分析表明,团聚体稳定性与>2 mm大团聚体质量百分比及其有机碳贡献率均极显著相关,团聚体质量百分比与该粒级团聚体有机碳贡献率极显著正相关。综上,绿肥根茬还田有利于土壤结构稳定和碳氮积累,短期内还能减施化肥,是豫南地区冬闲田综合利用和发展畜牧业的推荐途径。     

不同施肥处理对红壤水稻土团聚体有机碳分布的影响

通过23年的长期田间定位试验观测,研究了施肥对红壤水稻土不同发生层团聚体组成、有机碳含量及有机碳库分布的影响.试验设不施肥（CK）、无机肥（NPK）、有机肥（猪粪＋紫云英）（OM）和无机肥与有机肥配施（NPKM）等4个处理.结果表明,＞3 mm团聚体含量随土层深度呈增加趋势,而其他粒径的团聚体含量则呈下降趋势.施肥处理有利于1～3 mm和0.25～1 mm团聚体含量增加.各处理中,各层同粒径团聚体有机碳含量从高到低的顺序为：A＞P＞W1、W2.不同粒径团聚体中有机碳含量有明显差异,除＜0.05 mm团聚体外,粒径愈细,有机碳含量愈高.1～3 mm和0.25～1 mm团聚体含量与全土有机碳含量呈显著正相关.不同施肥处理有机碳储量表现出NPKM＞OM＞NPK＞CK的趋势.同施肥处理同发生层不同粒径团聚体有机碳储量从高到低的顺序为：＞3 mm、1～3 mm、0.25～1 mm、0.05～0.25 mm和＜0.05 mm,且差异显著.施肥处理增加的新碳主要向1～3 mm、0.25～1 mm团聚体富集.     

长期施肥与地下水位对红壤性水稻土微团聚体及其分形特征的影响

以1982年开始的长期定位试验红壤性水稻土为材料,采用野外采样与室内分析的方法,对耕层土壤微团聚体组成进行分析,以探究长期施肥(高量有机肥+化肥(2/3 OM)、常量有机肥+化肥(1/3 OM)、单施化肥(NPK))和地下水位(20 cm、80cm)对红壤性水稻土微团聚体分布、分形维数及特征微团聚体的影响。结果表明:长期施肥土壤2～0.25 mm团聚体含量表现为2/3 OM 1/3 OM NPK,而微团聚体含量均表现为2/3 OM 1/3 OM NPK;且有机肥处理的土壤团聚状况和团聚度均高于NPK处理,分散系数、分散率、RMD(0.02 mm/(2～0.02) mm微团聚体比值)和微团聚体分形维数则表现相反。不同地下水位的2～0.25 mm团聚体含量表现为20 cm地下水位高于80 cm地下水位,而0.25 mm微团聚体含量相反;同时团聚状况、团聚度表现为20 cm地下水位高于80 cm地下水位,分散率、分散系数、RMD和微团聚体分形维数则相反。相关分析表明,2～0.25mm团聚体含量与总有机碳、易氧化有机碳、轻组有机碳、络合态铁和络合态铝含量极显著正相关,与游离氧化铁含量极显著负相关,而0.05～0.02 mm、0.02～0.002 mm和0.002 mm微团聚体含量与以上指标的相关关系相反。微团聚体分形维数和RMD均与2～0.25 mm团聚体、全N、总有机碳、易氧化有机碳、轻组有机碳、络合态铁、络合态铝的含量呈显著或极显著负相关,与0.05 mm各粒级微团聚体和游离氧化铁含量呈极显著正相关;表明RMD可作为评价红壤性水稻土肥力的综合指标。     

长期配施有机肥对旱地红壤微团聚体中有机碳含量的影响

以连续种植花生26年的旱地红壤为研究对象,选取了有机无机配施试验区的NPK(对照),NPK+花生秸秆(还田)、NPK+稻秆(稻秆)、NPK+鲜萝卜菜(绿肥)及NPK+猪厩肥(厩肥)等5个肥料处理土壤,采用吸管法逐级提取了大小粒级微团聚体土壤样品,分析了各粒级微团聚体的有机碳含量变化及其对土壤总有机碳的贡献率,探讨了微团聚体的粒级组成与土壤有机碳含量及分形维数的相关关系。结果表明:长期配施有机肥未能显著改变旱地红壤中大小粒级微团聚体比例的分布格局,即0.25~0.05 mm2~0.25 mm0.05~0.01 mm(0.005 mm)0.01~0.005 mm,其中优势粒径0.25~0.05 mm微团聚体所占比例为44.3%~50.0%。配施有机肥可以显著增加旱地红壤2~0.25 mm,0.25~0.05 mm及0.05~0.01 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量,提高特征微团聚体比例,增大分形维数,且随着0.05 mm粒级微团聚体数量的增多,分形维数均显著增大。各粒级团聚体有机碳的平均含量大小依次为:(0.005 mm)0.25~0.05 mm(2~0.25 mm)0.05~0.01 mm0.01~0.005 mm,其中0.25~0.05mm与0.05~0.01 mm粒级微团聚体有机碳受施肥的影响差异显著。土壤有机碳总量与2~0.25 mm、0.25~0.05 mm及0.05~0.01 mm粒级微团聚体有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系,其中0.25~0.05 mm粒级微团聚体对土壤总有机碳的贡献率为55.4%,显著高于其它粒级微团聚体。     

Dynamic interactions of natural organic matter and organic compounds

Purpose

This article reviews our current understanding about how organic chemicals and water interact dynamically with, and therefore coevolve with, soil and sediment natural organic matter (NOM). NOM can be regarded as a polymer-like phase that responds to the input of organic compounds in ways analogous to synthetic polymers.

Methods

Sorption selectivity of organic compounds is shown to result in part from the three-dimensional microstructure of NOM related to its glassy character. Sorption to NOM conforms to polymer theory by exhibiting isotherm shape and irreversible behaviors characteristic of the glassy organic physical state. The glassy state is a metastable state characterized by the presence of excess free volume (holes).

Results

In polymers and NOM, incoming molecules preferentially occupy holes due to the absence of a cavitation penalty. Incoming molecules can enlarge existing holes and create new holes that do not relax completely when the molecules leave. The physical changes in NOM induced by sorption result in hysteresis in the isotherm that persists indefinitely at ambient temperature.

Conclusions

Sorption selectivity and hysteresis have important implications for the fate and bioavailability of contaminants.     

不同类型有机物料的有机磷组成及生物有效性

[目的]研究不同有机物料的有机磷组成及其作为磷源施用后的供磷能力,为化肥磷的有机替代奠定理论基础.[方法]供试有机物料包括粪肥类(猪粪、羊粪)、绿肥类(豌豆、苜蓿和绿豆)、秸秆类(小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆和油菜秸秆).分析了8种有机物料的全磷、有机磷含量和C/P值,采用Bowman-Cole方法测定了有机磷中的活性(LOP)...     

Influence of mineral and organic fertilizers on soil organic carbon pools

Abstract

The influence of farmyard manure (FYM) and equivalent mineral NPK application on organic matter content, hot water extractable carbon (HWC), microbial biomass C (C_mic), and grain yields in a long-term field experiment was assessed after 40 years in Hungary. The unfertilized plot, FYM fertilized plots and plots fertilized with equivalent NPK fertilizer contained 0.99%, 1.13% and 1.05% total organic carbon (TOC) respectively. Compared to the unfertilized plot, FYM application resulted in 8.2% higher TOC than equivalent NPK fertilization. The highest TOC was only 1.21%, much lower than expected for a soil containing 21.3% of clay. The quantity of HWC varied depending on the type of fertilization: Compared to control, FYM treatments lead to 29% more HWC than mineral fertilization (FYM: 328 mg kg^?1; NPK: 264 mg kg^?1). The impact of FYM and equivalent NPK fertilizer on C_mic was contrary. FYM and NPK resulted in 304 and 423 mg kg^?1 C_mic, respectively. The difference was 119 mg kg^?1; 42% as compared to the unfertilized plot. Despite the higher HWC content, FYM treatments lead to significantly less (35%) grain yields than equivalent NPK doses; C_mic content showed closer correlation to grain yields.     

Compositional characterization of soil organic matter and hot-water-extractable organic matter in organic horizons using a molecular mixing model

Purpose

Microbial decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) is generally believed to be heterogeneous, resulting in the preferential loss of labile compounds such as carbohydrates and proteins and the accumulation of recalcitrant compounds such as lipids and lignin. However, these fractions are difficult to measure directly in soils. We examined patterns in the biomolecular composition of SOM and hot-water-extractable organic matter (HWEOM) by using a molecular mixing model (MMM) to estimate the content of carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and lignin.

Materials and methods

Organic-horizon soils from Spodosols at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in NH, USA were analyzed for this study. The MMM uses data from elemental analysis (C, H, and N) and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with cross-polarization and magic-angle spinning to estimate the percentage of total C in the various classes of biomolecules.

Results and discussion

Carbohydrate content decreased from about 50 % of the C in recent litter to approximately 35 % in the bottom of the humus layer. Lipids accounted for about 18 % of C in recent litter and increased to 40 % in the lower humus layers. The HWEOM fraction of SOM was dominated by carbohydrates (40–70 % of C). Carbohydrates and lipids in HWEOM exhibited depth patterns that were the opposite of the SOM. The results from the MMM confirmed the selective decomposition of carbohydrates and the relative accumulation of lipids during humus formation. The depth patterns in HWEOM suggest that the solubility of carbohydrates increases during decomposition, while the solubility of the lipid fraction decreases. The MMM was able to reproduce the spectral properties of SOM and HWEOM very accurately, although there were some discrepancies between the predicted and measured H/C and O/C ratios.

Conclusions

The MMM approach is an accurate and cost-effective alternative to wet-chemical methods. Together, carbohydrates and proteins account for up to 85 % of the C in HWEOM, indicating that the HWEOM fraction represents a labile source of C for microbes. Humification resulted in a decrease in carbohydrate content and an increase in lipids in SOM, consistent with investigations carried out in diverse soil environments.     

我国有机肥资源及产业发展现状

科学减施化肥用量，合理配施有机肥对土壤肥力提升、农产品增质和减轻面源污染有着重要的意义。我国农业有机废弃物资源丰富，有机养分总量达到约 7 519.5万 t，其中 N、P 2O5、K2O养分总量分别为 3 096.3万、1 174.1万、3 249.1万 t，但是目前资源利用率不足 40%，不仅造成优良有机养分资源的浪费，同时带来环境污染风险的问题。如何高效利用有机肥资源是我国目前亟需解决的问题。本文总结有机肥相关文献和他人研究结果，综述了我国有机肥资源数量、利用现状，针对施用的问题，对产业发展提出了一些建议。     

平菇栽培废料等有机肥对土壤活性有机质和土壤酶活性的影响

通过大田试验研究了不施有机肥(CK)、施用平菇栽培废料(T1)、施用干腐熟牛粪(T2)和烘干鸡粪(T3)在种植黄瓜01～50.d内土壤中活性有机质和4种土壤酶活性的变化。结果表明:施入不同有机肥对土壤总有机质含量的影响为烘干鸡粪平菇栽培废料干腐熟牛粪对照;对活性有机质含量的影响为平菇栽培废料烘干鸡粪干腐熟牛粪对照;施用平菇栽培废料的土壤中脲酶、转化酶和脱氢酶活性最高,施用干腐熟牛粪的土壤中过氧化氢酶活性最高。相关性分析显示,脲酶、转化酶和脱氢酶活性与土壤活性有机质显著相关。用平菇栽培废料做有机肥能有效提高土壤活性有机质含量和土壤酶活性。     

Qualitative and quantitative differences in particulate organic matter fractions in organic and conventional farming systems

To quantify functionally important differences in soil organic matter (SOM) that result from use of different farming practices, soils from 9 long-term trials comparing manure+legume-based organic, legume-based organic, and conventional farming systems were collected and particulate organic matter (POM) was fractionated to reflect its position within the soil matrix. The free, light POM (FPOM; <1.6 g cm⁻³) not occluded within aggregates and occluded POM (OPOM; <2.0 g cm⁻³) were compared to an undifferentiated POM fraction (coarse fraction, CF; >53 μm) obtained by wet sieving. Fraction C, N, and hydrolyzable N (quantified using the Illinois test (IL-N)) were determined. Organic farming systems had greater quantities of C and N in the OPOM and CF and, greater IL-N contents in all POM fractions considered. The OPOM's C:N ratio (16-19) and was least in the manure+legume-based organic, intermediate in the legume-based organic, and greatest in the conventional systems (P<0.10). Trends in OPOM C:N and IL-N abundance suggested occluded POM was most decomposed, and possibly a greater N reservoir, in the manured soils. The FPOM quality reflected the residues added to each system and its removal improved resolution of quality-based differences in POM associated with long-term management. Subdivision of POM revealed differences in its quality that were not evident using the undifferentiated CF. Quantification of hydrolysable N (IL-N) in POM did not enhance our understanding of management's affect on SOM quality. This multi-site comparison showed organic management simultaneously increased the size of the labile N reservoir and the amount of POM protected within aggregates; and that, occluded POM is more decomposed in manure+legume- than in legume-based organic systems. The characteristics of POM reveal how organic practices improve SOM and suggest the nutrient and substrate decay dynamics of organic systems may differ as a result of the N fertilization strategies they employ.     

长期定位施肥对潮土有机氮组分和有机碳的影响

利用河南封丘潮土的13年长期施肥试验,采用Bremner法研究了潮土耕层有机氮组成的变化,分析了长期施肥对土壤有机氮组份和有机碳含量的影响。与不施肥和单施化肥相比,施有机肥或有机肥与化肥配施显著提高了土壤全氮、酸解有机氮、酸解铵态氮、氨基酸态氮、非酸解有机氮和有机碳的含量。有机氮主要由酸解铵态氮和氨基酸态氮组成,其次为酸解未知态氮和非酸解有机氮,氨基糖态氮含量最小。施有机肥尤其利于氨基酸态氮和非酸解有机氮的形成。施肥处理的酸解有机氮占全氮的比例减小,主要是由氨基酸态氮、酸解铵态氮占全氮的比例减小所致。与1989年试验开始时的土壤初始值相比,施有机肥能提高土壤全氮含量和有机质含量。在供应等氮磷钾的情况下,有机无机配施增加了土壤供氮能力、有机质含量和作物产量,是维持土壤肥力和保护环境最优的施肥方式。     

The nature and stability of organic phosphates in leaf litter and soil organic matter in Nigeria

The organic phosphorus components of leaf litter from a secondary forest in Nigeria were characterized as phospholipids, acid soluble esters, LiOH-extractable esters and residual phosphate. During incubation of the litter at 30°C for 8 months all four organic fractions were synthesized and the content of inorganic phosphate decreased.During cultivation of the same field site over a period of 22 months, the IP_{5 + 6}, content of the soil did not change significantly, but there were significant decreases of phospholipids and of high molecular weight components. The high molecular weight components, which were not identified, represented the most important source of organic phosphorus that became available to plants, but phospholipids may also have been a source.The results indicate that the inositol phosphates in leaf litter were in too low concentration to have provided the amounts found in the soil.     

Mineral surfaces and soil organic matter

The organic carbon content of soil is positively related to the specific surface area (SSA), but large amounts of organic matter in soil result in reduced SSA as determined by applying the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) equation to the adsorption of N₂. To elucidate some of the controlling mechanisms of this relation, we determined the SSA and the enthalpy of N₂ adsorption of separates with a density > 1.6 g cm^?3 from 196 mineral horizons of forest soils before and after removal of organic matter with NaOCl. Likewise, we investigated these characteristics before and after sorption of increasing amounts of organic matter to four mineral soil samples, oxides (amorphous Al(OH)₃, gibbsite, ferrihydrite, goethite, haematite), and phyllosilicates (kaolinite, illite). Sorption of organic matter reduced the SSA, depending on the amount sorbed and the type of mineral. The reduction in SSA decreased at larger organic matter loadings. The SSA of the mineral soils was positively related to the content of Fe oxyhydroxides and negatively related to the content of organic C. The strong reduction in SSA at small loadings was due primarily to the decrease in the micropores to which N₂ was accessible. This suggests preferential sorption of organic matter at reactive sites in or at the mouths of micropores during the initial sorption and attachment to less reactive sites at increasing loadings. The exponential decrease of the heat of gas adsorption with the surface loading points also to a filling or clogging of micropores at early stages of organic matter accumulation. Desorption induced a small recovery of the total SSA but not of the micropore surface area. Destruction of organic matter increased the SSA of all soil samples. The SSA of the uncovered mineral matrix related strongly to the amounts of Fe oxyhydroxides and the clay. Normalized to C removed, the increase in SSA was small in topsoils and illuvial horizons of Podzols rich in C and large for the subsoils containing little C. This suggests that micropores preferentially associate with organic matter, especially at small loadings. The coverage of the surface of the soil mineral matrix as calculated from the SSA before and after destruction of organic matter was correlated only with depth, and the relation appeared to be linear. We conclude that mineralogy is the primary control of the relation between surface area and sorption of organic matter within same soil compartments (i.e. horizons). But at the scale of complete profiles, the surface accumulation and stabilization of organic matter is additionally determined by its input.