河北坝上地区坡面尺度土壤有机碳空间变异

土壤有机碳作为土壤的重要组成部分,其空间变异对土壤资源的合理利用、土壤碳循环等具有重要意义.选取河北坝上地区典型草地坡面,通过实地采样、试验分析、地统计与空间插值制图,探究农牧交错带坡面土壤有机碳含量空间变异特征及机理.结果表明:坡面土壤有机碳含量平均为2.72％,空间差异较大,在坡形上表现为凹坡>偏凹坡>偏凸坡>凸坡...     

河北坝上地区坡面尺度根系生物量空间变异

坝上草原的水土保持对于京津的生态环境有着重要的作用,而根系生物量随水平、海拔、深度等方向的空间变异对于水土保持有重要影响。采用根钻法实地采样,通过ArcGIS空间插值方法,构建完整坡面根系生物量各深层分布图,探究随不同凹凸坡形及其过渡带根系生物量分布特征的变化。通过SPSS指数回归分析,探究根系生物量随深度的变化。结果表明,水平方向上,根系生物量的极值多分布于区域的边缘,其中凸坡和凹坡极大值出现最多,中下坡根系生物量相对较多。深度方向上,根系生物量密度随深度呈指数函数变化的特征,其中含有钙积层的偏凸坡位置根系生物量随深度减少较快、含有沟壑的偏凹坡位置根系生物量减少较慢。因此,微地形是在坡面尺度上影响根系生物量空间分布的主导因素。     

黄土区不同土地利用方式坡面土壤含水率的空间变异性研究

为掌握不同土地利用方式下坡面土壤含水率的空间分布特征及其变异规律，利用经典统计学方法对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带草地和农地坡面土壤含水率的空间变异性进行了对比研究。结果表明：草地和农地的土壤含水率均值在同一土层深度下差异极显著，但二者在垂直方向、坡长方向的变异程度均为中等变异程度；草地和农地坡面土壤含水率的垂直变化特征不同，前者为降低型，后者在100 cm以上为波动型，以下为稳定型；草地和农地坡面土壤含水率均随坡长的增加呈波浪式变化规律，整体上有增加趋势；将坡面划分为5个坡长或将土层划分为4层以后，草地和农地坡面土壤含水率沿垂直方向、坡长方向的总体变化趋势均没有改变，但由于尺度的扩展获得了一些较大尺度上的水分信息。     

黄土丘陵区退耕坡面草地恢复与土壤物理性质空间分异特征

为了解地形对草地恢复与土壤物理性质的影响以及草地恢复与土壤物理性质之间的影响机制,因地制宜为当地生态恢复提供科学依据。选择吴起县枣庄沟小流域为研究区,对退耕坡面不同坡位草地恢复与土壤物理性质分异特征进行研究。从峁顶到沟底设置8个采样位置,在4面坡共布设128个采样点进行植被调查和土样采集,将0—40 cm土壤分0—10,10—20,20—40 cm 3层进行土壤物理性质测定,并分析其与植被分布的相关关系。结果表明:不同坡位植被分布与土壤物理性质均表现出沟缘线以上的下坡位较优,沟缘线以下的陡沟坡较差的趋势;植被恢复对土壤团聚体有明显改善作用,但对其与土壤物理性质的改善主要集中在0—20 cm表层土壤,对20—40 cm土壤影响较弱;坡度对植被盖度与土壤容重、孔隙度和饱和持水量影响显著且具有极显著相关性,但对团聚体与颗粒组成无显著影响;植被恢复对土壤颗粒组成改善效果缓慢,若土壤颗粒组成被破坏,短期内很难恢复。     

六盘山华北落叶松坡面土壤饱和导水率空间异质性及其影响因素

为深入理解森林坡面土壤饱和导水率的空间变异,利用经典统计学和地统计学的方法研究六盘山华北落叶松人工林坡面不同土层土壤饱和导水率的空间异质性,并基于相关性分析揭示其空间变异的主要因素。结果表明:(1)随土层的加深,土壤饱和导水率逐渐增加,不同土层土壤饱和导水率的空间变异程度存在差异,表现为40—60 cm土层土壤饱和导水率为强变异,其他土层均为中等变异。(2)不同土层土壤饱和导水率的空间结构也存在差异,20—40,40—60,60—80 cm土层土壤饱和导水率表现为强烈的空间自相关性,0—20,80—100 cm土层土壤饱和导水率表现为中等空间自相关性。(3)坡面土壤饱和导水率与石砾含量、非毛管孔隙度、毛管持水量、田间持水量和毛管孔隙度显著相关。综上,研究坡面土壤饱和导水率具有较强的空间变异,石砾含量和土壤物理性质是影响研究坡面土壤饱和导水率空间分布的主要因素。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域土壤水分空间变异性及其影响因素

为了解不同土地利用方式和地形条件下土壤含水率的数量特征及其变异规律,以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区纸坊沟小流域为研究对象,利用经典统计学方法系统分析了小流域尺度土壤含水率的空间变异性。结果表明:不同土地利用方式下土壤平均含水率之间呈极显著差异,其顺序为:农田>草地>林地>灌木地;土壤含水率在土壤剖面上呈先减小后增大的趋势。地形条件显著影响土壤含水率,其中梯田>沟底>坡地>峁顶;不同坡位土壤含水率的顺序为坡下>坡上>坡中,不同坡向间为阴坡>阳坡。上述土壤含水量的变异程度均为中等。在小流域尺度,土地利用和地形对土壤水分具有显著的交互作用。相关结果可为黄土丘陵沟壑区的土壤水分管理、土地利用结构优化、不同地形条件下的植被布局提供参考。     

锡林郭勒草地景观系统土壤容重空间变异及其与风蚀的关系

[目的]探究锡林郭勒草地在景观尺度上土壤容重空间分布规律及其与风蚀的关系,为有效进行草原风蚀防治提供理论参考。[方法]对锡林郭勒草原不同地形和土地利用条件下土壤容重的空间变异性进行调查分析,主要采用环刀法、吸管法、TOC法测定土壤容重、机械组成和有机碳含量。[结果]锡林郭勒草原土壤容重呈现中等空间变异性;容重随地形变化在轻牧区表现为:迎风坡背风坡平地,而在中牧和重牧区的变化与之相反,且海拔与容重呈负相关性;在同样地形条件下,不同土地利用容重变化规律为:重牧区耕地中牧区轻牧区禁牧区。[结论]研究区土地利用类型是影响容重最主要的因素。容重与风蚀速率呈现明显的负相关性,容重可作为评估本区域风蚀发生与影响强度的一个重要参考指标。     

不同坡位植被生长状况与土壤养分空间分布特征

地形和土壤是影响植被群落的重要因素,植被生长状况与土壤养分含量随地形而变化。以吴起县枣庄沟小流域为研究区,采用样方法对不同坡位草地植被群落进行了植被调查,采集0—20cm的表层土壤测定土壤有机质、全氮、全磷含量,研究不同坡位上植被群落与土壤养分变化关系,以期了解黄土高原丘陵沟壑区地形对植被恢复的影响机制,为当地生态恢复提供科学依据与指导。结果表明:不同坡位上草地植被群落物种多样性、丰富度及地上生物量虽无显著差异,但各项指标均表现出坡下>坡中>坡上的趋势,这与土壤养分含量变化趋势相同。其中坡下位置各项土壤养分含量均为最大,植被生长状况最好;而沟坡位置土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、物种丰富度指数与地上生物量均为最低。植被生长状况与土壤养分在不同地形上变化趋势基本一致,具有一定相关性。     

泥石流流域气候与区段对坡面土壤pH值的影响——以云南蒋家沟流域为例

为了探讨泥石流频发流域的不同气候与区段对失稳性坡面土壤pH值的影响,掌握土壤pH值的空间变异规律,以蒋家沟流域温带湿润山岭区、亚热带和暖温带半湿润区、亚热带干热河谷区的典型失稳性坡面不同区段(堆积区、失稳区、稳定区)土壤为研究对象,采用随机取样法共采集0—20 cm的土壤样本135个,结合中国科学院东川泥石流观测研究站多年的气象资料,分析了不同气候和失稳性坡面区段与土壤pH值的相关性。结果表明:温带湿润山岭区、亚热带和暖温带半湿润区失稳性坡面土壤pH值总体偏酸性(pH<6.5),与总体偏碱性(pH>7.5)的亚热带干热河谷区之间差异显著(p<0.05)。亚热带干热河谷区的堆积区、失稳区、稳定区土壤pH值均大于亚热带和暖温带半湿润区及温带湿润山岭区且差异显著(p<0.05)。失稳性坡面土壤pH值与气温存在显著的正相关关系(p<0.05),与降水量存在极显著的负相关关系(p<0.001),与土壤含水量呈极显著负相关关系(p<0.001)。气候、区段及两者的交互作用对失稳性坡面土壤pH值均存在极显著影响(p<0.001)。除大凹子沟阴坡和查菁沟...     

黄土区坡面尺度不同植被类型下土壤干层的空间分布

为掌握坡面尺度不同植被类型土壤干层特征,对一典型坡面干层空间分布进行了研究。结果表明:13a杏树地和25a柠条地干层厚度分别在0～400和280～400cm之间,杏树地不同坡位处干层分布有明显差异;在坡面垂直方向上,25a柠条地较13a杏树地土壤水分亏缺严重。而水平方向,13a杏树地干层分布表现为明显的片状和斑块状分布特征,同时呈现出从北至南沿坡面逐渐递减,干层分布受植被,降水、坡位、微地形等因素共同作用。相比之下,25a柠条地干层分布结构性较为单一,干层厚度在381～400cm的面积分布较广且连在一起,表现出由植被控制的分布格局。相关结果可为黄土区土壤干层调控提供参考。     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

东北黑土土壤磷的纬向分异

以中国东北的中纬度黑土区为样带,研究了有机磷浓度与有机质、全氮浓度的关系;全磷、有机磷、无机磷及有机磷和无机磷的比率与纬度分布的关系。结果表明,有机磷和有机质、全氮浓度具有良好的相关性,它们之间的相关系数分别为0.90和0.92,呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。全磷、有机磷、无机磷、P_o/P_i在纬度上都存在不同程度的分异规律,即随着纬度的升高,其浓度或比率均有逐渐升高的趋势;其相关系数分别为0.68、0.77、0.26和0.60,相关分析表明,这些纬向分异规律都达极显著水平(P<0.01)。除了无机磷的纬向分异原因尚不明确之外,其他纬向分异的原因可能是由于黑土南北样带气候热量上的差异和人类活动的影响所致,从而造成南北样带之间有机质的矿化程度和速率产生差异。