不同种植年限旱田N2O排放研究

以三江平原沼泽湿地不同开垦年限（1987年、1993年开垦）的旱田（种植方式为大豆-冬闲）为研究对象,探讨了种植年限,降雨、土壤湿度以及植物参与对旱田N2O排放的影响。结果表明,种植年限越长,N2O排放量越高,1987年开垦的旱田N2O排放量显著高于1993年开垦的,这与土壤的理化性质有关;土壤有机碳和总氮含量随种植年限的增加而逐渐降低,而δ^15N随种植年限呈线性升高。在大豆生长季内,两种种植年限的旱田N2O通量具有相同的季节变化趋势,而降水条件是控制这一变化趋势的主要因素,N2O排放通量与观测日前6天的加权平均降水量呈线性正相关,与土壤体积含水量呈多项式正相关。另外,植物的参与降低了旱田土壤N2O的排放。     

土壤温度对北京旱地农田N2O排放的影响

在作物生长期内,通过田间自动采样系统的测定和室内温湿模拟实验,对北京地区麦豆轮作生态系统的N2O排放进行了初步研究。结果表明:在10~30℃范围内,随着土壤表层温度的升高,麦豆轮作生态系统的N2O排放通量在不同程度上有一定的增加,但不呈明显的线性相关关系。     

不同种植年限旱田N2O排放研究

以三江平原沼泽湿地不同开垦年限(1987年、1993年开垦)的旱田(种植方式为大豆-冬闲)为研究对象,探讨了种植年限、降雨、土壤湿度以及植物参与对旱田N2O排放的影响。结果表明,种植年限越长,N2O排放量越高,1987年开垦的旱田N2O排放量显著高于1993年开垦的,这与土壤的理化性质有关;土壤有机碳和总氮含量随种植年限的增加而逐渐降低,而1δ5N随种植年限呈线性升高。在大豆生长季内,两种种植年限的旱田N2O通量具有相同的季节变化趋势,而降水条件是控制这一变化趋势的主要因素,N2O排放通量与观测日前6天的加权平均降水量呈线性正相关,与土壤体积含水量呈多项式正相关。另外,植物的参与降低了旱田土壤N2O的排放。     

不同秸秆还田模式与氮肥施用量对土壤N2O排放的影响

以山东省桓台县为试验地点，分析在高产条件下，不同秸秆还田模式和氮肥施用量对农田N2O排放的影响。试验结果表明，氮肥施用量与秸秆还田模式都是影响土壤N2O排放的重要因素；小麦秸秆还田可以大大降低土壤N2O的排放，施用有机粪肥是影响N2O排放的另一重要因素。     

不同秸秆还田模式与氮肥施用量对土壤N2O排放的影响

以山东省桓台县为试验地点,分析在高产条件下,不同秸秆还田模式和氮肥施用量对农田N2O排放的影响.试验结果表明,氮肥施用量与秸秆还田模式都是影响土壤N2O排放的重要因素;小麦秸秆还田可以大大降低土壤N2O的排放,施用有机粪肥是影响N2O排放的另一重要因素.     

轮作与连作对烟田土壤微生物区系及多样性的影响

为探讨轮作与连作对烟田根际土壤微生物群落的影响,采用实验室微生物培养联合微生物高通量测序技术,分析了玉米-烤烟轮作和烟叶连作对烟株根际土壤微生物数量、群落结构及其多样性的影响。研究结果表明,轮作烟田根际土壤中可培养细菌和放线菌数量均高于连作烟田根际土壤,但真菌数量低于连作烟田。土壤高通量测序结果表明,轮作烟田根际土壤真菌和细菌群落多样性均高于连作烟田;在烟株的生长过程中,轮作和连作烟田在旺长期和成熟期微生物群落相似度降低。相较于黑胫病/根腐病/根结线虫发病率较高(36. 67%)的连作烟田来说,轮作烟田发病率较低(0%),进一步分析真菌和细菌群落结构发现,轮作烟田根际土壤中拮抗菌如Sphingomonas (鞘脂单胞菌属)、Pseudomonas (假单胞菌属)、Aspergillus (曲霉属)等相对丰度均高于连作烟田,而连作烟田根腐病病菌Pythium (腐霉属)丰度较高。     

丘陵区稻田N2O排放的特点

１９９３－１９９４年在中国科学院红壤生态试验站通过田间试验研究了丘陵区稻田Ｎ２Ｏ排放的特点。结果表明,稻田Ｎ２Ｏ排放主要集中在水分落干期间,淹水状态下几乎没有Ｎ２Ｏ排放。由于早稻稻草还田、晚稻稻田Ｎ２Ｏ排放量即使在水分离落干期间也不高。稻田Ｎ２Ｏ排放量随地形降低而逐渐增加,１９９３－１９９４年两年中坡底、坡腰和坡顶稻田水稻生长期平均Ｎ２Ｏ－Ｎ排放通量分别为１０．９０、５．６０和２．１１μｇ／（ｍ＾     

施肥对稻田N2O排放的影响

肥料施用是影响稻田N20排放的重要因素之一。以国内外相关文献为基础,综述了肥料的种类、施用量、施用方式和施用时间对稻田N2O排放的影响,指出了有待研究的内容：加强对土壤N2O排放机理的研究;进一步研究肥料施用对稻田N2O排放的影响;进一步研究施肥管理措施对稻田温室气体（CH4和N2O）排放的交互影响,寻求科学合理、切实可行的减排措施。     

不同连作年限黄壤烟田土壤细菌群落的差异

  【目的】  良好的土壤微生态环境有利于烟田土壤养分的生物转化和烤烟优良品质的形成。本研究利用高通量测序技术,分析了重庆不同种植年限黄壤烟田的土壤细菌群落多样性和结构组成与连作年限的关系。  【方法】  在重庆市选取未种植烤烟 (CK) 和连续种植烤烟1年、3年、5年、8年、10年和12年的地块 (土壤类型为黄壤),取0—20 cm耕层土样,分析其土壤理化性状。对高通量测序所得的细菌原始数据质控、优化等预处理后进行OTU分析,按照97%的相似性阀值将序列划分为不同的OTU,用于分析细菌群落的组成 (关键物种差异比较柱状图),进而进行样本比较分析 (beta多样性分析)、关联与模型预测分析 (相关性heatmap图) 等统计和可视化分析。  【结果】  1) 土壤pH随连作年限的增加呈下降趋势,种植8～12年的土壤pH、有机质和微生物量碳均显著低于1～5年的,种植12年的又显著低于种植8～10年的;土壤碱解氮和速效钾随着连作年限的增加则显著增加,碱解氮含量表现为:种植1年 < 3～5年 < 8年 < 10～12年 (P < 0.05),速效钾含量则表现为,种植1～5年显著低于8年,8年的又显著低于10～12年 (P < 0.05);有效磷含量随着连作年限的增加显著降低,特别是种植12年的,除连作8年的土壤外均显著降低。2) 土壤细菌群落和组成随种植年限的延长而变化,种植5年的烟田细菌的多样性和丰富度最高,多样性Shannon指数和丰富度Chao 1指数分别达到6.23和1686,连作5年后,细菌的多样性和丰富度开始下降,并在连作12年时最低。当连作年限达到12年时,酸杆菌门的含量锐减到13.9%,主要菌属之一的嗜酸杆菌属基本消失,厌氧菌属的含量显著升高到2.42%。在13个主要的土壤细菌门类中 (相对丰度 > 1%),拟杆菌门 (P < 0.01)、浮霉菌门 (P < 0.01)、装甲菌门 (P < 0.01) 和蓝藻菌门 (P < 0.01) 在不同种植年限烟田土壤间差异显著;3) 长期连作对黄壤烟田细菌群落组成具有显著影响,土壤细菌多样性和组成与土壤pH、土壤养分等密切相关,土壤pH与放线菌门、变形菌门、绿弯菌门和酸杆菌门呈显著正相关关系。绿弯菌门与土壤pH、有机质、总碳、碱解氮均呈显著正相关关系,说明pH和土壤速效养分是影响土壤细菌组成的关键因子。  【结论】  长期连作严重影响了土壤理化性状,特别是连作5年以上的地块,土壤pH、有机质、活性有机碳和有效磷含量均显著降低,进而显著降低了土壤细菌群落和组成多样性。因此,强烈建议连作5年以上的烟田要进行轮作,以改善土壤微生态环境及促进烟田健康可持续利用。     

不同施氮方式对玉米产量及N 2O排放的影响

通过3年定位试验,采用静态箱/气相色谱法对壤质草甸土区玉米生产进行了全生长季N2O排放通量的观测,分析了不同施氮方式对N2O排放总量、排放系数和玉米产量的影响。结果表明：减少氮肥用量20%的缓控释肥处理与秸秆还田配化肥处理产量居高,而且二者间差异不显著;秸秆还田促进了农田土壤N2O排放,使得秸秆还田配化肥处理的年均N2O季节排放总量最高,达到1.50 kg N·hm-2;年均N2O季节排放总量与施肥量之间相关系数达到了0.97;随着试验年限的增加,N2O-N季节排放系数受施肥量的影响逐年增加,相关系数从2009年的-0.015增加到2011年的0.624。因此不同施氮方式对N2O季节排放的影响需要通过多年定位来准确把握,同时在研究农田N2O-N季节排放时要适当考虑植株生长过程中N2O的排放。兼顾产量和减排2个因素,建议推广缓控释肥的减量施用。     

Effect of crop residue returns on N2O emissions from red soil in China

For a long time, farmers in the red soil region of southern China have returned crop residues to the soil, but how various crop residues influence nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions is not well understood. We compared the influence of returning different crop residues [rapeseed cake (RC), maize straw, rice straw and wheat straw (WS)] in combination with different levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer (nil, low and high) on red soil N₂O emissions. Results confirmed the inverse relationship between cumulative N₂O emissions and residue C:N ratio in red soil under different levels of N fertilizer. However, N‐fertilizer application did not significantly influence N₂O emissions in the WS (which had the highest C:N ratio) and corresponding control treatments, while it enhanced N₂O emissions in the RC (which had the lowest C:N ratio) treatment and displayed significantly higher cumulative N₂O emissions with low N fertilizer application. This phenomenon may be attributed to the poor nutrient content in red soil, which leads to ‘Liebig's Law of the Minimum’ on available C. N fertilizer application provided sufficient available N, while the readily available C, which was mainly dependent on the degradability of the residue, became the crucial factor influencing N₂O emissions. Additional experiments, which showed that the addition of glucose and sucrose could increase N₂O emissions when N () was sufficient, confirmed this hypothesis. Thus, to reduce N₂O emissions when returning residues to red soil, we suggest that both the residue C:N ratio and the quality should be considered when deciding whether to apply N fertilizer.     

Effect of calcareous and siliceous amendments on N2O emissions of a grassland soil

Liming of acidic agricultural soils has been proposed as a strategy to mitigate nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, as increased soil pH reduces the N₂O/N₂ product ratio of denitrification. The capacity of different calcareous (calcite and dolomite) and siliceous minerals to increase soil pH and reduce N₂O emissions was assessed in a 2-year grassland field experiment. An associated pot experiment was conducted using homogenized field soils for controlling spatial soil variability. Nitrous oxide emissions were highly episodic with emission peaks in response to freezing–thawing and application of NPK fertilizer. Liming with dolomite caused a pH increase from 5.1 to 6.2 and reduced N₂O emissions by 30% and 60% after application of NPK fertilizer and freezing–thawing events, respectively. Over the course of the 2-year field trial, N₂O emissions were significantly lower in dolomite-limed than non-limed soil (p < .05), although this effect was variable over time. Unexpectedly, no significant reduction of N₂O emission was found in the calcite treatment, despite the largest pH increase in all tested minerals. We tentatively attribute this to increased N₂O production by overall increase in nitrogen turnover rates (both nitrification and denitrification) following rapid pH increase in the first year after liming. Siliceous materials showed little pH effect and had no significant effect on N₂O emissions probably because of their lower buffering capacity and lower cation content. In the pot experiment using soils taken from the field plots 3 years after liming and exposing them to natural freezing–thawing, both calcite (p < .01) and dolomite (p < .05) significantly reduced cumulative N₂O emission by 50% and 30%, respectively, relative to the non-limed control. These results demonstrate that the overall effect of liming is to reduce N₂O emission, although high lime doses may lead to a transiently enhanced emission.     

Effect of different biochar and fertilizer types on N2O and NO emissions

The use of biochar as soil improver and climate change mitigation strategy has gained much attention, although at present the effects of biochar on soil properties and greenhouse gas emissions are not completely understood. The objective of our incubation study was to investigate biochar's effect on N₂O and NO emissions from an agricultural Luvisol upon fertilizer (urea, NH₄Cl or KNO₃) application. Seven biochar types were used, which were produced from four different feedstocks pyrolyzed at various temperatures. At the end of the experiment, after 14 days of incubation, soil nitrate concentrations were decreased upon biochar addition in all fertilizer treatments by 6–16%. Biochar application decreased both cumulative N₂O (52–84%) and NO (47–67%) emissions compared to a corresponding treatment without biochar after urea and nitrate fertilizer application, and only NO emissions after ammonium application. N₂O emissions were more decreased at high compared to low pyrolysis temperature.Several hypotheses for our observations exist, which were assessed against current literature and discussed thoroughly. In our study, the decreased N₂O and NO emissions are expected to be mediated by multiple interacting phenomena such as stimulated NH₃ volatilization, microbial N immobilization, non-electrostatic sorption of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻, and biochar pH effects.     

植烟黄壤氮素矿化动态模拟研究

研究不同温度和水分条件下植烟土壤有机氮的矿化动态,为田间土壤氮素矿化的预测提供依据。采用好气间歇淋洗方法,探求不同温度培养模式[恒温20℃,恒温35℃,变温(5、10、15、20、25、30、35、30、25、20℃)],不同温度(5~40℃)与不同土壤含水量(风干土~53%)交互作用下的土壤有机氮矿化动态,并建立回归方程。运用田间土壤氮素矿化数据,进行模型验证。结果显示,变温培养下土壤氮素矿化动态与恒温培养显著不同,变温下土壤矿化氮的累积动态以积温模型的拟合效果最好;指数模型能够较好描述土壤有机氮矿化对土壤水分含量的反应。在土壤氮素矿化积温模型和水分函数的基础上,建立了变化温度与水分条件下的土壤氮素矿化模型。田间实测矿化数据验证了此模型的可行性。因此,可以利用有效积温和土壤含水量来估测田间土壤氮素矿化量。     

贵州省主要植烟黄壤氮素矿化潜力研究

采用Stanford间歇淋洗好气培养法研究了贵州省9个主要烤烟产区的943份植烟黄壤样品的氮素矿化势,并抽取典型代表样品93份测定了矿化率常数.结果表明,贵州省主要植烟黄壤的氮矿化速率常数平均为0.031 mg kg-1d-1,氮素矿化势平均为92.8 mg kg-1,变幅在10.2 ～280.5 mg kg-1.不同植烟区域氮素矿化势差异较大,安顺、毕节、贵阳、六盘水、黔东南、黔南、黔西南、铜仁和遵义的土壤矿化势分别为103.5、90.6、71.0、116.2、91.1、89.0、79.6、84.6和99.6 mg kg-1.贵州省主要植烟黄壤的潜在供氮能力以中部地区较低,向四周辐射潜在供氮能力增强,六盘水和黔东南部分烟区潜在供氮能力过高.土壤有机质含量与植烟黄壤潜在供氮能力呈显著正相关,可采用指数函数模型对植烟黄壤氮素矿化势进行初步估测.在宏观上把握贵州省主要植烟黄壤的潜在供氮能力,可以为贵州省烤烟种植的合理布局提供依据.     

Different responses of soil CO2 and N2O emissions to simulated N deposition in forests with divergent N transformation characteristics

CO₂ and N₂O are important greenhouse gases that are related to soil mineralization–immobilization turnover and nitrification. To explore the responses of CO₂ and N₂O emissions to N deposition in forests with different N transformation characteristics, CO₂ and N₂O fluxes were measured in two NH₄NO₃ fertilized plots. One plot was in a temperate pine plantation in Heilongjiang Liangshui National Nature Reserve (LS) with slow and minimally coupled mineralization–immobilization turnover and a high nitrification rate. The other plot was in a subtropical bamboo forest in the Fujian Daiyun Mountain National Nature Reserve (DY) in China with rapid and coupled mineralization–immobilization turnover but a low nitrification rate. The results showed that CO₂ emissions in the DY with a high mineralization rate were greater than those in the LS. Cumulative CO₂ emissions were significantly enhanced by N addition in DY, but in LS, they were not affected. The mean N₂O fluxes in the control were 0.010 and 0.008 mg N m^?2 hr^?1 for LS and DY, respectively. High N addition stimulated N₂O emissions in both LS and DY, but the response ratio for N₂O flux in LS (8.6) was larger than that in DY (2.9). These results suggested that soils with rapid and coupled mineralization–immobilization turnover are beneficial to CO₂ emissions and their positive response to N deposition. A high nitrification rate contributed to high N₂O emissions and the sensitive response of N₂O emissions to N deposition.     

不同氮水平下黄瓜-番茄日光温室栽培土壤N_2O排放特征

为探讨日光温室黄瓜—番茄种植体系内N2O排放动态变化及其对不同氮水平的响应规律,采用密闭静态箱法,研究了常规氮量(黄瓜季1 200 kg/hm2,番茄季900 kg/hm2)、比常规氮量减25%(黄瓜季900 kg/hm2,番茄季675 kg/hm2)、减50%(黄瓜季600 kg/hm2,番茄季450 kg/hm2)以及不施氮对日光温室土壤N2O排放的影响。结果表明,温度是影响日光温室土壤N2O排放强度的重要因素,4-10月(平均气温为27.4℃)的N2O排放通量最高达818.4μg/(m2·h);而2-3月(平均气温15.1℃)以及11-12月(平均气温14.7℃)期间的N2O排放通量最高仅为464.5μg/(m2·h),比4-10月的N2O排放峰值降低了43.2%。N2O排放峰值在氮肥追施后5 d内出现,N2O排放量集中在氮肥施用后7 d内,可占整个监测期(271 d)排放量的64.7%~67.8%。施氮因增加了土壤硝态氮含量而引起N2O排放爆发式增长,0~10 cm土壤硝态氮含量与N2O排放量呈指数函数关系(P0.01)。日光温室黄瓜—番茄种植体系内的N2O排放量为0.99~9.92 kg/hm2,其中75.6%~90.0%由施氮造成。与常规氮用量相比,氮减量25%和50%处理的N2O排放量分别降低了40.4%和59.3%,总产量却增加4.9%和7.4%。综上所述,合理减少氮用量不仅可显著降低日光温室土壤N2O排放,而且不会引起产量的降低。该研究为日光温室蔬菜生产构建科学合理的施氮技术及估算中国设施农田温室气体排放量提供参考。     

Simulated warming and low O2 promote N2O and N2 emissions in subtropical montane forest soil

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The montane subtropical forest soils contain huge nitrogen stocks, and climate warming might drive its volatilization due to the promotion of gaseous losses of...     

不同种植模式对土壤微生物区系及烟叶产量与质量的影响

为探明不同烤烟(nicotiana tobacumL.)种植模式对土壤微生物区系及烟叶产量和质量的影响,采用磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acids,PLFAs)方法研究了连作烟、轮作烟、麦套烟和麦茬烟等4种烤烟种植模式下耕层(0～25cm)土壤微生物的群落动态,并探讨了烟叶产质量的变化。研究结果表明,在绿肥翻压期,土壤微生物总PLFAs的含量以麦茬烟处理最低;在烟草团棵期,轮作烟处理最高且与其他处理差异显著;而在现蕾期和成熟期,各处理之间无显著差异。各微生物类群的PLFAs含量及其在不同处理间的差异均随生育期而异,其中真菌PLFAs含量在各处理间的差异不显著。真菌和细菌的PLFAs比值及革兰氏阳性细菌与阴性细菌的比值显示,整个土壤微生物及细菌部分的群落结构均受烤烟种植模式和生育期的影响。其中,土壤微生物群落结构的变化以麦茬烟处理最明显。各微生物类群在成熟期的主成分分析结果显示,烤烟种植模式之间存在明显分异,与连作烟相比,麦茬烟的土壤微生物群落结构与之类似,而轮作烟和套作烟则变化较大。此外,不同种植模式显著影响烤后烟叶的经济性状及化学成分。与连作烟相比,种植模式改变后有利于烟叶等级结构、均价及产值的提高,并显著增加烟叶中的钾含量,但不利于烟叶中糖分的积累,各植烟模式中以麦套烟和麦茬烟的综合效益较好。该研究结果有助于了解烤烟种植对土壤生物环境的影响,并为中国北方烟区烤烟种植制度的优化提供依据。