冬黑麦对根腐病抗性的遗传

本研究通过实验用１５个双列杂交组合和１１个单因子杂交组合及其亲本自杀系测定根腐病抗性的遗传，试验在德国南部六个不同环境（指地点和年份的组合）中进行，其中四个是用Ｐ．ｈｅｒｐｏｔｒｉｃｈｏｉｄｅｓ，Ｆ．ｃｕｌｍｏｒｕｍ或Ｍ．ｎｉｖａｌｅ进行人工接种，另外两个则为田间自然发病，在乳熟期，采用９个等级对每个实验小区的５０个茎秆发生根腐病的程度进行评价，结果表明，所有材料的遗传方差均达到显著水平，遗传力估     

黄顶菊对小麦根尖细胞的遗传毒性

为了探讨入侵植物黄顶菊的遗传毒性,以5个小麦品种为材料,研究5种不同浓度的黄顶菊浸提液对小麦根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响。结果表明,黄顶菊浸提液对小麦有明显的遗传毒性。浸提液抑制了小麦根尖细胞有丝分裂指数,使间期细胞出现微核、多核,使分裂期细胞出现染色体断片、染色体桥、多极分裂、染色体粘连等畸变现象。随着浸提液浓度增加,小麦根尖细胞有丝分裂指数下降,微核率和染色体畸变率升高。     

硫酸铜对小麦根尖细胞的遗传毒性

为了研究硫酸铜对小麦根尖细胞的遗传毒性,用常规染色体压片技术,观察硫酸铜胁迫下小麦根尖细胞有丝分裂的变化。结果表明,处理时间相同时,随硫酸铜浓度的增大,小麦根尖细胞有丝分裂指数和微核率均呈先升后降的趋势,而染色体畸变率呈逐渐升高的趋势;硫酸铜浓度相同时,随处理时间延长,小麦根尖细胞有丝分裂指数、微核率和染色体畸变率均逐渐升高。说明硫酸铜对小麦具有明显的遗传毒性,且表现为明显的剂量效应和时间效应。     

NaCl胁迫对黑麦根尖细胞染色体行为的影响

黑麦是一种耐盐、抗寒、抗旱性强的作物，其根系比小麦发达，是改良小走抗性的重要外源基因供体，为了丰富小麦遗传变异，挖掘黑走在小麦遣传改良中的利用潜力，本实验采用不同浓度的NaCl溶液，用两类不同方法对黑走分别处理24h和48h(共四种处理)。观察其根尖分生组织细胞的染色体行为。结果表明，经NaCl胁迫后的根尖细胞染色体行为产生异常(处理24h，引起染色体畸变的盐浓度范围≥0．15mol／L；处理48h，盐浓度范圈是≥0．10mol／L)，且随着NaCl溶液浓度的升高染色体异常行为不断增多，二者呈极显著正相关。其异常行为类型有微钕、多按(2～3按)、小细胞按(细胞按高度浓缩)、染色体粘连、断裂、染色体桥、染色体落后、染色体多极分布扣不均等分离，四种处理作以比较，发现萌发后根长0．5～1cm再进行盐处理48h，染色体受到的影响最大，染色体畸变率量高。     

秋水仙素处理对黑麦根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响

为了解秋水仙素对黑麦根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响，以黑麦根尖为材料，在不同浓度秋水仙素（0．01％、0．05％、0．10％、0．15％、0．20％）和不同处理时间（12、24、36、48、60、72h）条件下测定了根尖细胞中期分裂指数和细胞加倍指数。结果表明，随着秋水仙素浓度的升高，细胞加倍指数增加，当秋水仙素浓度为0．15％时细胞加倍指数达到最大值（0．0362％），以后迅速下降。随着处理时间的延长，中期分裂指数逐渐下降，而细胞加倍指数在处理36h时达到最大值（0．0208％）。在浓度与时间的互作方面，0．15％的秋水仙素处理24h，细胞的中期分裂指数最高，达到0．202％；而0．15％的秋水仙素处理36h，细胞加倍指数最高，达到0．096％。     

普通小麦与各黑麦种可杂交性的遗传

以中国春的5A和5B染色体分别被置换了的两套代换系作母本,与各黑麦种杂交,结果表明普通小麦与各黑麦种的可杂交性均受小麦的kr基因控制,黑麦种中也存在着影响可杂交性的基因。     

加温与绿茶提取物对 Hela 细胞的协同毒性作用

业已发现,加温能增强许多抗癌药物的细胞毒性。近年来发现绿茶具有多种抗癌防癌功效。本文用 Puck 氏克隆形成的方法,通过剂量存活关系,探索了加温与绿茶的协同抗癌作用。     

秋水仙素诱导黑麦根尖细胞染色体的畸变效应

为了解秋水仙素对黑麦根尖细胞染色体的畸变效应,以黑麦种子为材料,在不同浓度的秋水仙素(0.05%、0.10%、0.15%、0.20%、0.25%)处理下观察了不同时间(12、24、36、48 h)根尖细胞染色体畸变情况,并分析了畸变率与细胞加倍指数.结果表明,秋水仙素能明显诱导染色体变异,除加倍外,光学显微镜下还可观察到多种畸变现象.随着处理时间的延长和秋水仙素浓度的增加,细胞的加倍指数和畸变率均表现为先上升后下降的趋势,加倍指数最高为5.20%(0.15%浓度处理36 h),畸变率最高为8.10%(0.15%浓度处理24 h).可见,秋水仙素对黑麦根尖也有一定的毒害作用.     

钾肥对玉米子粒灌浆的影响研究

研究钾肥对玉米光合特性、子粒灌浆特性及产量的影响。结果表明,施用钾肥对玉米果穗叶片的叶绿素含量、光合强度和玉米子粒灌浆及产量均有明显的促进作用。钾肥的适宜施用量在90～135 kg/hm²。     

低温条件下小麦返白系叶片中H2O2累积的原因初探

为了研究低温处理下小麦叶色阶段性白化品种返白系与对照品种矮变1号叶片的H_2O_2含量是否存在差异,并初步分析导致差异的原因,采用DAB组织染色法检测返白系和矮变1号在4℃低温处理90 d、25℃下恢复培养10 d时叶片H_2O_2含量的动态变化,测定4℃低温处理下返白系和矮变1号中表征光合电子传递效率的荧光参数F_v/F_m和qP,并采用qRT-PCR方法分析返白系和矮变1号中几个光合电子传递体基因及质体H_2O_2清除相关基因的表达模式。结果显示,低温处理下,矮变1号叶片中H_2O_2含量变化不大,返白系叶片中H_2O_2会大量累积;低温处理下,返白系叶片的叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F_m、qP都明显低于矮变1号。同时,低温下返白系光合电子传递链中部分电子传递体亚基基因petD、petN、ndhB和ndhK,以及质体H_2O_2清除相关基因 APX4和 HO1的表达量低于矮变1号。这些结果表明,低温处理下,相较于矮变1号,返白系叶片中会累积大量的H_2O_2。返白系质体中光合电子传递受阻引起电子泄露,同时质体中清除活性氧的能力下降,可能是导致返白系叶片中积累大量H_2O_2的原因。     

QTL identification of kernel composition traits with popcorn using both F2:3 and BC2F2 populations developed from the same cross

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing three main kernel composition traits, starch, protein and oil concentrations, in unselected F_2:3 and selected BC₂F₂ maize populations derived from the same cross of a dent corn inbred Dan232 × an elite popcorn inbred N04 under the same conditions were detected. Four and two QTL for starch, four and three QTL for protein, and four and one QTL for oil were detected in the two populations, respectively, with three QTL jointly detected. The proportion of phenotypic variation explained by a single QTL was 5.2–10.6%, 5.0–14.3%, and 6.2–8.5% for the three traits. Ten QTL had favorable alleles contributed by Dan232. Several QTL detected in this study had identical or similar chromosome regions to those previously identified with other maize germplasms. No QTL with opposite effects for kernel composition traits and popping characteristics were detected in the same or near marker intervals. This reflected that some QTL detected in this study seemed to contribute to trait variation in a diverse array of maize populations and environments, and the opportunity existed for improving popcorn's nutritional quality while maintaining acceptable popping characteristics. Inconsistent broad sense heritability and trait correlation estimates were also observed in the two populations.     

Simultaneous determination of vitamin B1 and B2 in complex cereal foods,by reverse phase isocratic HPLC-UV

The evaluation of nutritional or functional components in grain products is an important feature for the industry, especially when recent regulations require a correct nutrition labelling, valid during all the shelf life of the product. For that reason, industry usually makes many efforts to develop simple and reliable analytical methods that can be easily applied in any quality control laboratories for routine analysis. Spectrofluorimetric analysis of thiamine and riboflavin are sensitive, but need specific equipment. A few HPLC-UV methods have been described but they are less sensitive, and present difficulties due to interfering compounds, particularly in complex food matrixes, as grains and derivatives.     

NaCl和Na2SO4胁迫对玉米幼苗渗透调节物质含量的影响

研究了NaCl和Na₂SO₄胁迫对玉米幼苗电解质渗漏、根系活力及脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白等渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果表明，玉米在NaCl作用下其电解质渗漏、根系活力及渗透调节物质含量的变化和Na₂SO₄胁迫相似，电解质渗漏、根系活力及渗透调节物质含量均随着盐浓度的增加而加剧。NaCl胁迫下增幅大于Na₂SO₄胁迫，表明NaCl胁迫对玉米幼苗的伤害大于Na₂SO₄胁迫。     

喷施KH2PO4对孕穗期低温胁迫下小麦叶片抗氧化特性与幼穗冻害的影响

为探讨低温胁迫发生前叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾(KH2PO4)对小麦小穗发育及旗叶生理特性的调节作用,以烟农19(冬性,低温不敏感型)和新麦26(半冬性,低温敏感型)为材料,利用盆栽试验,在小麦孕穗期于人工气候模拟箱内进行低温(2℃和-2℃)胁迫,并在低温处理前叶面喷施0.2％KH2PO4溶液,低温结束后分析了小麦幼穗冻害发生...     

盐胁迫下钾吸收途径的抑制对小麦叶片K~+、Na~+含量的影响

为研究盐胁迫下小麦维持钾、钠平衡的生理机制,以耐盐小麦沧麦6005和盐敏感小麦矮抗58为材料,利用TEA、NEM、Ba(NO_3)_2三种药物分别抑制钾离子通道、钾载体及非选择性阳离子通道,测定正常及盐胁迫下小麦叶片K~+、Na~+含量,比较耐盐性不同的小麦品种在K~+、Na~+吸收中的差异。结果显示,盐胁迫下,沧麦6005和矮抗58叶片K~+含量下降,Na~+含量增加;沧麦6005叶片Na~+含量低于矮抗58,K~+/Na~+比值高于矮抗58。正常条件下,NEM、TEA处理均可降低沧麦6005和矮抗58叶片K~+含量,NEM处理较TEA处理效果更为明显;TEA处理显著降低了盐胁迫下矮抗58叶片K~+含量,而NEM处理则明显降低了盐胁迫下沧麦6005的叶片K~+含量;TEA、NEM、Ba(NO_3)_2处理降低了盐胁迫下矮抗58叶片Na~+含量,仅NEM处理降低了沧麦6005叶片Na~+含量。综上所述,正常条件下,钾载体是小麦K~+吸收的主要方式;盐胁迫下,耐盐品种和盐敏感品种K~+吸收途径不同,耐盐品种的NSCCs和钾离子通道具有更强的"拒钠"能力。     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on grain quality of wheat

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important agricultural crops worldwide. Due to its high content of starch and unique gluten proteins, wheat grain is used for many food and non-food applications. Although grain quality is an important topic for food and feed as well as industrial processing, the consequences of future increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations on quality parameters such as nutritional and bread-making rheological properties are still unclear. Wheat productivity increases under CO₂ enrichment. Concomitantly, the chemical composition of vegetative plant parts is often changed and grain quality is altered. In particular, the decrease in grain protein concentration and changes in protein composition may have serious economic and health implications. Additionally, CO₂ enrichment affects amino acid composition and the concentrations of macro- and micro-elements. However, experimental results are often inconsistent. The present review summarises the results from numerous CO₂ enrichment experiments using different exposure techniques in order to quantify the potential impacts of projected atmospheric CO₂ levels on wheat grain yield and on aspects of grain composition relevant to processing and human nutrition.     

Atmospheric CO2 enrichment changes the wheat grain proteome

Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Triso) was grown in a free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) field experiment in order to gain information on CO₂-induced effects on grain composition and quality at maturity. A proteome analysis was performed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and protein identification was done with mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). In elevated CO₂ (526 μl l⁻¹), an increase of 13.5% in grain yield was observed relative to 375 μl l⁻¹ at a low level of significance (P = 0.528). Total grain protein concentration was decreased by 3.5% at a high level of statistical significance. Most importantly, a number of statistically significant changes within the grain proteome were observed, as the levels of 32 proteins were affected by elevated CO₂: 16 proteins were up-regulated and 16 were down-regulated. Our experiment demonstrates that high-CO₂ can markedly affect the proteome of mature wheat grain. The potential role of the proteins, changed in response to CO₂ enrichment, is discussed as some may affect grain quality. For the task of selecting cultivars resistant to CO₂-induced quality loss, we propose to consider the proteins affected by elevated CO₂ identified in this work here.