The photochemical decomposition of the herbicide isoproturon

The photochemical degradation of the herbicide isoproturon in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions and in soils has been investigated. Four new photometabolites were formed in non-aqueous solution and three in soil. These were characterised by spectroscopic methods and identified by comparison with authentic synthetic samples such as 3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1-methylurea; 3-(4-isopropylphenyl)urea; 4,4′-diisopropylazobenzene and 4,4′-diisopropylazoxybenzene. The pathway of formation of these photo products is depicted.     

花园葱蜗牛的鉴定及与森林葱蜗牛的鉴别

花园葱蜗牛是我国将修订的进境植物检疫危险性有害生物名录之一，该螺主要分布在欧洲和美国部分地区，我国尚未分布。近年来，我国口岸从欧洲进境的原木和集装箱及箱内货物的木质包装材料中多次截获该种蜗牛，表明该螺入侵的风险较大。现将花园葱蜗牛的检疫截获概况、形态特征、鉴定技术、生物学、传播途径、检疫措施简要介绍如下，供植物检疫工作者参考。     

Monitoring of the photochemical degradation of metamitron and imidacloprid by micellar electrokinetic chromatography and differential-pulse polarography

The photochemical degradation of metamitron (4-amino-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-6-phenyl-1,2,4-triazin-5-one) and imidacloprid (1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylideneamine) has been investigated by differential-pulse polarography (DPP) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC); the degradation pathways of these pesticides were elucidated and their degradation products proposed. The electrochemical study of imidacloprid by DPP at different pH values demonstrated the occurrence of two different reduction processes; at pH 6.8, two peaks at −0.90 V and −1.38 V, respectively, were obtained, which are related to the photochemical reduction processes. The photochemical degradation of imidacloprid caused by sunlight was polarographically monitored and its degradation products elucidated. The polarographic reduction of deaminometamitron (obtained by photochemical reduction of metamitron) yielded two peaks at −0.62 and −1.37 V, which are related to the reduction of the CN bonds. The effect of sunlight on the reduction of metamitron was monitored by DPP, and an increase of the concentration of the degradation products was observed with time. MEKC with UV-visible detection was used to separate the pesticides and the products of their photochemical degradation, which were identified in combination with DPP. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Identification of resistance to Pratylenchus thornei,P. neglectus,P. penetrans and Ditylenchus dipsaci in Turkish accessions of five wild chickpea species (Cicer bijugum,C. echinospermum,C. pinnatifidum,C. reticulatum and C. turcicum)

Phytoparasitica - Plant-parasitic nematodes feed and reproduce in chickpea roots. Root-lesion nematodes are one of the most important biotic factors to limit chickpea production in the world. The...     

Computed effect of decomposition on the partition coefficient determined by the batch equilibration method

A simulation model was used to calculate the effect of decomposition on the soil-water partition coefficient of a herbicide determined by a batch equilibrium method. The results showed the necessity of a correction for decomposition in calculating the equilibrium partition coefficient, especially during repeated desorption steps, even if the amount decomposed was very small. Estimation de l'effet de la déecomposition sur le coefficient de partage déterminé par la méthode de équilibres dans des suspensions Un modèle de simulation a été utilisé pour calculer l'effet de la décomposition d'un herbicide sur son coefficient de partage sol-eau, en déterminant les équilibres dans des suspensions. Les résultats ont montré la nécessité d'une correction pour la décomposition, dans le calcul du coefficient de partage en équilibre, particulièrement durant les étapes de la désorption, et même dans le cas oò les quantités décomposées ont été très faibles. Einfluss des Abbaus auf den Verteilungskoeffizienten-Bestim-mung nach der “batch-equilibration”—Methode Der Einfluss des Abbaus auf die Bestimmung des Boden/Wasser-Verteilungs koeffizienten eines Herbizids mit der “batch-equilibration”—Methode wurde mit einem Simulationsmodell erforscht. Die Ergebnisse ergaben, dass für die Berechnung des Verteilungskoeffizienten eine Korrektur eingeführt werden muss, die dem Abbau Rechnung trägt. Das gilt besonders für wiederholte Desorptionsschritte, auch wenn dabei die abgebaute Menge sehr klein ist.     

Demodex kutzeri sp. n. (Acari: Demodicidae), an identical parasite of two species of deer, Cervus elaphus and C. nippon pseudaxis

Reports on demodicid mites of the old world species of deer are reviewed and Demodex kutzeri sp. n. (= D. cervi sensu Kutzer and Grünberg 1972; part.) described in all stages of the life cycle. The occurrence of D. kutzeri on two host species, Cervus elaphus L., 1758 and C. nippon pseudaxis Eydoux et Souleyet, 1841 is reported and discussed as a rare phenomenon in the genus Demodex.     

Ailinella mirabilis gen. n., sp. n. (eucestoda: pseudophyllidea) from Galaxias maculatus (Pisces: Galaxiidae) in the Andean-Patagonian region of Argentina

Ailinella gen. n. (Pseudophyllidea: Triaenophoridae) is proposed to accommodate Ailinella mirabilis sp. n. from Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1842), a freshwater fish inhabiting the Andean lakes in Argentinean Patagonia. Ailinella belongs to the Triaenophoridae because it has a marginal genital pore, a follicular vitelline gland, and a ventral uterine pore. The new genus can be distinguished from other triaenophorids by the following combination of characters: a small body size, a low number of proglottides, which are longer than wide, a truncated pyramidal to globular scolex, a rectangular apical disc, presence of the neck, lack of internal longitudinal musculature separating the cortex from the medulla, testes distributed in one central field surrounding the ovary laterally and posteriorly, the vagina predominantly anterior to the cirrus sac, vitelline follicles circum-medullary, the genital pores post-equatorial, a saccate uterus, and operculate eggs. Blade-like spiniform microtriches were present on all tegument surfaces, and tumuli on all surfaces of the scolex and the anterior surface of the neck. Microtriches were characterized according to their size and density, and tumuli according to their size, inter-tumulus distance and density. Ailinella mirabilis is the first cestode described from G. maculatus and the second triaenophorid species recorded from a South American freshwater fish.     

Mechanism of action and fate of the fungicide chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) in biological systems: I. Reactions with cells and subcellular components of Saccharomyces pastorianus

The mechanism and sequence of reaction of chlorothalonil in cells of Saccharomyces pastorianus was investigated by the use of either ¹⁴C-labeled fungicide or Na₂³⁵SO₄-labeled cells. The initial uptake of fungicide resulted in rapid formation of substituted chlorothalonil-reduced glutathione (GSH) derivatives. Chlorothalonil reacted with proteins during derivative formation but decreased cell viability did not occur until all the GSH was reacted and inhibition of specific NAD thiol-dependent glycolytic and respiratory enzymes occurred. It is postulated that enzyme activity and cell viability are controlled either directly or indirectly by the concentration of GSH. The loss of GSH through derivative formation with chlorothalonil and the lack of regeneration of the reduced thiol could be an important feature in the sequence of toxicity of the fungicide. The general mechanism of action of chlorothalonil resembles the trichloromethyl sulfenyl fungicides in that treated cells accumulate large concentrations of fungicide; reactions involve both low and high molecular-weight thiols, with the formation of glutathione-fungicide derivatives; and toxicity resides ultimately with the inhibition of thiol-dependent enzymes.     

树木年轮~(13)C/~(12)C比率记录的树木生长与生态环境关系的研究

树木年轮1 3C/1 2 C对气候的响应是一个复杂的过程 ,气候影响树木的光合作用、呼吸作用等生理过程 ,进而影响树木代谢物质的生成和流动及其同位素的分馏。对树木生长和树轮稳定碳同位素含量与生态环境之间关系的响应的全面分析研究 ,可以更为准确的获得树木年轮同位素1 3C/1 2 C比率与历史气候环境变迁关系的资料。本文在总结前人研究结果的基础上 ,得出以下几点结论 :1 .生态环境决定树木叶片的气孔导通度 ,而导通度又影响植物同化速率 ,进而影响树轮中稳定碳同位素的比率 ;2 .大气CO2 的浓度影响植物对水分的利用效率 ,而植物对水分的利用直接影响树木光合作用的速率 ,进而植物碳同位素比率记录了环境CO2的浓度的变化规律 ;3.植物同化速率和气孔导度与气候要素 ,如温度、湿度、降水、光照及风等气候要素有关 ;4.树木年轮1 3C/1 2 C比率与生态环境的响应的众多研究结果表明稳定碳同位素同环境的相关既存在空间差异也存在树种差异。     

Identification of the Beet Cyst Nematode Heterodera schachtii by PCR

PCR-RFLPs of ITS-rDNA and PCR with species-specific primers were developed for identification of cysts and juveniles of the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. Restrictions of PCR product by MvaI or ScrFI distinguish H. schachtii, H. betae, H. trifolii and H. medicaginis. RFLP profiles with eight restriction enzymes for these four nematode species are presented. Based on Internal Transcribed Spacer sequences of populations from several Schachtii group species, a specific primer for H. schachtii was designed, permitting amplification of the target sequence from juveniles and cysts of the beet cyst nematode. A duplex PCR protocol tested with a wide range of nematode samples is described.     

Conformational analysis of the fungicide fenpropimorph by molecular mechanics calculations and NMR spectroscopy

Fenpropimorph is an inhibitor of Δ8→Δ7-isomerase and Δ14-reductase in fungi and cycloeucalenol-obtusifoliol-isomerase and Δ8→Δ7-isomerase in higher plants. A detailed conformational analysis of the most potent enantiomer (S)-fenpropimorph is described. The conformational analysis is based on three different methods: molecular mechanics calculations. NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. In solution several conformations coexist. The molecular mechanics calculations using MM2(85) show a folded conformation of the unprotonated form of fenpropimorph to be stabilized by at least 3 kcal mol^?1 relative to the next lowest energy conformer, suggesting only one conformation of fenpropimorph to be present. A corresponding stabilization of the protonated form (5.4 kcal mol^?1) is obtained. However, this stabilization is found partly to be due to attractive steric interactions and may be a phenomenon occurring only in vacuum. In the solid state, fenpropimorph exists in an L-shaped conformation resembling one of the low-energy conformers obtained with MM2(85). Based on comparison with the natural substrate, a totally extended conformation of fenpropimorph is suggested to be the biologically active conformation for interaction with the Δ8 → Δ7-isomerase in fungi.     

Myxozoans infecting the sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus in the Okavango River and Delta, Botswana, including descriptions of two new species, Henneguya samochimensis sp. n. and Myxobolus gariepinus sp. n

During a recent investigation of parasites infecting fishes from the Okavango River and Delta, Botswana (southern Africa) fourteen sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) (Siluriformes: Clariidae) were examined for the presence of myxozoan infections. Results revealed the presence of two species of the genus Henneguya Thélohan, 1895 and one species of the genus Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 infecting this fish host. Two of the sampled fish exhibited large plasmodia of Henneguya suprabranchiae Landsberg, 1987 in the cartilage of the accessory breathing organ, another two individuals were infected with H. samochimensis sp. n. plasmodia in the gills and another three individuals revealed an infection with Myxobolus gariepinus sp. n. plasmodia in the ovaries.     

Mechanism of action and fate of the fungicide chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) in biological systems 3. Interaction with mammalian DNA,histones, and isolated rat liver nuclei

The reactions of chlorothalonil with calf thymus histones, DNA, and isolated rat liver nuclei were studied utilizing labeled fungicide, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and nucleohistone thermal denaturation. The reaction was dependent on pH, type of histones, and the histone and fungicide concentrations. In addition, two types of fungicide-histone binding patterns were observed. These patterns were characterized by the amount of label bound to protein after dialysis or after dialysis and acid precipitation. There was little binding of chlorothalonil to DNA. Polyacrylamide gel patterns of treated lysine-rich calf thymus histones were characterized by a loss of up to 80% of the stained protein without a change in the migration of the bands. Gel patterns of treated calf thymus whole histones were characterized by small variations in band density and minor loss of stained protein. The results of thermal denaturation experiments using chlorothalonil-treated lysine-rich histones and nontreated calf thymus DNA were not different from those using nontreated histones. Almost all of the radioactivity from [¹⁴C]chlorothalonil was bound by isolated rat liver nuclei. The binding patterns observed with rat liver nuclei were very similar to those using purified histones. Fractionation of proteins from treated nuclei revealed that the label was unequally distributed between the nuclear sap protein, ribonucleoprotein, and deoxyribonucleoprotein.     

小驳骨锈病的重寄生现象及重寄生菌鉴定(英文)

在小驳骨锈病的冬孢子堆上发现一种重寄生菌。被重寄生菌寄生的病斑表面可见到一层白色菌丝体。光学显微镜下发现,被寄生的柄锈菌菌丝和冬孢子断裂、变形和退色。18S rDNA PCR扩增及测序结果表明,重寄生菌为刀孢轮枝菌(Lecanicillium psalliotae),本文首次报道刀孢轮枝菌寄生柄锈菌。     

Identification of a uninucleate Rhizoctonia sp. by pathogenicity, hyphal anastomosis and RAPD analysis

Finnish and Norwegian uninucleate Rhizoctonia sp, isolates. originating from roots of nursery grown conifer seedlings suffering from root dieback, and having Ceratobasidium perfect state, were tested for pathogenicity and genetic related ness. All tested isolates of this pathogen considerably reduced the root system development of Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings resulting in death or stunted growth. The uninucleate isolates anastomosed readily with each other producing a killing reaction. In a RAPD-PCR analysis, the uninucleate isolates had different banding patterns from our reference isolates, two Finnish binucleate isolates (AG-I and R. sp.) and standard tester isolates of genus Ceratobasidium representing anastomosis groups AG-A, AG-C, AG-E, AG-G and AG-I. UPGMA analysis clustered the uninucleate isolates together at a greater similarity than 75% while the binucleate isolates formed distinct clusters and were 10-25% similar to the uninucleate Rhizoctonia sp. Hyphal anastomosis and DNA data suggest that the uninucleate Rhizocionia sp. is an homogeneous group and distinct from the tested binucleate Rhizoctonia isolates.     

Rhabdochona mexicana sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) from the intestine of characid fishes in Mexico

A new nematode, Rhabdochona mexicana sp. n., is described based on specimens recovered from the intestine of two species of fishes, Astyanax mexicanus (De Filippi) (type host) and Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier) (Characidae: Characiformes) in central Mexico. This species is characterised by the following characters: 10 anteriorly directed teeth in the prostom, a larger (left) spicule which is slender in form with a small bifurcation at its distal tip covered by a cuticular membrane, a smaller (right) spicule without a barb at its distal tip, eggs bearing an irregular flock-like coating, and a conical tail without a cuticular spike (in both sexes).     

应用分子生物学技术鉴定南亚果实蝇存疑种

本文就采于云南昭通的南亚果实蝇Bactrocera(Zeugodacus)tau(Walker)及存疑种B.(Z.)sp.进行了分子鉴定.结果表明B.(Z.)tau与B.(Z)sp.为同一物种.本研究为实蝇存疑种鉴定提供了一种有效的方法.     

The endogenous development, described by light and electron microscopy, of Eimeria jamescooki sp. n. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the skink Cryptoblepharus virgatus

Eimeria jamescooki sp. n. was recovered from the skink Cryptoblepharus virgatus (Garman) found on the grounds of James Cook University, Townsville (type locality), North Queensland, Australia. Oocysts were 17.5-25.0 (22.1 +/- 1.9) x 15-22.5 (17.7 +/- 1.6) microm and sporocysts 6.25-10.0 (7.9 +/- 1.15) x 3.75-6.25 (5.3 +/- 1.0) microm in size. Endogenous stages are described from histological material examined by light microscope and by transmission electron microscope. Both merogony stages and gamonts were found to develop in the cytoplasm of the anterior gut mucosal epithelium. Meront progeny were comprised of 10 to 21 merozoites. Premature macrogamonts were elongate; some host cells contained two elongate macrogamonts. Unique to the presently described species were the Golgi "plaques" and an enclosure of tubuli. Mature macrogamonts and young oocysts ranged in size from 14 x 7 to 21 x 11 microm and contained two types of wall-forming bodies, canaliculi and amylopectin granules. Differentiating microgamonts conformed in fine structure with that observed in other eimerians. Their sizes increased from 15.4 x 4.2 to 28 x 8.4 microm while dividing to over 70 nuclei, which formed a corresponding yield of microgametes.