应用异烟肼复合剂治疗奶牛结核病的试验研究

对一群经两次检疫均为结核菌素阳性并经临床学、病理解剖学和细菌学证实为结核杆菌感染奶牛，随机选择２０头奶，每日按２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重投与异烟肼复合剂，连服６０日，接着再按上述剂量每隔一天给药一次连服６０次。结果感染牛在治疗后的７０天转阴率为５０％；治疗后１６５天转阴率为８０．１％；未经治疗的７头对照牛仍呈阳性。     

An immunofluorescence diagnostic test for feline viral rhinotracheitis.

Hyperimmune serum against feline viral rhinotracheitis was produced in a goat and conjugated with a fluorescent dye. Cell cultures infected with rhinotracheitis virus had positive immunofluorescence. Cell cultures infected with other feline viruses and herpesviruses of other species did not fluoresce. In cats experimentally infected with rhinotracheitis virus, the virus was isolated from nasal and conjunctival swabs 1 to 9 days after inoculation. Nasal smears stained with the conjugated antiserum fluoresced 1 to 9 days after inoculation when clinical disease was most apparent. Conjunctival smears had positive immunofluorescence 1 to 6 days, but not 9 days, after inoculation. On postinoculation day 23, rhinotracheitis virus was not isolated from nasal or conjunctival swabs and nasal and conjunctival smears did not fluoresce. Rhinotracheitis virus or feline calicivirus was isolated from naturally infected cats with upper respiratory tract disease. Nasal and conjunctival smears from rhinotracheitis virus-infected cats had positive immunofluorescence in all cast showing clinical illness. Smears from 1 clinically normal cat from which rhinotracheitis virus was isolated did not fluoresce. Nasal and conjunctival smears from calicivirus-infected cats did not fluoresce.     

Foot-and-mouth disease virus in the llama (Lama glama): diagnosis, transmission, and susceptibility

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was shown to be transmitted from either cattle to llamas, llamas to swine (interspecies), or llamas to llamas (intraspecies). Response to FMDV varied greatly in the 6 llamas studied; 3 llamas developed generalized clinical disease with mild pyrexia, 2 after intradermolingual inoculation, and 1 after exposure to a calf infected with FMDV serotype A24. Another contact llama developed vesicular lesions on all 4 extremities but no oral lesions. Two contact llamas, in separate study groups, did not seroconvert or develop clinical signs of FMDV infection. All 4 llamas showing clinical disease developed virus-neutralizing antibodies against FMDV A24 and antibodies against the virus-infection-associated antigen. Virus-neutralizing antibody titers remained elevated for over 200 days postinoculation or exposure. Antibodies to virus-infection-associated antigen were detected several days after virus-neutralizing antibody appeared and became weaker 100-125 days post-FMDV exposure in 3 of the 4 clinically affected llamas. One inoculated llama was still positive for virus-infection-associated antigen at 360 days after inoculation. Foot-and-mouth disease virus A24 was not detected from esophageal-pharyngeal fluid specimens beyond 8 days postexposure using in vitro techniques.     

Evaluation of miltefosine for the treatment of dogs naturally infected with L. infantum (=L. chagasi) in Brazil

Dogs naturally infected with Leishmania Infantum (=L. chagasi) were treated with miltefosine using different therapeutic regimens. The animals were evaluated for clinical evolution, biochemical parameters, parasite load (by real-time PCR), cytokine levels and humoral response. After treatment and during the following 24 months, there was progressive clinical improvement and complete recovery in 50% (7/14) of the treated animals. There was a decrease in the smear positivity of the bone marrow after treatment, and there was also a gradual and constant decrease in positive cultures at the end of the follow-up period. However, the PCR detection of parasite DNA remained positive. In general, all animals presented a significant increase in parasite load 6 months after treatment. The IFN-γ levels in all the groups tended to increase during follow-up period, regardless of the miltefosine dose administered. The IL-4 and IL-10 levels of the animals tended to decrease during follow-up, except after 300 days when only IL-10 increased. The serum antibodies identified antigens that ranged from 116 kDa to less than 29 kDa in the Western blot assay. Furthermore, 300 days after treatment, qualitative and quantitative differences in the antigen profiles were observed. Antigens of 97 and 46 kDa were the most intensely recognized. Higher levels of antigen-specific Leishmania IgG were detected before and 300 days after treatment in all groups. Taking together, the improvement in the clinical symptoms was not followed by parasitological clearance, suggesting that treatment with miltefosine is not recommended, especially in endemic areas like Brazil, where children are the major victims and dogs are involved in the maintenance of the parasite cycle.     

Evaluation of the clinical and allergen specific serum immunoglobulin E responses to oral challenge with cornstarch,corn, soy and a soy hydrolysate diet in dogs with spontaneous food allergy

Fourteen dogs with known clinical hypersensitivity to soy and corn were maintained on a limited antigen duck and rice diet until cutaneous manifestations of pruritus were minimal (78 days). Sequential oral challenges with cornstarch, corn and soy were then performed. Subsequently, the dogs were fed a diet containing hydrolysed soy protein and cornstarch. Throughout the study period the dogs were examined for cutaneous manifestations of pruritus and, additionally, serum was collected for measurement of allergen-specific and total immunoglobulin (Ig)E concentrations. Intradermal testing with food antigens was performed prior to entry into the study and after 83 days. A statistically significant clinical improvement was measured between days 0 and 83. Significant pruritus was induced after oral challenge with cornstarch, corn and soy (P = 0.04, 0.002, 0.01, respectively) but not with the hydrolysed diet (P = 0.5). The positive predictive value of the skin test for soy and corn allergy was reduced after feeding a soy and corn free diet. Although increases in soy and corn-specific serum IgE concentrations were measured in individual dogs post challenge they were not statistically significant and could not be used to predict clinical hypersensitivity.     

Molecular Evidence for Persistence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in the Absence of Clinical Abnormalities in Horses after Recovery from Acute Experimental Infection

Background: Anaplasma phagocytophilum infects several mammalian species, and can persist in sheep, dogs, and calves. However, whether this organism persists in horses or induces long-term clinical abnormalities is not known.
Objectives: To evaluate whether A. phagocytophilum can persist in horses and to document clinical findings for 3 months after complete recovery from acute disease.
Animals: Five clinically normal adult horses that had recovered spontaneously from experimentally induced acute disease caused by a Swedish equine isolate of A. phagocytophilum .
Methods: Horses were monitored for up to 129 days post inoculation (PI) by daily clinical examination and at least alternate day blood sampling for evidence of A. phagocytophilum on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and blood smears. All horses were euthanized and underwent postmortem examination.
Results: All horses were periodically PCR positive after recovery from acute infection. Before day 66 PI 2 horses were persistently PCR negative whereas 3 horses were intermittently PCR positive. Subsequently, 4 of 5 horses were intermittently PCR positive, particularly after stress mimicking interventions. One animal was positive immediately before postmortem examination. Clinical abnormalities related to persistence of anaplasma were not observed. No specific changes were found at postmortem examination, and all sampled tissues from all horses were negative on PCR for A. phagocytophilum .
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Infection with A. phagocytophilum can persist in the horse for at least 129 days. However, the continued presence of the organism is not associated with detectable clinical or pathological abnormalities.     

Experimental infection of lactating goats with Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona and hardjo

Pathogenesis of Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona and hardjo was evaluated in 14 lactating goats. Although mild clinical signs of leptospiral infection characterized by pyrexia and reduction in milk yield appeared in some animals, a consistent clinical pattern was not observed in the inoculated animals. The pomona serovar was isolated from the kidney of 1 of the 4 goats inoculated with serovar pomona. The hardjo serovar (strain UI 750) was isolated in the rabbit serum-supplemented bovine albumin polysorbate-80 liquid medium only from the mammary gland of 1 of 4 goats at 13 days after inoculation with serovar hardjo. The positive culture was detected after an 8-month incubation period.     

Serial monitoring of clinical, haematological and immunological parameters in canine autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

Clinical, haematological and immunological data are presented from 14 dogs with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) serially monitored for up to 945 days after initial presentation. At the time of diagnosis, all dogs had severe anaemia (mean packed cell volume [PCV] 17.6±7.1 per cent) with leucocytosis in seven cases and thrombocytopenia in four dogs. The Coombs' test was positive in all cases. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibody alone was identified in eight cases, a combination of IgG and IgM autoantibodies was recognised in three cases, and in two dogs only IgM autoantibody was recorded (complement fixing in one of these dogs). All dogs were treated with immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids and some animals also received cyclophosphamide (four cases), azathio-prine (two cases), blood transfusion (four cases) or underwent splenectomy (two cases). Two dogs died during the initial episode of AIHA. In 12 dogs, the anaemia was resolved by an average of 36.3 ±16.0 days after initial presentation, but autoantibody titre often persisted after clinical improvement and normalisation of PCV. Four dogs had a clinical relapse 67 to 170 days after initial presentation and one of these dogs subsequently died from thromboembolic disease. One dog developed lymphocytic thyroiditis and serum antinuclear antibody at day 691 after initial presentation, and two cases developed disease consistent with autoimmune thrombocytopenia (AITP) at 365 and 618 days post initial presentation. In one of these dogs, AITP was concurrent with multicentric lymphoma. No correlation was recorded between haematological and immunological parameters at presentation and subsequent response to therapy or long-term clinical behaviour.     

用试剂法检测围产期奶牛亚临床酮病的发病规律研究

[目的]为了探讨奶牛围产期亚临床酮病的发病规律.[方法]采用试剂法检测斜沟乡上窑村94头临床健康的围产期奶牛的尿酮和乳酮.[结果]表明:试剂法可用于早期检测尿中酮体,奶牛酮病的早期诊断在产后10 d左右开始,尿酮阳性率高而敏感.[结论]尿酮阳性率集中在产后20 d内.     

Comparison of the Polymerase Chain Reaction and Culture for the Detection of Feline Chlamydia psittaci in Untreated and Doxycycline-Treated Experimentally Infected Cats

The diagnostic sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was compared with that of culture on conjunctival swabs over the course of infection in 4 doxycycline-treated and 4 untreated cats that were experimentally infected with feline Chlamydia psittaci. Treated cats were given 25 mg (5 mg/kg) of doxycycline orally twice daily for 3 weeks from day 6 after challenge. Clinical signs improved within 3 days of institution of treatment. Culture remained positive for 1 day and PCR remained positive for up to 5 days after treatment was commenced. No recurrence of clinical signs occurred and the organism could not be detected by either PCR or culture for 2 weeks after cessation of therapy. In the 4 untreated cats, conjunctival swabs were taken daily to day 14 and every 2nd weekday to day 64 after challenge. PCR was significantly more sensitive than culture in untreated cats overall (PCR 85.7%, culture 72.9%, P approximately 0) and for cats with clinical signs (PCR 89.2%, culture 79.2%, P = .008). PCR and culture had equivalent sensitivity (100%) for cats showing clinical signs in the 1st month of infection, whereas PCR was considerably more sensitive than culture for cats showing clinical signs in the 2nd month (PCR 72.9%, culture 47.9%, P = .028). Organisms were not detected by PCR in blood or any tissue collected from treated or untreated cats at postmortem. Thus, effective treatment of chlamydiosis in cats is possible with much shorter treatment regimens than currently recommended, and PCR is the more sensitive diagnostic method in chronically infected cats.     

Detection of spirochetes by polymerase chain reaction and its relation to the course of digital dermatitis after local antibiotic treatment in dairy cattle

The aim of the study was to monitor the course of digital dermatitis after local antibiotic treatment in an experimental group (treated on diagnosis) and a control group (treated 5 days later). The present study was carried out on 2 farms involving 18 animals. Monitoring was performed by means of clinical findings and detection of spirochetes on the surface of the lesions, using a polymerase chain reaction. Superficial wound smears were taken before and after treatment. Twelve animals on both farms followed the classical healing process, but six animals responded poorly to treatment. We observed that without treatment, there was no self-cure in the control group within 5 days. There was a significant improvement in the clinical condition of all animals after treatment on both farms, during the follow-up period. The time until reappearance of new digital dermatitis lesions was not significantly different between the experimental and control group, but it was different between the two farms which could be due to the influence of farm factors. Using primers specific for Treponema denticola and Treponema vincentii, all the disease stages had at least one positive polymerase chain reaction result indicating the presence of spirochetes in samples of all the disease stages during the healing process. This implies that the spirochetes are not completely eradicated from the surface of the lesions after treatment. It was also observed that the classical ulcerative disease stage (M2) had relatively more positive polymerase chain reaction results compared to any other disease stage, showing a possible link between the presence of spirochetes and clinical disease.     

One-year clinical and parasitological follow-up of dogs treated with marbofloxacin for canine leishmaniosis

The purpose of this international, multicentric, and non-comparative field trial was to obtain complementary data on long-term clinical and parasitological follow-up of dogs treated with marbofloxacin for canine leishmaniosis (CanL). Seventy-four dogs with clinical signs of CanL and without severe renal failure were recruited in France, Spain and Italy, and 61 of them were part of the analysis. Each dog was treated with palatable tablets of marbofloxacin at 2 mg/kg once a day for 28 days. A clinical and parasitological follow-up was performed regularly up to 12 months. Efficacy was demonstrated in 42 dogs (68.9%), within 51 days (mean value), 10 of them (23.8%) being clinically cured after 3 months. A decrease of 61% in the sum of clinical scores was observed after 3 months. Haemato-biochemical parameters improved in general, supporting the observed clinical efficacy. Relapse was observed in 20/38 dogs (52.6%) approximately 5.5 months after treatment completion. The blood parasite load generally developed in conformity with the clinical outcome, even if exceptions were not rare. Lymph nodes remained positive by culture or PCR for a long time, even in dogs for which a good clinical response was observed. Despite the incomplete parasite clearance, as is also the case with other anti-leishmanial drugs, these results nevertheless confirm the relevance of marbofloxacin as a CanL treatment.     

Skin testing, fecal culture, and lymphocyte immunostimulation in cattle inoculated with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.

Fourteen calves at 21 days of age were experimentally inoculated with 100 mg (wet weight) of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Three calves were inoculated orally, 4 intravenously, and 7 subcutaneously. Lymphocyte immunostimulation, fecal culture, and intradermal tuberculin skin testing were done between 112 to 150 days following exposure. Lymphocyte immunostimulation test results, conducted at 112 days after inoculation, showed all animals positive to Mycobacterium avium purified protein derivative. Fecal culture results, taken at 120 days after inoculation, showed that 2 of 3 animals inoculated intravenously were positive, whereas only 2 of 7 inoculated subcutaneously were positive (8 of 14 total were positive). Intradermal skin testing results at 150 days with M avium purified protein derivative showed 13 of the 14 calves were positive. Calves were examined at necropsy 153 days after inoculation, and M paratuberculosis was isolated from tissues of each of the 14 calves.     

Topical allogeneic platelet-rich plasma treatment for a massive cutaneous lesion induced by disseminated intravascular coagulation in a toy breed dog

A 2-year-old intact female miniature Pinscher weighing 1.7 kg with a body condition score of 2/5 was presented for acute vomiting, lethargy for 2 days, and large petechial skin lesions on the hip region including the tail. Acute pancreatitis was diagnosed by clinical signs, strong positive cPLI test, laboratory test and ultrasound appearance. While the clinical signs associated with acute pancreatitis had improved in 3–5 days, lesion of petechial appeared on the left hip region 7 days after the presentation, with a fast progression into a necrotic tissue along the left side hip. Allogenic platelet rich plasma (PRP) with Weibrich and Kleis method was administered to promote skin healing and regeneration. Gradual and complete improvement in the dog’s wound lesions was noted approximately 1 month after applying allogeneic topical PRP. In this case report, allogeneic PRP was applied to a large regional cutaneous defect caused by coagulopathy induced by acute pancreatitis. Topical application of PRP in this case was unique in that allogeneic PRP was used instead of autologous PRP for the first time in cutaneous soft-tissue wound management in the veterinary medical field.     

The technique and clinical application of endometrial cytology in mares

Experimental studies of endometrial smears from 26 normal mares showed that after a period of sexual rest exceeding 7 days smears were generally free from inflammatory cells. Smears from 9 mares showing signs of persistent endometritis contained inflammatory cells in 91 per cent while bacterial culture was positive in only 45 per cent. Smears were also taken from 242 Thoroughbred mares as a routine procedure in 1977. It was concluded that endometrial cytology provides a better guide to uterine inflammation than bacteriology. The routine clinical use of endometrial cytology is recommended to aid the interpretation of both positive and negative bacterial cultures from the cervix.     

Chlamydia psittaci infection in horses: results of a prevalence survey and experimental challenge.

Nasal and conjunctival swabs were obtained from 300 horses and Chlamydia psittaci was isolated from 15 of them (5 per cent). Eleven nasal swabs and six conjunctival swabs were positive on culture, but there was no association between the isolation of the organism and the presence of clinical ocular or respiratory disease. Six ponies were challenged with an equine isolate of C psittaci into the eye, nasal cavity or bronchial tree. The organism could be isolated from nasal and conjunctival swabs taken from the ponies for up to 17 days after challenge, but there was no clinical evidence of disease.