转OsbHLH1和Bar基因水稻及相关特性分析

OsbHLH1基因编码bHLH(basic helix-loop-helix,碱性螺旋-环-螺旋)类转录因子,与水稻耐低温相关。草铵膦是一种高效低毒灭生性除草剂,Bar基因表达产物能解除草铵膦的毒性。本实验对通过农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)浸染法获得的以粳型水稻(Oryza sativaL.subsp.japonica Kato)恢复系淮C17为受体的转OsbHLH1和Bar基因水稻进行研究,鉴定其除草剂抗性和耐低温能力,考查其农艺性状。草铵膦筛选发现Bar基因正常表达;对草铵膦筛选获得的转基因植株进行PCR、Southern、RT-PCR和实时荧光定量PCR检测,发现OsbHLH1基因已经整合到水稻基因组中并且在水稻中表达。转基因T3代株系芽期(萌发芽长0.5mm)在2℃条件下处理6d,第6号转基因株系死苗率为17.8%,对照死苗率为61.1%。T3代苗期(一叶一心)在8～10℃下处理7d,第5、6、9、11号株系的根长显著长于对照,第3、5、11号株系的根数显著多于对照,第3号株系的平均鲜重显著重于对照。芽期、苗期耐冷性试验表明,OsbHLH1基因在水稻中过量表达显著提高了水稻芽期、苗期的耐低温能力。对转基因T2代的农艺性状进行考查,株高、千粒重、结实率、理论产量等农艺性状与对照相比较均出现了显著的变化,外源基因的导入对水稻的农艺性状有明显影响。研究结果将为选育抗除草剂、耐低温杂交粳稻新组合提供新种质。     

山羊雌激素受体(ESR)基因部分外显子多态性分析

雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ESR)与雌激素专一性地结合,并通过与雌激素的相互作用来调节生殖机能相关基因的表达,在动物繁殖中起着重要作用。研究采用PCR-SSCP和测序方法分析ESR基因外显子1、4在部分山羊(Capra hircus)品种中的单核苷酸多态性,并研究该基因对山羊繁殖力的影响。结果表明：ESR基因外显子1、4在所检测的济宁青山羊、波尔山羊、安哥拉山羊和内蒙古绒山羊中均不存在多态性;山羊扩增片段核苷酸和氨基酸序列与人、牛、猪、马、绵羊、大鼠、小鼠和鸡8个物种的同源性分别为51.3%～97.3%和64.5%～98.3%;山羊ESR基因氨基酸序列存在2处特有突变,分别是外显子1第81位插入一个脯氨酸(P)和外显子4第4位由天冬氨酸突变为天冬酰胺(D4N)。哺乳动物ESR基因外显子1、4序列保守性强,该区域可能不是影响山羊高繁殖力的功能结构域。     

草鱼羧肽酶A1基因(CPA1)部分片段的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)多态性及其与生长性状的关联分析

羧肽酶A (EC 3.4.16)是一类水解蛋白和多肽底物C端芳香族氨基酸或脂肪族氨基酸残基的消化酶.在草鱼生长相关的功能基因上研究单核苷酸多态性(SNP)与生长的相关性可为草鱼的分子辅助育种提供依据.本研究根据草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)EST-SNP库的羧肽酶A1基因(CPA1)重叠群的2个Contig扩增该基因的序列片段,采用直接测序法,经过序列比对,共筛到2个颠换SNP位点:C+412A和A36C,分别位于CPA 1基因外显子5的34bp和内含子3的36 bp处,前者为错义突变.然后用一个群体的296尾草鱼对这2个位点用SnaPshot的方法进行检测和分型,统计基因型频率:A36C位点的AA基因型占26.7％,AC基因型占52.0％,CC基因型占21.3％.C+412A位点的AA基因型占15.5％,AC基因型占40.5％,CC基因型占43.9％.利用一般线性模型分析2个SNP位点与草鱼体质量、体长等重要生长性状的关系.关联分析结果显示,C+36A位点不同基因型在体质量、眼间距均值上存在显著差异(P＜0.05).并且AA基因型和CC基因型在体质量、体长、体宽和眼间距上存在显著差异(P＜0.05).AA基因型各项指标均值显著高于CC基因型.C+412A位点在体质量等生长性状上差异不显著(P＞0.05),该位点和生长不相关,但是CC基因型和AC基因型在体重和肛前距上差异显著(P＜0.05),该位点CC基因型的6个生长性状均值都高于AA基因型.由两个位点组成的5种双倍型在体质量上存在显著差异(P＜0.05).双倍型D3和D5在体质量上存在差异显著(P＜0.05).双倍型D3和D8在体质量、体宽、体长、体长/头长等生长性状上都存在显著差异(P＜0.05).D3的各项指标均值最高,D8的各项指标均值最低.本研究结果显示,可以考虑将草鱼CPA1基因作为候选基因,用于草鱼的分子辅助育种.     

6个地方鸡种线粒体 COⅠ基因的DNA条形码研究

本研究利用线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶I (cytochrome c oxidase ⅠCOⅠ)这一特定基因的特定区段来做DNA条形编码的基础，选择其中二段序列（Bar1 Bar2）设计2个引物对6个中国地方鸡种的线粒体DNA进行扩增，以对其进行种品鉴定。本研究选择的2段序列中，以Bar1序列648bp（712位点到1359位点）多态性最高，突变位点最多，为24个，品种间平均多态性为3.860%，6个鸡种在此序列中有各自不同的特异位点，NJ聚类分析6个品种基本被聚为不同的类别，与形态学分类基本一致，该COⅠ基因的Bar1序列用于这些品种鉴定是可行的；而Bar2序列进行序列多态性分析，由于其多态性低，大多品种没有其特异位点，NJ聚类分析6个品种基本被聚为不同的类别，与形态学分类基本一致，不利于品种鉴定。从本研究结果看，利用COⅠ基因的DNA条形编码（DNA Barcodes）进行不同鸡品种鉴定具有方便、快捷、经济、准确等优点，结合传统形态学鉴定手段将会揭示更深层次的遗传多样性和系统进化关系, 经过进一步改进是用于品种鉴定的优良工具。     

Apple polyphenols extend the mean lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster

Apple polyphenols (AP) are an excellent source of dietary antioxidants. The present study investigated the effect of AP on the lifespan of fruit flies and their interaction with gene expressions of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), methuselah (MTH), Rpn11, and cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) subunits III and VIb. Results showed the mean lifespan was significantly extended by 10% in fruit flies fed the AP diet. This was accompanied by up-regulation of genes SOD1, SOD2, and CAT and down-regulation of MTH in the aged fruit flies. Paraquat and H(2)O(2) challenge tests demonstrated that AP prolonged the survival time only for Oregon R wild type flies but not for SOD(n108) or Cat(n1) mutants, in which either SOD or CAT was knocked out. Chronic paraquat exposure could shorten the maximum lifespan from 68 to 31 days and reduce the climbing ability by 60%, whereas AP could partially reverse the paraquat-induced mortality and decline in climbing ability. AP could up-regulate Rpn11 at day 30, whereas it appeared to have no significant effect on gene expression of ubiquitinated protein, CcO subunits III and VIb. These AP-induced changes were unlikely associated with caloric restriction as the gustatory assay found no difference in average body weight and stomach redness index between the control and AP fruit flies. It was therefore concluded that the antiaging activity of AP was, at least in part, mediated by its interaction with genes SOD, CAT, MTH, and Rpn11.     

Activity of alpha-amylase inhibitors from Phaseolus coccineus on digestive alpha-amylases of the coffee berry borer.

Seeds of scarlet runner bean ( Phaseolus coccineus L.) were analyzed for alpha-amylase inhibitor (alpha-AI) activity. Through the use of polyclonal antibodies raised against pure alpha-AI-1 from common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.), typical alpha-AlphaIota polypeptides (Mr 14-18 kDa) as well as a large polypeptide of Mr 32000 Da, usually referred to as "amylase inhibitor like", were detected. The inhibitor activity present in four accessions of P. coccineus was examined, both in semiquantitative zymograms allowing the separation of different isoforms and in quantitative assays against human salivary amylase, porcine pancreatic amylase, and coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) amylase. Differential inhibition curves lead to the suggestion that the gene encoding one of the inhibitors in P. coccineus (in accession G35590) would be a good candidate for genetic engineering of coffee resistance toward the coffee berry borer. An in vitro proteolytic digestion treatment of pure alpha-AlphaIota-1 resulted in a rapid loss of the inhibitory activity, seriously affecting its natural capacity to interact with mammalian alpha-amylases.     

四价抗病虫除草剂RNAi植物表达载体构建与转化甘蔗研究

甘蔗是重要的能源作物和糖料作物,面临病虫害日益严重问题。由于甘蔗遗传背景非常复杂,且缺乏必要种质,难以通过杂交培育抗病虫、除草剂聚合品种。基因工程技术提供了新方法。本研究利用BLAST比对获得甘蔗花叶病毒ScMV-CP基因和黄叶病毒ScYLV-CP基因的保守序列作为干扰序列,通过设计内切酶位点、生物合成和连接,获得全长687 bp的两个保守序列融合片段（MYCP）。并将其正向和反向插入中间载体pHANNIBAL上,形成双价病毒干扰结构。再通过在pHANNIBAL上添加SmaⅠ内切酶位点,将双价病毒干扰结构表达框和Cry1AC基因表达框结合;利用NotⅠ酶切,回收双价病毒干扰结构和Cry1AC基因表达框片段,连接到添加Bar基因表达框的表达载体pART27-Z上,构建了抗病虫及除草剂四价植物表达载体（pART27-MYCP-Cry1AC）。采用基因枪法将构建好的四价植物表达载体转入甘蔗品种FN15的胚性愈伤组织中,通过PPT（草丁膦）筛选获得了抗性再生甘蔗植株,经过PCR、定量以及Bt蛋白试纸检测,获得同时整合四种目的基因并表达的四价转基因甘蔗植株,为培育多抗甘蔗新品种提供了材料。     

Cu-tolerant Sinorhizobium meliloti strain is beneficial for growth,Cu accumulation,and mineral uptake of alfalfa plants grown in Cu excess

In this work, we have compared the physiological responses of alfalfa plants inoculated with either Sinorhizobium meliloti strain S412 (Cu-tolerant) or S112 (Cu-sensitive) in the presence or absence of 0.5 mM of CuSO₄. The addition of copper (Cu) introduced a decrease of nodule number and their dry weight (DW) in both symbioses. The interaction established with the Cu-sensitive strain is more affected by Cu than that with the tolerant one. In fact, plants inoculated with the sensitive strain revealed a decrease of shoot and root DW, larger than that found in plants inoculated with the tolerant strain. However, under copper supply, Medicago sativa with the Cu-tolerant strain did not show any significant changes in both shoot and root biomass production. Under Cu excess, high levels of Cu were detected in different parts of the plant in the two symbioses and a high translocation of Cu to aerial parts was shown with the strain S412. Plants with S412 were able to accumulate large quantities of calcium (Ca) in their roots and nodules. While Ca content decreased drastically in shoot at 0.5 mM of Cu treatment. Moreover, nodulation with S412 allowed plants to maintain high levels of magnesium (Mg) in all tissues and high iron (Fe) levels in nodules. Results suggest that this symbiotic pair could be used in phytostabilization of Cu-contaminated soils.     

皖西白鹅Pit-1基因插入/缺失多态性及其对早期体重的影响

本文根据鸡Pit-1基因mRNA 序列设计一对引物,以皖西白鹅DNA为模板,扩增鹅Pit-1基因的部分片段,结果发现该片段存在2个插入/缺失突变,共出现3种基因型,分别为AA、AB和BB,与AA型相比BB型分别在扩增片段的132和148bp后插入3 bp和13 bp。卡方检验结果表明,皖西白鹅的基因型分布符合哈代温伯格平衡。不同基因型之间各期体重比较的结果表明,AB型、BB型个体3-11周龄体重均显著高于AA型（P<0.05）;BB型个体3-11周龄体重高于AB型,但差异不显著（P>0.05）,表明就影响鹅早期体重而言,B等位基因为有利基因。     

Area-sensitive forest birds move extensively among forest patches

Habitat fragmentation is thought to create a barrier to individual movements particularly for area-sensitive species which, by definition, prefer to breed in large tracts of forest. For two breeding seasons, we radio-tracked an area-sensitive species, the scarlet tanager Piranga olivacea, in a fragmented landscape in northeastern PA. We found that scarlet tanagers made extensive and frequent movements among fragments. Paired males were less likely to leave their capture fragment, and traveled shorter distances. Unpaired males in fragments had two distinct tactics we labeled: “Sedentary” and “Mobile”. Sedentary males stayed at one fragment and sang at high rates, while mobile males spent 58% of the total time tracked off their capture fragment and traveled over a kilometer away from the capture site over open fields and through forests. Mobile males were not floaters per se because they were territorial (i.e., singing) in multiple sites. Habitat structure of a fragment did not correlate with the percent time a male spent off the capture fragment. Males in fragments experienced lower pairing success and were more likely to be first time breeders compared to males in continuous forest. Our results suggest that movements by scarlet tanagers in fragmented landscapes are not restricted during the breeding season, and that these movements are related directly to pairing status and indirectly to population density.     

On the present breeding status of the scarlet ibis Eudocimus ruber along the north-eastern coast of South America

During 1970–72 aerial surveys were made along the coasts of the Guianas, South America, and a reliable assessment of the present breeding status of the scarlet ibis (Eudocimus ruber (L.)) along these coasts was obtained. During this period seven scarlet ibis breeding colonies were active simultaneously, with a total number of about 20,000 breeding pairs, over half in Surinam.From correspondence with other ornithologists, it appears that little is known about the present breeding status in Columbia, in the Venezuelan llanos, and along the coast of eastern Brazil.It is argued that in the future adequate guarding of the breeding areas (and possibly also of the feeding areas) would be necessary to ensure the conservation of the species.     

Movement and behavior of scarlet macaws (Ara macao) during the post-fledging dependence period: implications for in situ versus ex situ management

Knowledge of scarlet macaw (Ara macao) biology during the post-fledging period is limited, yet information about this important life stage is critical to developing effective conservation strategies. We used radiotelemetry to study the post-fledging movements and behavior of scarlet macaws from an isolated and threatened population in Costa Rica. Our results indicate that monitoring and protection of young macaws during the initial 14 days post-fledging is a critical conservation measure. We identify coastal mangrove as an important habitat for the species during the post-fledging period. Young scarlet macaws gradually developed flight and feeding skills, learned behaviors and movement patterns from their parents, and were integrated into social groups during the post-fledging period. Our results underscore the challenges facing management programs based on captive rearing and stress the importance of in situ conservation focusing on nest cavity management and protection in cooperation with local communities.     

含有融合标记基因和LoxP／FRT位点的植物表达载体构建及应用

本研究利用化学合成法合成了包含pCAMBIA0390左右边界T-DNA和LoxP／FRT（LF）位点的DNA片段Ⅰ,利用SacⅡ和SphⅠ酶切位点,去除了pCAMBIA0390左右边界T—DNA和多克隆位点之间的序列,然后连接DNA片段Ⅰ和载体片段,构建了植物表达载体pGM323-LF-enTP。随后,再合成含有适合在单予叶植物中表达的由玉米Ubi-1启动子驱动的融合标记基因（Bar：：gus）和水稻actin-1启动子驱动的助抗虫蛋白基因（Cry1A6）表达元件的DNA片段Ⅳ,在pGM323～LF—enTP的基础上,利用5以Ⅰ和PstⅠ位点构建了同时含有LF位点、Bar：：gus以及Cry1Ab基因表达元件的表达载体pGM626-LF—ABt。利用含有pGM626-LF—ABt的农杆菌遗传转化烟草和玉米,以草丁膦作为抗性筛选剂,非转化细胞得到了有效抑制,快速获得了转基W植株,利用GUS组织化学检测和RT—PCR分析了转基因植株中标记基因的表达,结果表明pGM626-LF—ABt可以用于农杆菌介导的单、双子叶植物遗传转化。本研究为培育安全抗虫转基因植物奠定了基础。     

利用GFP基因的黄瓜T-DNA插入突变体构建与快速鉴定

为促进黄瓜功能基因组学研究,本研究开展了黄瓜T-DNA插入突变体快速构建与鉴定方法的研究。基于对黄瓜遗传转化体系农杆菌侵染活力和共培养条件的优化,本研究以绿色荧光蛋白GFP基因为插入片段,进行黄瓜T-DNA插入突变体的创制,并利用荧光显微镜进行快速鉴定,最后采用TAIL-PCR技术对突变体进行分子鉴定,确定突变位点。结果表明,选取农杆菌侵染液在活化至12~18 h时具有最佳的活力和浓度,而最佳共培养温度为23℃。采用体式荧光显微镜快速鉴定,从2 978个转化外植体中鉴定得到3株表达GFP再生苗,转化率为1.00‰。TAIL-PCR成功鉴定了一个突变体,其插入位点位于CsaV3_1G032940基因的第10个外显子中,该基因在拟南芥中的同源基因为AT4G18950 (blue light-dependent H⁺-ATPase phosphorylation 1,BHP1),参与蓝光介导的气孔开放过程,但在正常栽培环境中该突变体的T0植株与野生型无差异。本研究结果对黄瓜功能基因组学研究具有重要意义。     

利用高效转座质粒克隆Streptinomonas maltophilia YHJ-1的分解羽毛相关基因

嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌Streptinomonas maltophilia YHJ-1是一株能高效降解羽毛角蛋白的菌株;该菌对卡那霉素等多种抗生素不敏感。本实验利用携带Tn5转座酶和卡那霉素抗性转座质粒pRL27和含氯霉素抗性基因盒的pMCm质粒,构建了以氯霉素抗性作为选择标记的转座质粒pRH30。以E. coli UQ3021/pRH30为供体,通过双亲本杂交,构建了S. maltophilia YHJ-1的插入突变体文库,该库共含1246个转化子。随机挑选4个突变子的氯霉素抗性检测和PCR扩增测序分析结果显示文库是可靠的。已从文库中筛选出3株不能降解羽毛转化子,表明利用氯霉素抗性的转座质粒pRH30来构建菌株YHJ-1的突变体是克隆其相关基因并进行遗传分析的有效方法。     

水稻雄性不育突变体dtp1的细胞学分析与基因定位

本研究利用⁶⁰Co-γ辐射诱变松香早粳种子获得一个稳定遗传的水稻雄性不育突变体dtp1,为了研究其不育的发生机制并克隆目的基因,对其进行形态学观察、细胞学分析和基因定位。结果表明,dtp1突变体能完成正常的营养生长,但花药瘦小呈浅黄色,属无花粉型雄性不育突变体。石蜡切片的分析结果发现dtp1突变体能进行正常的减数分裂,与野生型(WT)相比,在小孢子发育时期dtp1突变体绒毡层染色较浅、小孢子形状不规则,后期绒毡层异常膨大,小孢子不能形成花粉粒。遗传学分析结果表明dtp1突变体受单隐性核基因控制,通过图位克隆的方法将DTP1基因定位在7号染色体SYrbC7-2680809和SYrbC7-2832575之间,物理距离为151.7 kb,共包含14个开放阅读框。本研究为进一步进行DTP1基因的克隆与功能分析奠定了理论基础。     

两个黄鸡品种Ghrelin基因的PCR-SSCP分析

摘要：本研究针对Genbank上检索的Ghrelin基因的序列设计了两对引物，用PCR-SSCP方法检测了140只京海黄鸡和30只苏禽黄鸡该基因的多态性，结果表明：引物1在两个鸡品种中均未检测到多态；引物2检测到多态：其中京海黄鸡有BB，BC，CC三种基因型，在苏禽黄鸡中只检测到BB，BC两种基因型。在两个鸡品种中B等位基因为优势基因，分布较高，其中在苏禽黄鸡中BB基因型频率达0.933，而京海黄鸡为0.657。对两个纯合基因型测序分析表明：位于Ghrelin基因546bp处发生了T→A的单碱基突变。     

Contact and fumigant toxicity of a botanical-based feeding deterrent of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae)

The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), has been considered one of the most serious biting flies of confined and pastured livestock. The economic losses caused by the stable fly to the cattle industry in the United States exceed $2 billion annually. Current practices for managing stable flies using insecticides provide only marginal control. Insecticide resistance has also been recently reported in stable flies. The present study reports the use of plant-based insecticides, for example, essential oils, as alternatives for managing this fly pest. The toxicity of several plant essential oils and selected ingredient compounds was evaluated by contact and fumigant toxicity bioassays. Catnip oil (20 mg dosage) showed the highest toxicity against stable flies, the shortest knock-down time (～7 min), and the quickest lethal time (～19 min). Toxicity levels similar to catnip oil were found among three insect repellent compounds (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide, 2-methylpiperidinyl-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxamide, (1S,2'S)-2-methylpiperidinyl-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxamide). No differences in knock-down and lethal times were found among the catnip oil and its two active ingredient compounds. Similar stable fly mortality was observed using a 20 mg dose of catnip oil in a modified K&D system and a fumigant jar. When catnip oil was topically applied to stable flies, the least lethal dose was 12.5 μg/fly, and a 50 μg/fly dose resulted in 100% mortality. The blood-feeding behavior of stable flies was also negatively affected by the topical application of catnip oil, and the effect was dose-dependent. This study demonstrated that catnip oil has both contact and fumigant toxicity against the stable fly and thus has the potential as an alternative for stable fly control.     

陇东绒山羊KRTAP2-1基因鉴定及其对羊绒性状影响的研究

角蛋白关联蛋白(KAPs)是羊绒纤维的主要结构成分,但尚未在山羊基因组中鉴定出KRTAP2-1基因,本研究以人类KRTAP2-1基因为模板,在山羊基因组中进行同源性搜索,在19号染色体上发现了一个399 bp的开放阅读框。采用聚合酶链反应-单链构象多态性(PCR-SSCP)方法,在249只陇东山羊上检测到7条不同的序列(A-G)。进化树结果表明,这7条序列与人类和绵羊的KAP2-1序列有较高的同源性,表明该序列是山羊KRTAP2-1的7个等位基因。测序结果表明,KRTAP2-1基因中存在12个单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)(5个SNPs位于编码区,7个SNPs位于非编码区),以及c.-61_-63delCTC和c.93_95delCCG两个碱基缺失,其中c.93_95delCCG引起了第32位精氨酸的移码缺失。山羊KAP2-1蛋白含有丰富的半胱氨酸、脯氨酸、苏氨酸和丝氨酸。相关性分析表明,等位基因C的存在与较小的羊绒纤维直径相关(存在:13.4±0.05 μm;缺失:13.6±0.03 μm;P=0.010)。本研究表明,山羊KRTAP2-1基因有丰富的多态性,可作为陇东绒山羊羊绒纤维直径选育的分子标记用于生产实践。     

γ射线辐照对雄果蝇寿命及子代生理的影响

用剂量为5、10、15和30Gy的60Coγ射线辐照羽化后1～2d雄果蝇,以探讨γ辐射对果蝇寿命及其子代生理变化趋势的影响,同时也为防治害虫提供参考。结果显示,辐照后各处理组果蝇的平均寿命、最高寿命及90%死亡时间均显著缩短(P0.05),30Gyγ射线使得雄果蝇初期的存活率急剧下降,但寿命变化与其他剂量组差异不显著。不同剂量辐照后的雄蝇与未经辐照的处女蝇交配,其生殖量在交配第7天前低于对照组,但第11天后辐照组均高于对照组。辐照组F1代体重增加,生理应激能力下降。