稻田土壤多年生杂草种子库研究

对江苏省仪征市连年稻麦两熟轮作稻田土壤多年生杂草种子库中杂草种类、繁殖方式、分布及萌发等特性进行了系统调查研究。结果表明,眼子菜、矮慈姑、野荸荠、水莎草、扁秆藨草等5种多年生杂草种子和块（球）茎主要分布在0~15 cm耕作层内,并以营养繁殖为主。种子萌发主要在土壤表层,块（球）茎萌发在0~15 cm土层内;土壤含水量饱和至薄水层最有利于萌发。同时阐述了种子和块（球）茎的寿命,以及免耕和水旱轮作对稻田多年生杂草种子库的影响,并提出了控制措施。     

海南岛不同类型滨海林地禁伐后的植被与土壤养分变化

滨海防护林及半自然次生林禁伐后的植被结构、土壤养分特征的变化,是认识林地演替生态过程和盐碱地生态恢复的核心内容,对生物多样性保护和生态系统服务功能提升具有重要意义。本研究针对海南岛北部低海拔滨海地区1994年开始禁伐的人工林与次生林,采用典型样地法,比较研究3类人工林（大叶相思林、木麻黄林、桉树林）和邻近的次生林、混交林（对照）等5个森林类型的植被与土壤养分特征。结果表明:（1）5种森林群落内主要植被共计34科54属57种,次生林和混交林群落物种组成较其他纯林物种丰富,木麻黄林内无灌木生长,除次生林外,其他森林类型草本层物种最丰富;（2）5种森林的土壤皆呈酸性,桉树林、次生林和混交林的土壤有机质和全氮含量较高,但土壤有效磷含量显著低于木麻黄林和大叶相思林（P<0.05）;（3）混交林土壤速效钾最高为11.27 mg/kg,其他森林类型均很低甚至未检出;（4）次生林土壤有机质含量、混交林土壤速效钾含量与群落物种组成呈正相关;土壤全氮含量与树龄、树高等呈正相关。因此,土壤养分随着禁伐时间增长而增加;桉树林具有较高的有机质和氮含量,但木麻黄林和大叶相思林的磷含量较高,次生混交林则有着较高的钾含量。     

文昌8个森林群落结构与物种多样性研究

以文昌航天发射缓冲区不同森林群落为研究对象,选择8个不同植被类型,分别设置1 hm2固定大样地,对森林植物群落的多样性、森林植物群落的物种均匀度、森林植物群落的物种优势度进行观测。结果表明：不同森林群落乔木层物种多样性差异显著,半红树林群落树种种类最高,物种多样性最高达到2.38,其次分别是天然次生林和人工混交林;不同森林群落中不同层次植物均匀度总体表现出草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层的规律,但天然次生林由于郁闭度较高,林下草本较灌木少,多样性和均匀度均小于灌木层;红树林物种优势度最小,各物种优势差异不显著。     

不同类型桉树人工林土壤种子库特征研究

为揭示土壤种子库在桉树人工林可持续经营与物种多样性恢复中的潜在作用,采用野外调查取样和室内模拟试验相结合的方法,研究了不同桉林土壤种子库的物种组成、密度、垂直分布等特征。结果表明：（1）新造桉林和桉萌芽林土壤种子库储量密度分别为9 804、7 356粒/m2,显著高于对照大叶栎杂木林土壤种子库储量密度（3 614粒/m2）。（2）新造桉林土壤种子库出现物种共15种,分属于9科;桉萌芽林为8种,分属于7科;大叶栎杂木林为16种,分属于11科。不同林型土壤种子库物种组成均以草本为主,灌木次之。（3）种子库垂直分布格局表明,不同类型森林种子主要储存在枯枝落叶层和浅层土壤中。新造桉林和萌芽林土壤种子库具有较高的生态优势度指数,但丰富度指数、Simpson多样性指数、均匀度指数及土壤种子库和地上植物的相似性系数均低于对照。桉树人工林物种多样性的提高需要适度的人为干预和科学的调控措施。     

稻田土壤杂草种子库研究

对江苏省仪征市连年稻麦两熟轮作稻田土壤杂草种子库中杂草种类进行了考查。结果表明, 有11 科22 种杂草的种子主要分布在0～10 cm 土层内。同时, 阐述了土壤种子库杂草种子的来源, 因水分、湿度、光照等自然因素和耕作、人工除草等人为因素, 杂草种子本身的完熟度等综合因素造成了土壤杂草种子库中杂草种子活力的损失与累积, 以及杂草种子萌发与土层深度、水分等的关系, 初步探明了水旱轮作对稻田土壤杂草种子库的影响, 提出了减少杂草种子库种源的对策。     

稻作区灌溉水流传播的杂草种子与稻田土壤杂草种子库的关系

选择典型稻作区,对灌溉水流传播的杂草种子的种类和数量进行取样调查,并与田埂、灌溉水渠周围生境、下茬麦田的杂草群落及稻田土壤杂草种子库进行比较分析,以研究自然条件下灌溉水流传播的杂草种子与土壤杂草种子库及其他生境杂草群落间的相互关系。 有14科21种杂草种子随灌溉水流输入稻田,这些杂草种子主要隶属禾本科、报春花科、藜科、蓼科等。土壤杂草种子库中共检出19科41种杂草种子,含有所有其他生境中杂草的种子。灌溉水流传播的杂草种子与田埂上、灌溉水渠周围生境、下茬麦田杂草群落及稻田土壤种子库的杂草群落间相似性较高,Sorensen指数均在0.5以上。     

不同植被对煤矿复垦区域土壤真菌多样性和酶活性的影响

为了评价不同植被对煤矿废弃地复垦区土壤生态修复的效果,本研究开展了桃树、杉树、李树等植被对复垦区土壤酶活性和真菌种群多样性的影响分析。结果表明：（1）不同植被下,脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和转化酶的活性差异显著。脲酶在对照中最高,桃树最低;酸性磷酸酶活性对照最高,杉树（0~20、40~60 cm）和桃树（20~40 cm）土壤中最低,且一般情况下酶活性随土层加深而降低,具有表聚性,但不同植被和不同土层的转化酶活性的变化表现不同;该区域土壤的pH随土层加深增高,最高为5.67,均呈酸性,除对照外,均表现出一定程度的差异性。（2）不同植被下,所有土壤样品的真菌种群优势门均为子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、担子菌门（Basidiomycota）、毛霉菌门（Mucoromycota）,季也蒙酵母属（Meyerozyma）和芽枝霉属（Cladosporium）为所有土壤样品都具有的优势属,而孢霉属（Mortierella）仅在柳树土壤中不是优势属,青霉菌属（Penicillium）、绿核菌属（Ustilaginoidea）是李树土壤中的优势属;盘菌属（Tricharina）是杉树土壤中的优势属;刺毛四枝孢（Tetracladium）是对照土壤中的优势属。通过综合非度量多维尺度分析（Non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS）表明,不同植被的土壤真菌群落组成差异较大,柳树0~20 cm、杉树20~40 cm、对照40~60 cm土壤中的真菌数量和多样性较丰富,其中桃树土壤中的真菌丰富度和多样性相对较低。本研究结果可以为其他煤矿复垦区域土壤生态修复研究提供借鉴。     

Characteristics of Soil Seed Banks in Different Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis Forest Types

为揭示土壤种子库在桉树人工林可持续经营与物种多样性恢复中的潜在作用,采用野外调查取样和室内模拟试验相结合的方法,研究了不同桉林土壤种子库的物种组成、密度、垂直分布等特征.结果表明:(1)新造桉林和桉萌芽林土壤种子库储量密度分别为9 804、7 356粒/m2,显著高于对照大叶栎杂木林土壤种子库储量密度(3 614粒/m2).(2)新造接林土壤种子库出现物种共15种,分属于9科;桉萌芽林为8种,分属于7科;大叶栎杂木林为16种,分属于11科.不同林型土壤种子库物种组成均以草本为主,灌木次之.(3)种子库垂直分布格局表明,不同类型森林种子主要储存在枯枝落叶层和浅层土壤中.新造桉林和萌芽林土壤种子库具有较高的生态优势度指数,但丰富度指数、Simpson多样性指数、均匀度指数及土壤种子库和地上植物的相似性系数均低于对照.桉树人工林物种多样性的提高需要适度的人为干预和科学的调控措施.     

海南文昌滨海台地不同森林林下灌草多样性及其与土壤因子关联分析

采用典型抽样法,选取海南岛滨海台地3种典型热带森林类型（椰子林、人促更新次生林、次生林）,对林下物种多样性及其土壤理化性质进行调查研究,并探讨物种多样性与土壤因子的相关性。 结果表明：灌木层中东风桔(Atalantia buxifolia)、 琼崖海棠(Calophyllum inophyllum)是3种森林类型的共有物种,其中在椰子林和人促更新次生林林型下占有较大优势;草本层中牛膝(Achyranthes bidentata)和地桃花(Urena lobata)是3种森林类型共有草本植物,但并非是优势种。次生林和人促更新次生林林下灌木层的多样性指数与均匀度指数都较高,林下物种组成相对复杂,共有树种有11种,相似系数高达45％。次生林林下植物多样性与土壤全氮、全磷、有效磷、速效钾及铵态氮之间达极显著正相关关系;人促更新次生林植物多样性与土壤全钾、全氮、速效钾、无机氮及铵态氮之间达极显著正相关;椰子林林下植物多样性与土壤各养分含量之间的相关性不明显。经多元逐步回归分析证实：滨海台地热带林土壤pH、全磷、全钾、速效钾、有效磷、铵态氮及无机氮共7个土壤因子对林下植物多样性具有显著影响。     

海南植胶区不同群落结构林下生物多样性分析

通过样方调查的方法分析海南植胶区4种不同特点、不同气候带及不同地形的林下植被生物多样性。结果表明，4种植被林(包括幼龄橡胶林、老龄橡胶林、桉树人工林、天然次生林)中，物种数由高到低分别为老龄橡胶林(44种)＞幼龄橡胶林(41种)＞天然次生林(39种)＞桉树人工林(30种)；不同气候带林下物种组成及生物多样性指数差异较大，表现为湿润气候带以需水量大的草本植物，干旱半干旱地区以适应性强的植物为主，且湿润气候带的物种优势度指数和丰富度指数高于干旱、半干旱气候带，而多样性指数和均匀度指数则相反；其次，平原台地与山丘地区的4种群落类型下物种优势度λ均具有一定的差异，整体表现为天然次生林＞老龄橡胶林＞幼龄橡胶林＞桉树人工林。     

Historical land use by domestic grazing revealed by the soil seed bank: a case study from a natural semi‐arid grassland of NW Patagonia

Livestock can affect the soil seed bank through various mechanisms associated with changes in vegetation. We sampled vegetation and seed banks of Patagonian grasslands, in areas with different historical use by grazing (exclosure, moderate use and high use) to evaluate to what extent changes in vegetation are reflected in the seed bank. We also evaluated the effect of historical grazing on horizontal spatial seed distribution by sampling under shrubs and in between plant gaps. We focused the study on functional groups, and on the palatable Poa ligularis, an indicator of grassland status. In general, the proportional changes in composition and abundance of functional groups produced in grazed sectors (relative to each exclosure) were bigger for the seed bank than for the aboveground vegetation. Impacts on seed bank were led by a decrease (moderate use), or total disappearance (high use) of perennial grasses, results clearly reflected by P. ligularis. Although shrubs were represented in vegetation, they were undetected in the seed bank through germination, probably due to the lack of the conditions required for breaking seed dormancy. Intensive grazing produced homogenization in seed spatial distribution. Our work revealed a poor contribution of the seed bank to vegetation regeneration at increasing historical use by grazing. We recommend sampling the seed bank when monitoring the conservation status of grasslands to obtain consistent management guidelines.     

桉树林取代马尾松树林后土壤动物组成变化研究

为深入了解不同林龄桉树林下土壤动物的多样性及相似性，客观评价桉树取代马尾松林后的生态效益，利用建立的标准养地，对比研究了广西柳州不同林龄桉树林和马尾松土壤动物群落结构特征。大型土壤动物采用野外分层手捡记数，中小型土壤动物采用取土器分层取土，带回实验室采用干漏斗分离并镜检。结果表明，桉树取代马尾松后，土壤动物物种丰富度增加了，但土壤动物的多样性指数、优势度指数和均匀度指数均下降，导致群落的稳定性变差。炼山导致生境的改变，影响了土壤动物的数量。随着桉树的持续经营，土壤动物相似程度增加，但与马尾松林下土壤动物的     

Soil Weed Seed Banks and Weed Management

Abstract

Studies of soil weed seed banks are of relatively recent origin considering their importance as sources of diversity and continued occupation of many types of habitats, including agroecosystems. The management of weed seed banks is based on knowledge and modification of the behavior of seeds within the soil seed bank matrix. The behavior of seeds defines the phenotypic composition of the floral community of a field. Selection and adaptation over time have led to the highly successful weed populations that exploit resources unused by crops. The weed species infesting agricultural seed banks are those populations that have found successful trait compromises within and between the five roles of seeds: dispersal and colonization, persistence, embryonic food supply, display of genetic diversity, and as a means of species multiplication. Diverse weed seed populations provide seed banks the opportunity to exploit any change in conditions to ensure their enduring survival and spread. The soil seed bank matrix is the spatial arrangement of environmental and physical factors over time. The behavior of soil seed banks at any level of biological, spatial, or temporal organization is a consequence of the accumulated, emergent behavior at lower levels of organization. Weed seed behavior arises from their sensitivity to environmental conditions within the physical structure of the soil seed bank. This sensitivity is reflected in changes of short duration (e.g., germination), during the annual life cycle, over multiple years (e.g., population shifts), and over evolutionary time. Understanding the processes that drive and control seed behavior will allow us to manipulate and manage weed seed banks in an economic and sustainable manner. This knowledge will allow us to implement improved, more informed, weed management systems and strategies. Important weed bank management strategies include prevention of seed introduction on farm, acquisition of weed biology information (including predictive tools), decision making about weed seed infestation levels and their implementation (eradication, reduction, tolerance), weed seed population shifts (within the seed bank, between species, increased diversity), and manipulations encouraging beneficial weed species. Environmental modification and changes in cropping systems can also be of considerable strategic importance in weed management.     

不同林龄木麻黄沿海防护林林下植被多样性研究

为了揭示木麻黄防护林群落不同演替阶段的物种多样性的变化规律,为中国沿海木麻黄防护林的恢复和重建提供理论依据,采用典型抽样法,选取了海南文昌滨海台地不同林龄的木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)防护林,对林下植物物种组成和植物多样性进行调查研究。结果表明,木麻黄防护林下出现的植物种类为19科31属32种,其中木本植物6科6属8种;草本植物14科24属24种。黑面神(Breynia fruticosa)、马樱丹(Lantana camara)、银合欢(Leucaena leucocephala)、丰花草(Borreria stricta)、白花草(Habenaria dentata)等物种几乎在木麻黄林的各个年龄阶段出现。随着林龄的增加,林下物种总丰富度指数明显在增长。Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数表现为前期物种多样性随林龄的增加而增高,后期稳定不变。说明滨海台地的木麻黄沿海防护林随着林龄的增长,植被群落的生境趋于稳定。     

Complementing endozoochorous seed dispersal patterns by donkeys and goats in a semi-natural island ecosystem

Background

Endozoochory is, in grazing systems, a substantial vector for seed dispersal. It can play an important role in vegetation dynamics, especially in colonization processes through seed input on the vegetation and on the soil seed bank. We investigated the endozoochorous seed input of donkeys and goats on a semi-natural island ecosystem in the Mediterranean. Through germination experiments, we assessed the viable seed content of the dung of these grazing animals to estimate their suitability and efficiency for seed dispersal of the vegetation types of the island.

Results

We show different dispersal patterns of donkeys and goats. Goats disperse a high number of diaspores from shrubs while donkeys disperse more diaspores of grasses. In addition, goats disperse plants of greater growth height and donkeys plants of shorter height. These dispersal patterns are in accordance with the vegetation types of which donkeys and goats disperse indicator species. Both, donkeys and goats, feed on and disperse species of the vegetation types, open grassland and temporarily wet grassland. In addition, goats feed on and disperse diagnostic species of the semi-open maquis and preforest formations.

Conclusions

Overall, our results show that donkeys and goats are complementing each other in their endozoochorous seed dispersal potential. This emphasizes the importance of both grazing animals for the vegetation dynamics of the semi-natural island ecosystem. Therefore, the adaption of the goat management to a traditional land management based on directed transhumance might maintain and enrich vegetation types.