四川省水稻高温热害风险及灾损评估

高温热害是四川省最主要的农业气象灾害之一,研究高温热害对水稻的影响对于四川省农业可持续发展、保障水稻的安全生产具有重要意义。本文以1981—2015年四川省84个气象台站的逐日气象资料、农业气象观测站水稻生育期资料和县级水稻产量资料为基础,利用水稻高温热害指数,构建四川省水稻关键生育期和全生育期综合高温热害风险模型;分离水稻气象产量,建立高温热害影响下水稻气象产量与高温热害指数间的统计模型,开展1981—2015年四川省水稻高温热害风险和灾损评估。研究结果表明：四川省水稻抽穗扬花期,高温热害较高风险区和高风险区主要集中在盆地东北大部和盆地南部的个别地区,其中达州、广安和泸州的部分地区为高风险区。而低风险区主要分布在盆地西部、南部和川西南的大部地区。灌浆结实期,水稻高温热害较高风险区和高风险区主要集中在盆地东北和盆地南部的大部分地区,其中泸州大部、南充和宜宾的个别地区为高风险区。而低风险区主要分布在盆地北部、西部和川西南的大部地区。水稻全生育阶段高温热害较高风险区和高风险区主要集中在盆地东北和盆地南部的大部分地区,其中泸州、南充和达州的部分地区为高风险区。而低风险区主要分布在盆地北部、西部和川西南的大部地区。构建的水稻高温热害灾损评估模型简单实用,验证结果表明高温热害年水稻统计产量与模拟产量间的相对误差绝对值都小于1.5%,建立的模型能反映四川省高温热害对水稻产量的影响,同时能够较好地评估高温热害下四川省水稻的产量损失。进一步的灾损评估结果表明,高温热害危害下代表站点水稻的减产率为5.6%~10.2%。     

暴雨灾害对福建水稻产量影响的灾损评估方法

利用福建省历年暴雨和水稻产量资料,确定水稻产量灾损量的表征方法,分析暴雨对水稻单产影响的关键时段和致灾因子,在致灾因子中首次提出效力暴雨量的概念,充分考虑暴雨强度和水稻不同生长发育期抗灾力的不同影响,建立暴雨对早稻和中晚稻单产影响的灾损评估模型,从而形成暴雨灾害对福建水稻产量影响的一套完整灾损评估方法。利用评估模型对2007年福建暴雨发生区域的水稻单产进行灾损预估及检验。结果表明:早稻单产灾损率的预估误差的绝对值在0.08~5.15个百分点,平均误差为2.15个百分点;中晚稻单产灾损率的预估误差的绝对值在0.02~3.77个百分点,平均误差为1.9个百分点,预估精度较高,灾损评估方法可行。     

基于农业灾情的东北粮食产量估算模型及灾损分析

利用1981-2010年东北三省农业灾情统计数据和粮食产量数据,应用多元回归方法分析粮食气候减产量与灾情的关系,并构建基于灾情数据的粮食产量估算模型;在粮食因灾减产量估算的基础上,应用灰色关联法评价干旱、洪涝、低温和风雹4种灾害在受灾率、成灾率及绝收率水平上对粮食减产量的影响。结果表明,东北三省粮食气候减产量与农业灾情统计数据存在极显著（P〈0.01）相关关系,回归模型决定系数（R2）分别为0.76（黑龙江省）、0.78（吉林省）和0.87（辽宁省）,各模型估算的粮食产量模拟值与实际值间的平均相对误差分别为-0.06%、-0.32%和-0.20%。可见在气象灾害发生时历史农业灾情统计资料对区域粮食灾损量和粮食产量具有较强的指示作用,能为以粮食作物为主的地区提供可靠的粮食产量估算和农业气象灾害评价依据。对粮食因灾减产量与灾情的灰色关联度的分析表明,在受灾水平上,干旱的关联度在三省均为最高;在成灾、绝收水平上,风雹的关联度均位列第1;低温灾害在受灾、成灾和绝收水平上的关联度都不是最高的。由此可见,造成东北三省粮食减产的主要气象灾害是以程度轻、范围广的干旱及程度重、局地性强的风雹为主,而东北地区作为气候变暖趋势最明显的地区之一,低温不再是当地首要的农业气象灾害。     

安徽省一季稻产量灾损风险评价

利用安徽省1981-2014年50个市(县)一季稻产量资料,采用直线滑动平均方法计算一季稻相对气象产量,通过正交经验分解(EOF)分析一季稻相对气象产量的时空变化特征,并从一季稻产量灾损角度出发,采用灾年平均减产率、产量变异系数、减产风险指数及区域农业水平指数作为产量灾损风险评估指标,对安徽一季稻产量灾损进行风险区划。结果表明:研究期内安徽省各市(县)一季稻产量变化趋势一致,北部增产或减产较南部明显,2005年之前安徽一季稻产量波动剧烈;不同产量灾损评估指标在空间上表现出一定的地域性和连续性,灾年平均减产率、产量变异系数和减产风险指数均表现为北部数值高于南部,区域农业水平指数呈现由东北向西南减小的趋势。根据产量灾损综合风险指数区划结果,研究区域内北部灾损风险高于南部,风险高值区和中值区主要分布在沿淮、江淮北部,风险低值区面积最广,主要位于皖南山区、沿江地区及江淮南部。     

四川省水稻综合气象灾害风险区划

本文利用1981—2012年四川省82县的水稻单产资料,采用HP滤波法,进行水稻气象产量分离,分歉收年和成灾年两个年型,研究四川省水稻单产平均减产率、减产率变异系数和不同等级减产率风险概率的空间分布特征,并基于成灾年风险区划指标,开展四川省水稻综合气象灾害风险区划。结果表明:HP滤波法可用于四川省水稻气象产量分离,四川省水稻气象产量具有显著的准4 a、7 a周期振荡特征。平均减产率从西南向东北方向呈现"高–低–高"分布特征,80%以上县歉收年平均减产率介于2%～7%,成灾年平均减产率介于6%～15%。各县歉收年减产率变异系数介于0.6～2.2,成灾年减产率变异系数介于0～1.2;减产率变异系数相对高值区位于西南山地西部、盆地南部和盆地北部山地。各级减产率风险概率大值区主要集中于广元和巴中地区,还包括盐亭、古蔺、盐源、越西等县。四川省水稻综合气象灾害高风险区主要分布于盆地北部、盆地南部和西南山地西部等山区,中等风险区主要分布于盆地丘陵区及盆周低山区,低风险区主要分布于盆地平原、浅丘区和凉山州中东部。风险区划结果与四川省气象灾害分布和水稻农业气象灾害分布的研究成果相吻合,可为四川省水稻防灾减灾提供科学依据和重要参考。     

安徽省油菜花期连阴雨灾害损失评估指标

基于安徽省油菜主产区1980-2009年44个气象台站逐日气象资料和油菜产量资料,采用数理统计方法,获得油菜历年灾损率以及花期连阴雨特征量指标即连阴雨日数、持续降水量和日照时数。按照引入因子对产量的影响最大且因子之间相关性较低的原则,筛选出连阴雨关键致灾因子并确定致灾因子临界值。最后利用K-均值聚类分析方法,建立油菜花期连阴雨灾害评估等级指标,并利用2010-2014年连阴雨灾害样本进行验证。结果表明,油菜花期的连阴雨日数和持续降水量与减产率相关性较高,且因子间相关性较低,可作为连阴雨灾害评估的关键因子;连阴雨日数致灾临界值为3d,持续降水量致灾临界值在江淮区、沿江区和皖南地区分别为20、50和70mm。利用聚类分析法构建的包括江淮、沿江和皖南地区的安徽省油菜主产区花期连阴雨灾害评估指标为：轻度灾损率5%～10%、中度10%～20%、重度20%～30%和特重≥30%,其历史回代和独立样本检验表明轻度和中度准确率较高（88%～100%）,重度和特重准确率相对较低（65%～70%）。     

基于历史产量丰歉影响指数的黑龙江省水稻产量动态预报

水稻是黑龙江省主栽作物之一,开展水稻产量动态预报对黑龙江省粮食生产具有重要意义。利用黑龙江省水稻主产区产量资料、发育期资料、日最高气温、日最低气温、日降水量和日照时数等资料,根据历史年水稻产量丰歉气象影响指数,建立黑龙江省水稻产量丰歉趋势动态预报模型。另外,采用相关分析的方法,确定影响产量的关键气象因子,建立相应的产量预报模型,对产量丰歉趋势动态预报模型进行修订。通过对1997-2006年水稻产量进行动态预报,结果表明,5月31日、6月30日、7月31日和8月31日预报的水稻产量增减趋势的预报正确率平均为90%、70%、90%和80%,产量预报准确率为84%、90%、94%和93%,预报准确率较高,能够满足业务服务的需要。     

南昌高温逼熟发生规律及其对早稻产量的影响

利用南昌市5个国家气象站1960-2012年逐年6月下旬-7月上旬的日平均气温、日最高气温统计资料,根据江西省地方标准《江西省双季稻气象灾害指标》,分析近53a当地早稻灌浆成熟期高温逼熟气象灾害的发生周期及时空分布特征,并就其对早稻产量及其构成因素的影响进行分析。结果表明:(1)南昌高温逼熟气象灾害平均2a一遇,且近53a来灾害有由轻度转为重度发生的趋势;(2)南昌地区高温逼熟灾害的出现有较强的空间分布规律,重度高温逼熟南部多、中部少、北部无;轻度高温逼熟中部多、南北少。(3)轻度高温逼熟年份中,温度越高水稻空壳率越低、结实率越高,有利于产量形成;重度高温逼熟年份中,温度越高空壳率越高、结实率越低,不利于产量形成。说明轻度高温逼熟对早稻产量基本无不利影响,而重度高温逼熟应积极防御。研究结果有利于合理安排早稻播期及双季水稻种植结构的调整。     

河北省主要农作物农业气象灾害灾损评估方法

针对河北省不同区域冬小麦、玉米,棉花不同发育期内所遭受的旱、涝、风、雹、冻等农业气象灾害,阐述了其灾损评估的理论依据。全面分析了影响农业气象灾害的各种因素,选取了其适宜的农业气象灾害指标并进行分级,确定了灾害的评估方法,并建立了灾损评估模型。通过检验效果良好。     

河南夏玉米产量灾损的风险区划

利用河南省96个县1971-2010年的夏玉米实际产量资料,从产量灾损率角度,分析该区夏玉米灾损风险评估指标的分布规律,包括历年平均减产率、减产率变异系数、不同减产率风险概率和灾损减产风险指数,构建夏玉米产量灾损风险评估模型,对河南省夏玉米产量灾损进行风险区划.结果表明,各灾损风险评估指标在河南省夏玉米区分布具有明显的地域性和连片性,根据综合风险指数将河南省夏玉米区划分为高、中、低3类风险区,低风险区分布在豫北、豫东、豫中的华北平原地区和南阳盆地;中风险区分布在豫西北部丘陵地区和豫南雨养夏玉米区;高风险区包括新蔡、上蔡、平舆、沈丘和渑池等县区,此区夏玉米减产综合风险最高,抗灾性较弱.研究结果可对指导河南夏玉米生产趋利避害和防灾减灾提供参考依据.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.