东方白鹳消化器官的组织学研究（一）

采用石蜡切片,HE染色法,对四只成年东方白鹳的消化器官进行了组织学研究。发现一些明显的特点。东方白鹳无嗉囊,其食管为一直行管道。在中、下段食管粘膜上皮表面有一层均质的粉红色分泌物覆盖。上段食管的固有膜内有食管腺分布,但中、下段食管则没有食管腺分布。在食管与腺胃交界处管壁的固有膜内有明显的盲囊状结构,其囊腔与该交界处的管腔直接相通。腺胃明显大于其它家禽的腺胃。粘膜乳头多而密集。有发达的胃腺。     

东方白鹳消化器官的组织学研究

采用石蜡切片,HE染色法,对四只成年东方白鹳的消化器官进行了组织学研究。发现一些明显特点。东方白鹳的十二指肠极为发达,长约80—100厘米。肠绒毛较长,且无分支现象。小肠其它各段和大肠较短,盲肠一对,但很不发达.仅长约0.8—1.1厘米。盲肠腔窄小,管壁厚,壁内充满了淋巴组织,肠腺很少。肝、胰脏组织结构基本与家禽的结构相似。     

鸸鹋胃的组织学特点

通过对鸸鹋腺胃和肌胃组织学特点的观察，结果表明鸸鹋腺胃的深层复腺非常发达；肌胃的粘膜向管腔突出形成细而长的皱襞，肌胃腺是分支的管泡状腺，肌层十分发达，这些特点和与鸸鹋的消化机能密切相关。     

东方白鹳脑的解剖学特点

通过解剖学研究，发现了东方白鹳脑的一些明显的特点。东方白鹳全脑的外形略大于鹅脑，明显大于鸭脑。脑的平均全长为４４．１ｍｍ，宽平均为３６．１ｍｍ。大脑宽而短；脑谷直而长，并一直延伸到嗅球的外侧缘。大脑背侧的矢状隆凸贯穿整个大脑半球的全长。小脑很发达，明显地呈前后方向扩展，长度和宽度都显著地大于鸭的和鹅的小脑。东方白鹳中脑的视叶特别发达，平均长度为１４．５ｍｍ，宽９．１ｍｍ，明显大于鹅脑和鸭脑的视叶；视来也相当发达，宽达８．３７ｍｍ，比鹅的和鸭的视束粗大得多。研究结果表明：东方白鹳具有发达的视觉神经中枢和强大的飞行调节中枢，其脑的形态学特点与其生理功能是完全相符的。     

北京白鸡5—18日龄胚胎消化器官的显微结构

以组织学方法研究了孵化第５，９，１２，１８天鸡胚的胃、肠、肝、胰的显微结构，探讨了鸡胚胃、肠、肝、胰的形态发生。观察到腺胃粘膜深层的复管状腺比腺胃粘膜浅层和肌胃粘膜中的单管状腺结构复杂，肌胃的肌层比腺胃和肠管的肌层发达。诸如此类，器官中结构较复杂或较发达的部分需要较长的发育时间，往往发育较早；复腺的发育中先有腺管然后有腺管分支和腺泡；吞食蛋白羊水对消化器官的发育具有重要影响     

东方蝾螈的形态观察和解剖学研究

采用解剖学方法对8尾东方蝾螈的外形和内脏进行了系统研究。结果表明，东方蝾螈的口裂很宽，口咽腔底壁的前方有不发达的舌。食管短，黏膜上有纵行皱襞；胃呈纺锤形的长囊，肌层发达，贲门口较大；直肠粗大；肝较为发达，有胆囊；胰独立，不与肝混合，但胰管与胆管合并。肺为2个锥形的薄壁长囊，构造简单，囊壁形成蜂窝状。输尿管不直接通膀胱，尿液先到泄殖腔，然后再到膀胱。雄性大鲵无专门的输精管，而是借助于输尿管输精。雌性大鲵有卵巢1对，呈带形的囊状卵巢。     

海南鳽消化系统的组织学观察

通过常规石蜡包埋切片、HE染色，观察2只雄性海南鳽消化系统的组织结构。结果显示，其消化管具一般的4层结构，但缺乏黏膜肌层。食管有粗大的皱襞，肌层发达，无食管腺。嗉囊不明显，肌胃退化，与腺胃构成一囊状的胃。小肠绒毛较长，有分支现象，未见中央乳糜管结构。肠腺的黏液细胞为圆形，细胞核位于细胞中央；无十二指肠腺。肝、胰的结构与其他鸟类相似。海南鳽消化器官的特点可能与其食性有关。     

邬鸟的消化系统

鸵鸟的消化系统是由口咽腔、食管、腺胃、肌胃、小肠、大肠、泄殖腔、肝和胰组成,没有唇和齿、被喙所代替,食管易扩张,没有嗉囊;腺胃与肌胃之间以大的腺胃肌胃口直接相通;盲肠具有两条;肝无胆囊。     

鸵鸟的消化系统

鸵鸟的消化系统是由口咽腔、食管、腺胃、肌胃、小肠、大肠、泄殖腔、肝和胰组成。没有唇和齿,被喙所代替;食管易扩张,没有嗉囊;腺胃与肌胃之间以大的腺胃肌胃口直接相通;盲肠具有两条;肝无胆囊。     

驯鹿消化道的组织学观察

本实验采用常规H.E染色法对驯鹿消化道的组织结构进行观察，结果发现驯鹿消化道的组织结构与牛的基本相似。但驯鹿有以下特点：食管的粘膜下层未见有食管腺分布，食管肌层的横纹肌横纹非常明显，前胃的粘膜肌较牛的发达，小肠绒毛较牛的细长；十二指肠的粘膜下层未见有十十指肠腺，小肠腺主要由柱状细胞构成，还有少量的杯状细胞，无潘氏细胞。     

维生素D3对丝毛乌骨鸡组织中β-防御素基因的表达调控

本试验旨在研究不同水平维生素D3对丝毛乌骨鸡组织中β-防御素(AVBDs)基因表达的调控.采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测饲喂不同水平(800、1 600、3 200和6 400 IU/kg)维生素D3对丝毛乌骨鸡胸腺、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠和法氏囊中3个β-防御素(AVBD-1、AVBD-5和GAL-1)基因表达水平的影响.结果表明:3个β-防御素基因在6个组织中均有表达,其中乌骨鸡AVBD-1和GAL-1基因的最高表达水平都在采食了3 200 IU/kg维生素D3时的空肠;AVBD-5基因的最高表达水平在采食了1 600 IU/kg维生素D3时的十二指肠;在依次采食维生素D3800、1 600、3 200和6 400 IU/kg的乌骨鸡组织中,3个β-防御素基因都存在先升后降的表达趋势.结果表明,β-防御素基因在同一组织的表达水平与维生素D3饲喂水平存在剂量关系,适宜的维生素D3饲喂水平能上调这3个β-防御素基因在乌骨鸡组织中的表达量.     

鸡病毒性关节炎诊断方法研究进展

由禽呼肠病毒引起的鸡病毒性关节炎在我国广泛存在,给养禽业造成了巨大的危害。许多病原体都能引起鸡的关节炎,并且临床症状比较相似,国内外学者建立了多种方法用于该病的诊断。文章从病原分离鉴定、血清学试验和分子生物学手段3个方面对该病的诊断进行综述。     

关于黑鹳解剖的初步研究

2010年2月8日,山西灵丘黑鹳省级自然保护区1只亚成年黑鹳不明死亡。为查明黑鹳死亡的原因,了解黑鹳的身体结构,我们对黑鹳作了认真仔细的解剖、观察、分析研究。解剖的每一步,都做了认真的记录和拍照。通过这次解剖观察,使我们初步对其外部和内部形态结构有了一个精确、直观的认识:发现了黑鹤有着独特的内部生理结构:初步认识到了黑鹳独特生活习性的内部原因。     

洪河自然保护区东方白鹳人工招引及种群恢复的研究

笔者于１９９２年２月－６月，１９９５年２月－６月在洪河自然保护区进行了东方白鹤数量调查，人工招引及种群恢复研究。目前保护区内仅余一天然巢。两年共建人工巢１６个，已被利用６巢，利用率为３７．５％。同时将建立濒危鸟类种群繁殖、恢复基地，恢复、扩大野生种群。     

禽霍乱+大肠杆菌病二联蜂胶灭活疫苗与油佐剂疫苗注射部位的动态病理组织学比较观察

用禽霍乱+大肠杆菌二联蜂胶灭活疫苗和油佐剂疫苗分别胸肌注射免疫肉鸡,分别于免疫后7d、14d和28d剖杀,取注射部位的肌肉组织,常规石蜡包埋切片观察。结果为,蜂胶疫苗免疫组免疫后7d时,肌纤维轻度水肿,纤维间有大量淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞的浸润,巨噬细胞吞噬有蜂胶颗粒,14d时肌纤维则恢复正常;油苗注射组免疫后,7d时肌肉中度水肿,其间有大量油乳状疫苗残留,镜检可见肌纤维断裂、坏死,其间有较多较大的油囊,囊壁由大量增生的成纤维细胞、异嗜性粒细胞、巨噬细胞、小血管及淋巴样细胞组成,细胞增生持续存在到28d,最后形成肉芽肿结构。研究结果表明,蜂胶疫苗免疫后对局部组织学影响明显小于油苗注射组。     

Two fiber genes of nearly equal lengths are a common and distinctive feature of Fowl adenovirus C members

The complete genome or the genome region containing the two fiber genes of two reference strains and one field isolate representing both serotypes of Fowl adenovirus C were sequenced. Two fiber genes were revealed in the genomes of all three isolates. Fiber-1 and fiber-2 genes of several Fowl adenovirus C isolates were sequenced as well. Both serotypes 4 and 10 have two fiber genes. The genome region containing the fiber gene was also sequenced for the reference strain of Fowl adenovirus B. Just one fiber gene was revealed in this strain. Predicted amino acid sequences were compared to already published fiber sequences of different adenovirus isolates and one amino acid substitution within fiber-2 was detected in all of the Fowl adenovirus C isolates that were isolated from chickens with hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome in comparison to apathogenic isolates. Phylogenetic analyses provided insights about the evolution of fiber genes in avian adenoviruses and their genetic relationships.     

Activity of fiber-degrading microorganisms in the pig large intestine

The large intestine is comparable to the rumen fermentation in many aspects; however, it is understood less well. Fiber in the form of cellulose and hemicellulose is one of the major substrates fermented in the large intestine. Various studies suggest that the pig can utilize fiber for growth, and up to 30% of its maintenance energy may be derived from volatile fatty acids produced in the large intestine. The total number of microorganisms in the pig large intestine do not change when a high fiber diet such as 50 or 80% alfalfa meal is fed. However, the fiber-degrading organisms increase and obviously replace others. The increase in fibrolytic bacteria normally coincides with an increase in enzyme activity (cellulase and xylanase), indicating that diet can be used to enhance fibrolytic activity. This is true for growing pigs and adult animals. The cellulolytic organisms in the pig, Bacteroides succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens, are similar to those in the rumen and are present at comparable numbers. This partly explains why adult pigs can maintain themselves by merely grazing on forage in pastures. Assuming other conditions are met, there is a significant potential for fiber degradation in the pig large intestine. Whether various genotypes such as the genetically selected obese and lean pigs have different abilities to degrade fiber is unknown. More work is required to understand the interaction of the fibrolytic organisms with the other organisms present in the large intestine, similar to that which has been done in the rumen, as well as the microbe-host interaction.     

Ⅰ群禽腺病毒及其疫苗研究进展

1987年以来,禽腺病毒(Fowl adenoviruses,FAdV)在世界范围内感染普遍。2015年,我国山东省首先爆发该病毒引起的疫病,之后各省市地区相继蔓延流行,给养禽业造成了很大的经济损失,特别以心包积液综合征(hydropericardium syndrome,HPS)和包涵体肝炎(inclusion body hepatitis,IBH)造成的危害最大。本文主要将禽腺病毒的病原学、流行病学、临床特征研究及疫苗的研制等进展加以总结,以期为本病的防控提供参考。     

六安地区禽霍乱分离株与疫苗株抗原性的比较

六安地区是禽霍乱常发地区，生产上常出现禽霍乱疫苗免疫效果不理想的情况。通过菌体凝集试验、双向琼脂扩散试验和免疫保护试验比较临床分离到的禽多杀性巴氏杆菌与疫苗菌体的抗原性差异，发现两者的抗原性有明显不同，推测这是禽霍乱灭活疫苗在本地区使用效果不理想的主要原因之一。     

Effects of Observed Incubation Behavior on Egg Production in Laying Hens of a Commercial Chicken Breed and Detection of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated with the Incubation Behavior

Upon contact with laid eggs, avians initiate incubation behavior and stop laying additional eggs. This phenomenon suggests that the productivity of laying hens in free-range facilities may decrease because of frequent contact with laid eggs. Here, we examined whether hens of a commercial breed exhibit incubation behavior in a free-range facility and whether egg productivity subsequently decreases. One-hour observations were performed twice weekly for 3 weeks, during which 9 of 129 hens (7.0%) exhibited incubation behavior (i.e., sitting on eggs) in the free-range facility and were defined as incubating hens. During 4 d of continuous behavioral observation, incubating and non-incubating hens laid the same number of eggs statistically (4.6 and 3.6, on average, respectively); however, incubating hens spent significantly more time on average incubating the eggs (2071.9 min) than did the non-incubating hens (20.9 min; P<0.05), indicating a clear behavioral difference. Subsequently, the incubation behavior and egg productivity of incubating hens and a Silkie Fowl breed hen, which is known to exhibit typical incubation behavior and cessation of laying, were continuously compared for 27 d. The average minutes spent incubating eggs during the observation period increased in both the incubating hens and Silkie Fowl hen and the total time was almost the same (18,088.5 and 23,092 min, respectively). However, the Silkie Fowl hen stopped laying on day 17 after laying 17 eggs, whereas the incubating hens continued laying throughout the observation period. Incubating hens laid an average of 24.5 eggs, indicating that some hens (at least those of the commercial breed used in our study) can continue laying while exhibiting incubation behavior. A single-nucleotide polymorphism associated with incubation behavior was detected on chromosome 4 through genome-wide association analysis.