Effect of Equilibrium Solution Ionic Strength on the Adsorption of Zn,Cu, Cd,Pb, As,and P on Aluminum Mining By-Product

Adsorption onto powdered activated carbon (PAC) is a promising option to remove organic micro-pollutants (OMP) from drinking water sources or wastewater. Since this treatment option requires continuous PAC dosing, sufficient contact time and subsequent separation of the PAC, the integration into existing process chains is challenging. In the present investigation, the pre-loading of a deep bed filter with PAC used as fixed bed adsorber was investigated. The retention and distribution of an exemplary PAC in a pumice rapid filter were determined. Gravimetry combined with combustion of the PAC at 550 °C was applied to differentiate between PAC and filter material residues and revealed comparably high PAC immobilization in the upper third of the pumice filter. Comparative adsorption experiments in batch with suspended PAC and continuous filtration tests with immobilized PAC showed advantageous results for immobilized PAC with regard to the removal of OMP and the sum parameters dissolved organic carbon and UV light absorption at 254 nm wavelength. The results indicate that a conventional rapid filter together with PAC can be effectively utilized as fixed bed adsorption filter.     

Impacts of flooding,nitrogen-fertilization,and soil-depth on sugarcane nutrients grown on Histosols

Abstract

Sustainable production in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) is confounded by decreasing soil depth and high annual rainfall. Formerly a sawgrass marsh, Histosols predominate much of the EAA and these soils have frequently flooded following their drainage in the early 20th century. Subsidence has increased inundation frequency as soil depth has decreased to less than 25?cm in many locations. A 2-year lysimeter study was conducted to examine alternative management practices for improved agricultural sustainability given frequent flooding and reduced oxidation rates on Histosols. Specific management factors examined included water-table, soil depth, and nitrogen (N) fertilizer effects on sugarcane leaf nutrient concentrations and soil nutrient cycling. The trial utilized soil depths of 13 and 25?cm, water tables of constant and periodically flooded, and N fertilizer rates of 0 and 168?kg ha^?1?year^?1. Periodic flooding increased plant uptake of manganese (Mn), silicon (Si), and boron (B). Yield increases associated with additional N indicate a potential need to develop fertilizer rate recommendations for shallow Histosols. Soil depth impacted sugarcane nutrient uptake with 25?cm of soil depth significantly affecting examined leaf nutrient concentrations except iron (Fe). Sugarcane yield may benefit if additional N and potassium (K) are added at rates specific to soil depth. Proximity to bedrock led to excessive calcium (Ca) uptake and low K and Fe DRIS (Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System) values were below recommendations. Data from this study can assist development of precision agricultural practices in the EAA that utilize soil depth.     

Effects of extrusion, boiling, autoclaving, and microwave heating on lupine allergenicity

Lupine flour has been reported as a causative agent of allergic reactions. However, the allergenicity of lupine after thermal processing is not well-known. For this purpose, the allergenic characteristics of lupine seeds after boiling (up to 60 min), autoclaving (121 degrees C, 1.18 atm, up to 20 min and 138 degrees C, 2.56 atm, up to 30 min), microwave heating (30 min), and extrusion cooking were studied. The IgE-binding capacity was analyzed by IgE-immunoblotting and CAP inhibition using a serum pool from 23 patients with lupine-specific IgE. Skin testing was carried out in four patients. An important reduction in allergenicity after autoclaving at 138 degrees C for 20 min was observed. IgE antibodies from two individual sera recognized bands at 23 and 29 kDa in autoclaved samples at 138 degrees C for 20 min. Autoclaving for 30 min abolished the IgE binding to these two components. A previously undetected band at 70 kDa was recognized by an individual serum. Therefore, prolonged autoclaving might have an important effect on the allergenicity of lupine with the majority of patients lacking IgE reactivity to these processed samples.     

Zone-subsoiling effects on infiltration, runoff, erosion, and yields of furrow-irrigated potatoes

Soil compaction is a problem in many Pacific Northwest fields. We hypothesized that zone subsoiling would improve potato (Solanum tuberosum L., cv. ‘Russet Burbank’) yield or grade, increase infiltration, and decrease bulk density, runoff, and erosion of furrow-irrigated fields, while maintaining trafficability and irrigability of furrows. A 2 year study was established on a Portneuf silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, mesic Durixerollic Calciorthids). In the fall, plots were in wheat stubble (1988) or bean stover (1989), and were either disked (10–12 cm), chiselled (25–30 cm), or moldboard plowed (20–25 cm). Fall tillages were split in spring, half of each plot receiving in-row zone subsoiling (46 cm) after planting potatoes. The effect of zone subsoiling on infiltration in 1989 was small because of variation across fall tillages. In 1990, zone subsoiling increased infiltration by 10% across fall tillages. Erosion decreased up to 278% with zone subsoiling. Zone subsoiling reduced erosion more effectively than it increased infiltration, shown by a two- to three-fold decrease in the sediment loss to water infiltrated ratio. Zone subsoiling increased infiltration and reduced erosion more in 1990 when the study was conducted on a slightly steeper slope with higher water application rates than in 1989. In 1989, zone subsoiling increased the yield of grade 1 tubers by 3.8 t ha⁻¹ (4.6%), but the total yield was not significantly increased. In 1990, zone subsoiling increased the total yield by 4.2 t ha⁻¹, and the yield of grade 1 tubers by 5.6 t ha⁻¹ (7.7%). With zone subsoiling, the percentage of large grade 1 market-grade tubers increased by 3.3% in 1989 and 5.7% in 1990. Zone subsoiling requires some extra attention by the irrigator early in the season to insure uniform furrow irrigation, but it can potentially conserve both soil and water while improving grade and yield.     

Experimental Study on the Effects of Natural Zeolite on Lead Toxicity,Growth, Nodulation,and Chemical Composition of Soybean

Lead (Pb) is one of the most dangerous contaminants that has been released into the environment over many years by anthropogenic activities. In the present study, the effect of zeolite on the Pb toxicity, growth, nodulation, and chemical composition of soybean (Glycine max L. var. Williams) was evaluated. Treatments consisted of factorial combination of three levels of zeolite (0, 2, and 5 g kg^?1) and three levels of Pb (0, 10, and 25 mg kg^?1) with three replicates in a completely randomized design. Lead application decreased shoot and root dry weights. Without any use of Pb, addition of zeolite increased shoot dry weight, iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) concentrations and the number and dry weight of root nodules. Moreover, the greatest value for these parameters was obtained by greatest level of zeolite application (5 g zeolite kg^?1 soil). It is suggested that zeolite has positive effects on growth and chemical composition of soybean and reduces Pb toxicity in plant parts.     

Influence of sulphur on growth,yield, and quality of celosia

Abstract

A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the University of lbadan, Nigeria to determine the optimum sulphur (S) rate for Celosia (Celosia argentia L. CV. TLV 8) production under hydroponic growing conditions. Average temperature and light intensity in the greenhouse was 27.7°C and 1.32 x 10³ μEinstein M‐2 S‐1 (PAR), respectively. Five rates of S(0, 13.5, 27, 40.5, and 54 ug g^?1 of sand) in a series of nutrient solutions were imposed in a completely randomized design. Application of S significantly increased leaf number, plant height, leaf area, weights of leaf, stem, root, and raised contents of leaf sulphate (SO₄)‐S, chlorophyll, vitamins A and C, and crude protein. The optimum S rate for leaf formation, plant height at harvest (seven weeks after transplanting‐WAT), shoot production, SO₄‐S, vitamin A, and crude protein synthesis was 40.5 μg S g^?1 of sand in the applied nutrient solution, while that for maximum leaf production, chlorophyll, and vitamin C synthesis was 54 ug S g^?1 of sand. These results indicate that S nutrition is necessary for the optimum growth, yield, and yield attributes of Celosia.     

Interaction of salinity,nitrogen, and phosphorus fertilization on wheat

This study determined whether the application of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) could ameliorate salt‐induced reduction in wheat production. Saline irrigation water (0.5, 4.0, 8.2, and 12.5 dS/m) and N and P fertilizers (150 kg N/ha and 37.5 kg P₂O₅/ha) were applied to wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Saka 92') grown on a calcareous soil in a greenhouse experiment. Plants received equal amounts of each fertilizer, but the time and frequency of application differed. All salinity levels reduced straw and grain yields, leaf soluble proteins, nitrate (NO₃) content, actual and potential nitrate reductase activity (NRA), and grain protein content. The delay in pollen meiotic cell division increased with salinity. Under saline conditions, applying N and P fertilizers at the end of the grain filling stage improved yield and metabolic performance of the plants compared to other fertilizer treatments.     

Relative toxicity of cadmium,lead, and zinc on barley

Abstract

The relative toxicity of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) on the growth performance of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was measured. Lead and Zn resulted in an increase in dry matter production at the lower additions. All the Cd and the higher Pb and Zn additions resulted in significant decreases in growth over the controls, the roots showing a greater decrease in dry matter accumulation than did shoots. Roots accumulated higher amounts of Cd, Pb, and Zn in direct proportion to that soil‐applied. A significant inverse relationship between relative yield and tissue element concentration was observed. Toxicity occurred in the following order: Cd > Pb > Zn. Threshold concentration, critical tissue concentrations, and loading rates to produce a 10% yield reduction were also calculated. Our study indicates the possibility of estimating barley yield based on plant tissue Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations.     

Effects of cadmium,nickel, copper,and zinc on nitrogen fixation by soybeans

With analogy to the nitric anion, aqueous NO₂ ^? codissolved with chloride is found to promote photochlorination of some reactive organic compounds in contact with those solutions. Both overall patterns of the process and the quantum yields of this chlorine transfer into the organic phase, are found to be very similar to the patterns and yields of reactions which involved nitrates and were carried out under artificial illumination. With further analogy to those photoreactions of nitrate-chloride systems, the overall kinetics outlined in the laboratory for systems comprising nitrites are also followed, with higher quantum yields, under sunlight illumination.     

Disappearance of azoxystrobin, pyrimethanil, cyprodinil, and fludioxonil on tomatoes in a greenhouse

The disappearance of azoxystrobin, pyrimethanil, cyprodinil, and fludioxonil on tomatoes in greenhouse was studied. At the preharvest interval, except for cyprodinil, the pesticide residues were below the MRL fixed in Italy. The mechanism of disappearance studied with model systems shows that the decrease in residues was due to codistillation and photodegradation in pyrimethanil, to photodegradation in fludioxonil, and to evaporation and codistillation in cyprodinil. Azoxystrobin residues were stable during all experiments.     

Tillage,lime, and poultry litter effects on plant concentrations of zinc,manganese, and copper

Minimum tillage cropping systems and the use of animal manures on cropland are becoming more prevalent. An experiment was initiated to determine the effects of tillage and lime/gypsum variables on uptake of zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) by corn (Zea mays L.) and to show correlations between plant uptake of these metals and soil pH and Mehlich 1‐extractable soil metals where poultry litter was used as a nitrogen (N) source. Surface soil samples were taken in the spring and fall for two years from a long‐term tillage experiment that had been in place for nine years. There were two tillage treatments [conventional (CT) and no‐tillage (NT)] and six lime/gypsum treatments (control, 8,960 kg gypsum ha^‐1 every fourth year, 4,480 kg lime ha^‐1 every fourth year, and three treatments of 8,960 kg lime ha^‐1 in a four‐year period divided by application times into 1, 2, and 4 treatments). Poultry litter was applied each year of the two‐year experiment at a rate of 8.96 Mg ha^‐1 on a dry weight basis. Soil samples were analyzed for pH and Mehlich 1‐extractable Zn, Mn, and Cu, and plant tissue (small plant, ear leaf, stalk, and grain) was analyzed for Zn, Mn, and Cu concentrations. Lime treatments resulted in lower Zn in the small plant and ear leaf for CT, but not for NT. Plant Mn was decreased by lime and gypsum rates for small plant, ear leaf, stalk and grain for both years for CT and NT. Correlations for plant Zn versus soil pH were generally non‐significant, except for one year for ear leaf Zn (R=‐0.413**). Correlations for soil pH and plant tissue Cu were all nonsignificant. Correlations for plant Mn and soil pH were strong with R values over 0.80. Plant Mn response to treatments was found at a pH range of 4.2 to 5.8 for ear leaf and pH 5.2 to 6.2 for stalks. Plant Mn and Zn versus Mehlich 1‐extractable soil Mn and Zn, respectively, were negative. This response was possibly due to oxidation‐reduction and non‐incorporation of the lime for Mn and non‐incorporation of the lime for Zn. Also, the poultry litter was high in Zn (447 mg kg^‐1), which could have masked pH effects. It was concluded that soil sampling for plant micronutrients for NT, especially where a waste material high in micronutrients is applied, can give erratic and even erroneous results. However, lime and tillage treatments had a predictable effect on micronutrient uptake as related to soil pH.     

The influence of carbon dioxide on the growth,pigment, protein,carbohydrate, and mineral status of lettuce

Lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Grand Rapids) were grown in nutrient solution in controlled environment plant growth chambers to characterize certain qualitative responses to above ambient levels of CO₂. Increased plant material produced under high CO₂ levels did not differ nutritionally from plants grown under ambient levels. No differences were found in chloroplast pigment content, protein content, or in carbohydrate content on a weight basis. Sequential harvests did reveal, however, that there is a greater accumulation of carbohydrate, under high CO₂ conditions, prior to an increased growth rate as the plants reach maturity.     

Studies on the impact of paths on the dune vegetation at Winterton,Norfolk, England

A study was made of paths on a dune system at Winterton, Norfolk, by ground and aerial surveys and a map produced of the 35 km of major paths in 104 ha of dune. Experiments were carried out on the resistance to trampling of a tall Festuca ovina-Carex arenaria sward. Estimates were made of the comparative vulnerability of other plant communities. The range extended from Ammophila arenaria, which was 10 x as vulnerable, to a short rabbit-grazed sward, only $\text{1}\text{3}\text{?}\text{1}\text{4}\text{x}$ as vulnerable. The more vulnerable habitats unfortunately attract more people. 42% of the paths at Winterton occur on the steep slopes dominated by Ammophila. Comparisons are made with a similar site at Meijendel where greater recreational pressure necessitated laid-out paths and fencing to control visitors. It is suggested that if visitor pressure increases at Winterton, similar management may also be required there.     

The influence of soil properties,total copper,iron, manganese,and zinc on the yield of oat,carrot, onion and lettuce

Abstract

As part of a series of studies for evolving useful soil tests for Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in cultivated organic soils, 55 such soils from eastern Canada were used in a greenhouse study. Oat, carrot, onion, and all three followed by lettuce were grown in a greenhouse in 2 L pots containing 1.8 L of soil. The moisture, fertilization and temperature conditions provided were known to be non‐Hmiting. And yet, yields of crops, on per kg soil basis, generally correlated negatively with certain soil properties. The more decomposed and denser soils tended to be less productive, even though more soil, but not significantly less water, was accessible to the roots in such soils than in the case of less decomposed, more open soils. In contrast, crop yield per unit soil volume (1.8 L) basis showed a negative effect of water holding capacity on yield of oat, and positive effect of pH on carrot yield. No other correlations were significant. The results thus corroborated the practice of basing soil tests and fertilizer reconmendations on volume rather than weight of organic soils; indicated that the quality of organic soils, in terms of ability to store and cycle water, oxygen and nutrients, declines with length of cultivation, even before nutritional and water management problems arise, probably due to poor soil aeration; and suggested that the effect of soil quality on potential productivity be examined to derive factors that would help refine fertilizer recommendations.     

钾钙镁营养对香蕉产量、品质及贮藏性的影响

香蕉是嗜K作物,养分需求最大的4种元素为KNCaMg,而K、Ca、Mg三者间存在交互作用。本文研究了不同K、Ca、Mg营养条件下香蕉产量、品质及其贮藏性的变化,结果表明:适量配施K、Ca、Mg肥能有效促进香蕉果实的生长发育,提高香蕉果实品质及产量;有效降低香蕉果皮多酚氧化酶活性、果皮丙二醛含量和果肉淀粉酶活性,减少贮藏过程中的重量损失,延缓香蕉果实的衰老进程,提高香蕉果实的耐贮藏性。在广东省高州市香蕉产区,为实现香蕉高产优质耐贮藏,适宜施肥量为K2O990kg·hm-2,Mg37.5kg·hm-2,Ca90.0kg·hm-2。     

Adsorption of Lead,Cadmium, and Nickel on Benchmark Soils of Pakistan

Eurasian Soil Science - Adsorption and desorption reactions at the solid phase–solution interface, play a significant role in controlling metal concentrations in soil solution and metal...     

播期、播量和施氮量对小麦干物质积累、转运和分配及产量的影响

为明确播期、播量和施氮量对小麦产量形成的影响,于2016—2017年和2017—2018年两个小麦生长季,采用3因素裂区试验设计,以播期为主区[10月12日播种(适播, ST)和11月12日播种(晚播, LT)],播量为裂区[2.25×10~6株·hm~(-2)(M1)、3.00×10~6株·hm~(-2)(M2)和3.75×10~6株·hm~(-2)(M3)],每个播量设置3个施氮量[纯N150 kg·hm~(-2)(N1)、225kg·hm~(-2)(N2)和300kg·hm~(-2)(N3)],研究播期、播量和施氮量对小麦干物质积累、转运和分配及产量的影响。结果表明,播期、播量和施氮量3因素互作显著影响了小麦产量及其构成要素、氮素利用效率、干物质积累量、花前干物质转运、花后干物质积累以及成熟期干物质在各器官中的分配。其中,ST处理显著提高了开花期群体干物质量、成熟期干物质量、花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率;小麦穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量显著高于LT处理。在ST和LT处理条件下,M2和M3处理有效穗数、开花期干物质量和成熟期干物质量显著高于M1,M2处理穗粒数、花后干物质量及其对籽粒的贡献率、单茎中籽粒重量及其在单茎中所占比例较高,显著高于M1和M3。N3处理的有效穗数、开花期群体干物质量、成熟期干物质量和花后干物质量及其对籽粒的贡献率显著高于N1和N2。在ST处理条件下M1、M2处理和LT处理条件下所有播量处理均以N3的穗粒数、千粒重和单茎籽粒干重及其在单茎中所占比例较高。本试验条件下,增施氮肥和适当增大播量有利于小麦产量的提高。小麦‘安农大1216’在10月12日播种,播种密度3.00×106株·hm~(-2)、施氮量为300 kg·hm~(-2)时可以获得较好的产量。     

Effect of cadmium,copper, and zinc on the growth of blackgram

Blackgram (Vigna mungo, L.) growth was measured in a glasshouse earthen‐pot experiment. Cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) were applied in different concentrations to the soil. The plant and soil samples were analysed 45 days after sowing using ICP‐AES. The dry matter yield of tissue showed highly significant reduction (at the 1% level) for Cd and Cu, and nonsignificant variation for Zn. This shows that phytotoxicity for Cd and Cu was greater than that for Zn. Further, the observed higher correlation coefficients suggest that the concentration of the elements in tissue is linearly related to that applied to the soil.     

硅、镁、硼肥对甘蔗产量和产糖量影响的研究

在硅、镁、硼营养较缺乏的甘蔗田，进行硅肥、镁肥、磷肥的施肥效应试验，结果表明：硅、镁、硼肥及其不同施肥水平对甘蔗的株高、茎径、锤度、产量和产糖量有明显的影响。施用硅肥使甘蔗锤度、产量和理论产糖量分别比对照增加0.42～1．11，11．04～14．96t／hm^2和1．84～2．10t／hm^2；施用镁肥分别比对照增加0.93～1．26，4．02～9．55t／hm^2和0．99～1．53t／hm^2；施用硼肥分别比对照增加0．41～1．20，5．00～10．00t／hm^2和0．80～1．82t／hm^2。     

Effects of sulfur,zinc, iron,copper, manganese,and boron applications on sunflower yield and plant nutrient concentration

Abstract

Sulfur, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, and boron application did not affect the seed yield or oil percentage of sunflower (Hilianthus annuus L.) on both dryland and irrigated soils in North Dakota in 1981. Field averages indicated significant Zn, Mn, and B uptake by sunflower at the 12‐leaf stage as a result of fertilization with these elements. Increased Zn uptake was also observed in the uppermost mature leaf at anthesis from zinc fertilization.

Although sunflower yield from boron fertilization was not significantly different from the check, a trend was observed in which boron fertilization seemed to decrease sunflower yield. Sunflower yields from the boron treatment were the lowest out of seven treatments in three out of four fields. Also, sunflower yield from the boron treatment was significantly lower than both iron and sulfur treatments when all fields were combined.