Immobilization of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles onto Amino-Functionalized Silica and Their Application for Indigo Carmine Dye Removal

In the present work, we have applied a green method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) onto amino-functionalized silica using Nigella sativa (black seed) aqueous extract as an eco-friendly and efficient reducing agent. The factors influencing the functionalization of silica and AgNPs loading have been considered. The samples were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, XRD, TGA, SEM, and EDX and used for the removal of indigo carmine (IC) dye from aqueous solution. The mean particle size of immobilized AgNPs was calculated from the XRD pattern using the Scherrer equation and is equal to about 26 nm. Adsorption experiments were carried out as batch studies at different contact times, temperature, adsorbent dosage, and initial dye concentrations. The IC adsorption equilibrium was attained after about 20 min of contact time. The equilibrium data shows that the Langmuir model was more reasonable to depict the IC adsorption, and the maximum adsorption capacity of IC is 73.05 mg/g. Based on the kinetic analysis, the adsorption process follows a pseudo-second-order equation. The estimation of the thermodynamic parameters such as the Gibbs free energy, entropy, and enthalpy changes of the adsorption process indicated the feasibility and endothermic nature of IC adsorption. The modified surface was found to be extremely stable in the aqueous medium, and no significant leaching of AgNPs was observed. Thus, immobilization of AgNPs may advance reuse, reduce environmental risks associated with leaching of AgNPs, and enhance cost-effectiveness.     

Immobilization of Fe chelators on sepharose gel and its effect on their chemical properties

Iron chelates are usually costly and easily leached beyond the root zone. This creates a need to frequently replenish the rhizosphere with chelated Fe and might contaminate groundwater with organic compounds and metals. The development of a slow-release Fe fertilizer that will efficiently supply Fe to plants while exhibiting high resistance toward leaching and/or degradation in the rhizosphere has been the focus of this study. Desferrioxamine B (DFOB) and ethylenediaminebis(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) (EDDHA) were immobilized on Sepharose. (13)C NMR and FTIR measurements confirmed that coupling of DFOB to the gel did not appear to influence its ability to chelate Fe(3+) or its binding nature. Isotherms for the immobilized ligands were determined in the presence of 1 mM HEDTA, at 25 degrees C and at an ionic strength of 0.1 M. The isotherms showed a high affinity of Fe(3+) to the ligands and binding up to saturation level throughout the pH range examined (4.0-9.0). The K(app) values for the immobilized Fe chelates were determined using a modified Scatchard model and found to be lower than the soluble ones. This decrease in K(app) might facilitate Fe uptake from these chelates by plants.     

柠檬酸对黄壤无机纳米微粒吸附-解吸Cd~(2+)的影响

通过超声-离心-冻融的方法,提取名山河流域老冲积黄壤中的纳米微粒(≤100nm),以原土及提取的纳米微粒为研究对象,采用平衡液吸附法及NaNO3、HCl解吸剂解吸法进行室内吸附-解吸模拟试验,研究柠檬酸对黄壤纳米微粒吸附-解吸Cd2+特性的影响。结果表明,纳米微粒对Cd2+的吸附率(94.58%~97.29%)远大于原土对Cd2+的吸附率(45.02%~69.00%),这说明纳米微粒对Cd2+有较强的固持能力;原土及纳米微粒对Cd2+的吸附量随初始Cd2+浓度的增加而明显增加,且低浓度阶段(0.1~1mmol/L)吸附量的增加速率高于高浓度阶段,说明低浓度柠檬酸能促进无机纳米微粒对Cd2+的吸附,而较高浓度的柠檬酸则会抑制Cd2+的吸附;Freundlich、Temkin方程对等温吸附过程的拟合均达到了极显著水平(P0.01),Langmuir方程达到显著水平(P0.05),其中Freundlich方程拟合效果最佳,说明土壤纳米微粒对Cd2+的吸附为多层吸附。通过NaNO3、HCl溶液解吸法可以看出,黄壤无机纳米颗粒对Cd2+的吸附主要以专性吸附为主,非专性吸附质量分数随着Cd2+吸附量增加而增大,而专性吸附质量分数随着Cd2+吸附量增加而减少,原土的专性及非专性吸附解吸率均大于纳米微粒,进一步表明黄壤纳米微粒对Cd2+的固持能力强,有较强的环境缓冲能力。     

可溶性有机质对凹凸棒土负载铁/镍降解黄棕壤中BDE47的影响

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类广泛使用的溴代阻燃剂,在大气、水体、土壤、生物体等环境介质中普遍检出,严重威胁环境安全和人体健康。本文以凹凸棒土负载铁/镍材料(A-Fe/Ni)为修复剂,以普遍检出的2,2′,4,4′-四溴联苯醚(BDE47)为模式化合物,开展了可溶性有机质(DOM)存在条件下,A-Fe/Ni对黄棕壤中BDE47的降解动力学过程研究,探讨了DOM对材料降解BDE47的影响机制。结果表明:A-Fe/Ni可高效地降解黄棕壤–甲醇/水体系中的BDE47,降解过程符合假二级动力学方程,BDE47可被降解成一溴~三溴联苯醚和联苯醚。体系中加入3种DOM(胡敏酸、柠檬酸和草酸)后,DOM在Fe/Ni颗粒表面形成钝化层,抑制了降解过程中的传质和电子传递作用,不同程度降低了A-Fe/Ni对黄棕壤–甲醇/水体系中BDE47的降解效率,并影响其降解产物物质的量的组成。实验结果为使用零价纳米铁及零价纳米铁基双金属材料修复污染土壤中PBDEs提供了理论依据和参考。     

纳米Fe3O4/微生物联合体系对2,4-D和阿特拉津降解的研究

采用纳米Fe3O4/微生物联合体系降解溶液中2,4-D和阿特拉津,考察了不同2,4-D和阿特拉津初始浓度、微生物接种量、纳米Fe3O4投加量、溶液ｐＨ值等对降解效果的影响。结果表明,纳米Fe3O4/微生物联合体系对2,4-D和阿特拉津的降解率显著高于纳米Fe3O4和微生物单一体系;2,4-D和阿特拉津初始浓度在0～10 mg·L^-1、微生物接种量在0～12 mg·L^-1、纳米Fe3O4的投加量在0～200 mg·L^-1范围内,2,4-D和阿特拉津的降解率随其初始浓度、微生物接种量和纳米Fe3O4 投加量的增大而增加。溶液pH3．0左右、2,4-D和阿特拉津初始浓度10 mg·L^-1、微生物接种量12 mg·L^-1、纳米Fe3O4投加量200 mg·L^-1,是反应的最佳条件,此实验条件下反应7 d,2,4-D和阿特拉津的残留率分别降低至35．7％和54．0％。     

纳米级Fe3O4分散液浸种对NaCl胁迫下番茄种子萌发及幼苗保护酶系统的影响

为揭示纳米级Fe3O4（Fe3O4NPs）调控作物耐盐的效应和机理,采用共沉淀法成功合成10 nm粒径的Fe3O4NPs,并通过了表征分析和鉴定;进一步研究其0、1、10、50、100、200、300、400 mg?L–1 分散液浸种处理对NaCl胁迫下番茄种子萌发、幼苗生长及其抗氧化的影响。结果表明：盐胁迫下1 mg?L–1 Fe3O4NPs浸种明显降低番茄种子发芽、幼苗胚根和下胚轴生长,随着浸种浓度上升,其发芽逐步得到改善;100 mmol?L–1 NaCl胁迫下,200 mg?L–1 Fe3O4NPs浸种的种子发芽势和下胚轴长达到峰值,显著高于仅盐处理的对照。100 mmol?L–1 NaCl胁迫明显降低番茄种子成苗率、幼苗鲜物质量和含水量,1 mg?L–1 Fe3O4NPs浸种,导致其进一步降低,随着Fe3O4NPs浸种浓度上升,其数值逐渐上升,200 mg?L–1 Fe3O4NPs浸种的幼苗鲜物质量和含水量达到峰值,显著高于仅盐处理的对照。盐胁迫下,1 mg?L–1 Fe3O4NPs浸种的幼苗超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性显著上升,而过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性下降,随着Fe3O4NPs浸种浓度上升,SOD和POD酶活逐渐下降再逐渐回升,CAT酶活逐渐上升再回落,100~200 mg ?L–1 Fe3O4NPs浸种的幼苗SOD和POD酶活、丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸（Pro）含量、超氧阴离子自由基（O2?－）和过氧化氢（H2O2）含量均最低,而其CAT酶活最高。相关性分析表明,幼苗鲜物质量、成苗率与SOD和POD活性以及MDA和活性氧含量均呈极显著负相关。综上所述,在盐胁迫下Fe3O4NPs浸种处理的番茄种子萌发和成苗依赖于Fe3O4NPs不同浓度的调控特征,即1 mg?L–1 Fe3O4NPs浸种处理展示了进一步抑制的典型特征,其氧化胁迫加剧;而200 mg?L–1 Fe3O4NPs浸种处理表现为促进萌发、成苗和壮苗的显著作用,与其抗氧化得到明显改善直接相关。     

The Application of MnO2 in the Removal of Manganese from Acid Mine Water

The successive alkalinity-producing passive system (SAPPS) located in Gangneung, South Korea was designed to treat acid mine drainage. The performance of SAPPS has been monitored intensively for 3 years at the component level (influent, settling pond A, the successive alkalinity-producing system (SAPS), settling pond B, constructed wetland, and effluent). This study evaluated the ability of SAPPS to remove acidity and iron from influents at flow rates ranging from 17 to 160 m³/day. The concentration of soluble Fe_total was the highest, and the pH was the lowest at low flow rates (≤61 m³/day). When flow rates were over 80 m³/day, concentrations decreased and Fe_total was removed primarily at the SAPS stage. For flow rates of less than 61 m³/day, Fe_total was removed at the SAPS stage as well as in settling pond B and at the constructed wetland. Hydraulic retention times of 1 and 2 days were found to be appropriate and economical for use with the SAPS stage and for settling pond B and the constructed wetland, respectively The treatment of acid mine drainage by conventional SAPPSs is limited by the availability of alkaline materials. However, the new proposed system can address this weakness through the provisioning of a suitable alkalinity supply.     

Use of Ultrasound to Investigate Glucose Oxidase and Storage Effects on the Rheological Properties of Cooked Asian Noodles

This is the first use of a longitudinal ultrasonic technique to address the rheological properties of cooked noodles. Ultrasound (11 MHz) was utilized to investigate the influence of glucose oxidase (GOx) at the 1.5 U/g of flour level on the rheological properties of cooked alkaline noodles before and after 72 h of storage at 4°C. Cooked noodle dough samples were studied by simultaneously conducting stress relaxation and transmission ultrasonic measurements, yielding Peleg's K₁ and K₂ parameters (initial rate of relaxation and extent of relaxation, respectively) and ultrasonic information on noodle texture properties. Ultrasonic phase velocities and attenuation coefficients did not show significant differences between control and GOx noodles either before or after 72 h of refrigeration. However, refrigerated storage of control and GOx noodles did result in a significant increase in wave velocity and storage modulus (M′) as well as a decrease in attenuation and tanδ_L (ratio of longitudinal loss modulus to longitudinal storage modulus), indicating increased firmness of noodle structure with storage time. Stress relaxation results on fresh unrefrigerated noodles showed an increase in Peleg's K₁ and K₂ parameters with GOx addition but did not resolve any significant changes in these parameters after 72 h of storage. This small amount of GOx did not improve cooked noodle texture, although noodle matrix changes during storage were clearly revealed by the noninvasive ultrasonic data.     

Determination of Trace Amounts of Cadmium Ions in Water and Plant Samples Using Ligand-Less Solid Phase Extraction-Based Modified Co3O4 Nanoparticles

In this study, a new Co₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) coated with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) is developed for preconcentration of trace amounts of cadmium ions (Cd ²⁺) as a prior step to its determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The effects of various parameters, including pH of sample solution, amount of sorbent, flow rates of solution and eluent, sample volume, type, and least amount of the eluent for elution of the Cd ²⁺ from Co₃O₄ NPs were studied and optimized. Experimental conditions for effective separation of trace levels of the Cd ²⁺were optimized with respect to different experimental parameters in Column method. Under the best experimental conditions, the calibration curve was linear in the range of 1.0–500.0 ng.mL^?1 of cadmium (Cd) with R² = 0.999. The detection limit was 0.4ng.mL^?1 in the original solution (3S_b/m) and the relative standard deviation for eight replicate determination of 0.1µg.mL^?1 Cd was ±2.1%. The method was validated by the analysis of a certified reference material with the results being in agreement with those quoted by manufactures. The developed method was successfully applied to the extraction and determination of Cd in water and food samples with satisfactory results.     

Effects of Enzymes and Oxidizing Agents on Shear Stress Relaxation of Wheat Flour Dough: Additions of Protease,Glucose Oxidase,Ascorbic Acid,and Potassium Bromate

Measuring shear stress relaxation with an established research rheometer after slowly applying large strain proved useful for characterizing the effects of different chemical and enzymatic additives. Baking tests done with and without added ascorbic acid indicated that the method can be used for predicting effects of such additives on breadbaking quality. The relaxation process for dough is discussed in terms of two flow processes, one occurring at short time periods and the other at longer time periods. The slowly applied large strain shear stress relaxation method provides information about stress relaxation behavior during the second flow process. The effects of two enzymes (protease and glucose oxidase) and two chemical additives (ascorbic acid and potassium bromate) were studied. The results are presented as the stress relaxation curve with the corresponding rate plot and the initial value of the stress. Addition of the oxidizing agents increased the second flow process times and decreased the relaxation rate during the second process. Protease shortened the second flow process times and increased the relaxation rate during the second process. Glucose oxidase separated the two flow processes by increasing the relaxation time of the second process and decreasing the relaxation time of the first process.     

Production and Characterization of Siderophores and its Application in Arsenic Removal from Contaminated Soil

Siderophores are small molecular weight extracellular organic compounds secreted by microorganisms under iron-starved conditions, used by them to chelate and solubilize iron. Though they are specific ferric iron chelator, but is reported that they bind other metals also, such as divalent heavy metals and actinides because of potentially high metal-siderophore stability constants. Thus metal contaminant fate and transport in subsurface environment can be heavily influenced by siderophores. This approach can be successfully used in removing many toxic metals off the soil which poses a serious health threat. Our research focuses on the correlation between cell growth and siderophore production and chemical characterization of the siderophore type. Its also documents the development of an assay method for the screening of different metals for complexation with siderophores based on the Chrome Azurol S (CAS) assay. The present research aims at batch scale mobilization of arsenic from arsenic contaminated soils using siderophore produced by P. azotoformans and thus evaluating its efficiency as compared to Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA), Citric Acid (CA) for the same. FT-IR spectroscopic studies were carried out to determine the interaction between soil, arsenic and siderophore. Results have shown that the cell growth and siderophore production are inversely related. Characterization of siderophore produced by P. azotoformans has revealed that it is of mixed-type catecholate and hydroxamate. Siderophore was found to complex with heavy metals like Cadmium, Lead, Nickel, Arsenic (III, V), Aluminium, Magnesium Zinc, Copper, Cobalt, Strontium other than Iron. Five washings by siderophore, EDTA, CA removed almost 92.8%, 77.3%, 70.0% arsenic respectively as compared to only 33.8% removal by control. Washing of arsenic contaminated soil with tap water revealed that ≈ 65.8% of arsenic in contaminated soil is in freely available or weakly bound form. The IR spectra revealed that hydrogen bonding exists between siderophore, arsenic and soil. Encouraging results of arsenic removal by biomolecule-siderophore can lead to an emerging tool brimming with opportunities for environmental clean up.     

Removal of Trichloroethylene by Activated Carbon in the Presence and Absence of TiO2 Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles (NPs) are emerging as a new type of contaminant in water and wastewater. The fate of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂NPs) in a granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorber and their impact on the removal of trichloroethylene (TCE) was investigated. Key parameters governing the TiO₂NP?CGAC interaction such as specific surface area (SSA), zeta potential, and the TiO₂NP particle size distribution (PSD) were determined. The impact of TiO₂NPs on TCE adsorption on GAC was tested by conducting TCE adsorption isotherm, kinetic, and column breakthrough studies in the presence and absence of TiO₂NPs. SSA and pore size distribution of the virgin and spent GAC were obtained. The fate and transport of the TiO₂NPs in the GAC fixed bed and their impact on TCE adsorption were found to be a function of their zeta potential, concentration, PSD, and the nature of their aggregation. The TiO₂NPs under investigation are not stable in water and rapidly form larger aggregates. Due to the fast adsorption kinetics of TCE, the isotherm and kinetic studies found no effect from TiO₂NPs. However, TiO₂NPs attached to GAC and led to a reduction in the amount of TCE adsorbed during the breakthrough experiments suggesting a preloading pore blockage phenomenon. The analysis of the used GAC confirmed the pore blockage and SSA reduction.     

微量元素─氨基酸螯合物及其在畜禽饲养中的应用

综述了微量元素氨基酸螯合物的化学生物学特性及其在畜禽饲养中的应用效应。     

葡萄糖和胰岛素对鹅肝细胞脂肪酸合成酶活性及转录表达的影响

通过培养四川白鹅(Anser cygnoides)和朗德鹅(A.anser)原代肝细胞,测定葡萄糖和胰岛素对其甘油三酯(TG)含量,脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)活性及基因表达的影响.结果表明:5 mmol/L葡萄糖或50 nmol/L胰岛素对两种鹅原代肝细胞的TG含量、FAS活性及mRNA表达量影响不显著,而30mmol/L葡萄糖显著增加TG含量、FAS活性及mRNA表达量;5mmol/L葡萄糖与50 nmol/L胰岛素两者共同作用时对TG含量、FAS活性及mRNA表达量诱导效果显著增加,30 mmol/L葡萄糖与50nmol/L胰岛素共同作用的诱导效果更加明显.另外,5 mmol/L葡萄糖与50 nmol/L胰岛素对朗德鹅肝细胞中TG积聚的影响大于四川白鹅,30 mmol/L葡萄糖、5 mmol/L葡萄糖与50 nmol/L胰岛素、30 mmol/L葡萄糖与50 nmol/L胰岛素对朗德鹅FAS基因表达的影响大于四川白鹅.     

Morpho-physiological and biochemical response of maize (Zea mays L.) plants fertilized with nano-iron (Fe3O4) micronutrient

Nano-sized formulations of micronutrient iron (Fe) were found to substantially alter the growth and metabolism of maize plants. Plants fertilized with the optimal recommended dose of Fe in the nano-form (54 μM) registered an enhancement in morphological features, viz. plant height, biomass (shoot and root), and diminution in antioxidant enzyme activities than the plants fertilized with the sub-optimal dose of Fe in the macroform (salts). However, half of the recommended dosage of Fe (27 μM) in the nano-form positively influenced leaf area and proline content of plants too. This indicated that there is a possibility of reducing the dose of Fe supplement for plants in the nano-form to increase the nutrient use efficiency in a major cereal crop like maize. This may open a new era in plant nutrient management with a scope for improvement in nutrient use efficiency using nano-nutrient formulations.     

Combined Removal of SO2, H2S AND NOx from Gas Streams by Chemical Absorption with Aqueous Solution of 12-Molybdophosphoric Acid and its Reduced Species

Selective removal of SO₂, H₂S and NO_x from gas streams (air or towngas) was investigated using aqueous solutions of 12-molybdophosphoric acid and its reduced molybdenum blue species. The experimental results showed that H₂S and SO₂ in the gas streams can be removed quantitatively by yellow solution of 12-molybdophosphoric acid. The H₂S was oxidized into recoverable elemental sulfur and SO₂ into H₂SO₄, while the yellow solution was reduced into blue species (reduced molybdenum blue). The obtained reduced molybdenum blue solution was then used for the quantitative removal of NO_x, which was reduced into N₂ and the blue solution was then oxidized back into yellow species. It is possible that the regenration of scrubbing solution is not required and no chemical is consumed during absorption, when NO_x, SO₂ and/or H₂S coexisted in wastegases and the molar ratios of NO₂/(SO₂ + H₂S) is just equal to 1/2, although, in most cases, the ratio in real practical wastegases is not always equal to the value. The absorption mechanism was studied in detail. It was found that only one molybdenum atom in 12-molybdophosphoric acid was reduced from Mo(VI) to Mo(V) by H₂S or H₂SO₃ and the Mo(V) was oxidized back into Mo(VI) in the case of No_x absorption. 12-molybdophsophoric acid used in this work is inexpensive, commercially available, easily regeneratable, relatively nontoxic, and gives no secondary pollutant in the process.     

Fe2O3-TiO2/UV/O3+PSAF协同处理猪场废水效果及其除碳脱氮机制

为实现低碳高氨氮猪场废水深度除碳脱氮,该研究提出了Fe2O3-TiO2/UV/O3+PSAF组合处理工艺技术.应用响应面法确立了组合工艺的最优工况条件,采用三维荧光和紫外-可见吸收光谱分析了有机物的荧光和分子结构变化特征,并结合碳、氮形态变化探明了其协同处理特性及除碳脱氮机制.结果表明,Fe2O3-TiO2投加量为1....     

Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction Based on Modified Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for the Preconcentration of Ultra-Trace Amounts of Copper Ions in the Environmental and Plant Samples and its Determination Using FAAS

In the present work, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONPs) coated with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and modified with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) as a new nanoparticle were prepared and used as an adsorbent for the extraction and preconcentration of copper ions. After adsorption, copper ions were desorbed with nitric acid (HNO₃), followed by determination with flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The extraction conditions0. were investigated systematically. The linear range 3.0–500.0 ng mL^?1 and the detection limit of 0.6 ng mL^?1 were obtained. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the method for seven replicate determinations of 0.1 µg mL^?1 of Cu(II) was 2.2%. The method was applied for the determination of Cu(II) in different water samples with good trueness. The accuracy was also evaluated through analyses of a certified reference material (CRM TMDW-500).     

Performances of Methyl Blue and Arsenic(V) Adsorption from Aqueous Solution onto Magnetic 0.8Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/0.2SiO2 Nanocomposites

Washing-down parlours and standing areas, following milking on dairy farms, produce dairy soiled water (DSW) that contains variable concentrations of nutrients. Aerobic woodchip filters can remove organic matter, nutrients and suspended solids (SS) in DSW, but the effluent exiting the filters may have to be further treated before it is suitable for re-use for washing yard areas. The performance of a single-layer sand filter (SF) and a stratified SF, loaded at 20 L m^?2 day^?1, to polish effluent from a woodchip filter was investigated over 82 days. Average influent unfiltered chemical oxygen demand (COD_T), total nitrogen (TN), ammonium–N (NH₄–N), ortho-phosphorus (PO₄–P) and SS concentrations of 1,991?±?296, 163?±?40, 42.3?±?16.9, 27.2?±?6.9 and 84?±?30 mg L^?1 were recorded. The single-layer SF decreased the influent concentration of COD_T, TN, NH₄–N, PO₄–P and SS by 39, 36, 34, 58 and 52 %, respectively. Influent concentrations of COD_T, TN_T, NH₄–N, PO₄–P and SS were decreased by 56, 57, 41, 74 and 62 % in the stratified SF. The single-layer SF and the stratified SF were capable of reducing the influent concentration of total coliforms by 96 and 95 %, respectively. Although a limited amount of biomass accumulated in the uppermost layers of both SFs, organic and particulate matter deposition within both filters affected rates of nitrification. Both types of SFs produced final water quality in excess of the standards for re-use in the washing of milking parlours.