Comparing the Tolerance Limits of Selected Bacterial and Protozoan Species to Vanadium in Wastewater Systems

This study compared the tolerance limits of selected bacterial (Bacillus licheniformis, Brevibacillus lactosporus and Pseudomonas putida) and protozoan (Aspidisca, Trachelophyllum and Peranema) species to V⁵⁺ in wastewater systems. The isolates were exposed to various concentrations of V⁵⁺ (from 10 to 240?ppm), and their tolerance limits to this heavy metal were assessed at different temperatures (25, 30, 35 and 40°C) and pHs (4, 6, 7, 8 and 10) for 5?days. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO) and die-off rate of the isolates were measured using standard methods. The results indicated that test isolates were tolerant to V⁵⁺, with a gradual decrease in their colony/cell counts when V⁵⁺ concentration gradually increased. Bacterial species were found to be more significantly tolerant (MIC: 110?C230?ppm?V⁵⁺) to V⁵⁺ than protozoan species which showed an earlier total inhibition/die-off rate (100%) at 60?C100?ppm?V⁵⁺ (MIC) (p?<?0.001). P. putida was the most tolerant bacterial species (MIC: 230?ppm?V⁵⁺) and Aspidisca sp. the most sensitive protozoan species (MIC: 60?ppm?V⁵⁺). An increase in COD and DO removal was observed throughout the experimental period. The highest COD increase (up to 237.11%) and DO removal (almost 100%) were observed in mixed liquor inoculated with P. putida after exposure to 10?ppm?V⁵⁺. Changes in pH and temperature affected the tolerance limits of all isolates. This study suggests the use of these tolerant bacterial and protozoan species in the bioremediation of V⁵⁺ from domestic and industrial wastewater under the control of pH and temperature.     

Quantification of Bacterial Populations Indigenous to Acidic Drainage Streams

Acid mine drainage (AMD) from mining activities can cause majorenvironmental problems. The acidity is due in part to the microbial oxidation of sulfide minerals in the exposed ores. Aslittle is known about seasonal variations of microbial populationsizes in AMD, the objective of this investigation was to quantifythe principal bacterial populations (iron-oxidizing acidophiles, sulfur-oxidizing acidophiles, sulfur-oxidizing neutrophiles, andacidophilic heterotrophs), with respect to season. The AMD sites sampled were four streams emerging from a copper/nickel tailingsarea. All bacterial populations with the exception of acidophilicsulfur oxidizers were recovered throughout the year. The most numerous bacteria were acidophilic heterotrophs and iron-oxidizing acidophiles. Surprisingly, there were no obvious trendsin the relative abundance of the various bacterial groups as a function of season. Recovery of the various bacterial groups at an incubation temperature of 4 °C indicated that psychrotrophic members do exist. During the course of the investigation, it was observed that thenumber of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (Thiobacillusferrooxidans) colonies recovered on iron salts purified agarose,a preferred medium, was highly variable. The variability was attributed to the presence of non-iron-oxidizing satellite bacteria, the growth of which could be suppressed by increasingthe concentration of the electron donor ferrous sulfate.     

微生物菌群JSM004对微囊藻毒素的生物降解

以太湖水华蓝藻中提取纯化的微囊藻毒素（microcystins,MCs）作为微生物生长的碳源和氮源,从富营养化的太湖水体中分离筛选到MCs高效降解菌群JSM004,24h内可以将初始浓度分别为3．64和2．62mg·L^-1的MC—RR和MC—LR完全降解。在研究关于环境因子对JSM004降解效率的影响中,发现菌群JSM004的生长受温度和pH值影响较大,而且其对MCs的降解效率也随之变化。结果表明,在接近实际水体的中性和弱碱性环境中,JSM004对MCs的降解活性最强,加入不同含碳和含氮化合物能够促进混合微生物菌群的生长,但是对MCs的降解却有明显的延滞作用。与对照组相比,MCs被完全降解的时间至少推迟24h。在实验室条件下,JSM004可在72h内完全降解太湖水中高浓度的MCs。研究结果表明微囊藻毒素降解菌群JSM004具有良好的MCs降解效果,有实际应用前景。     

Assessment of Arsenic Toxicity and Tolerance Characteristics of Bean Plants (Phaseolus Vulgaris) Exposed to Different Species of Arsenic

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the arsenic toxicity, its accumulation and phytoremediation potential of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown in soils contaminated with different species of arsenic such as arsenite (As(III)), arsenate (As(V)) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). Bean plants were grown in soils amended by aqueous solutions of 20 and 50 mg kg^?1 of As (III), As(V) or DMA. Arsenic species negatively affected the yield and growth of the plant. The study demonstrated arsenic accumulation in the plant parts. The concentration of arsenic compounds in the shoots decreased in the order arsenate > arsenite > dimethylarsinic acid while in the roots as arsenite > arsenate > dimethylarsinic acid. Most arsenic is accumulated in the roots with limited transfer to shoots. Thus, bean plants can be considered as an arsenic excluder and has the potential for phytostabilization of arsenic contaminated sites. The study also reveals that removal of arsenic by boiling the vegetables with excess of water is not possible.     

湛江等鞭金藻藻际细菌群落与其耐高温关系分析

为解析湛江等鞭金藻(Isochrysis zhangjiangensis)野生藻株(IZ)与常压室温等离子体技术诱变获得的耐高温诱变藻株(IM)藻际细菌群落与耐高温能力的关联性,本研究采用16S rDNA扩增子测序方法对两株藻在25℃和35℃下细菌群落多样性进行分析.ACE和Chao1指数分析表明,25℃下培养两株藻的...     

Indigenous Plant Species with the Potential for the Phytoremediation of Arsenic and Metals Contaminated Soil

Here we present results of a survey conducted to identify and characterize spontaneously growing arsenic-tolerant plant species of the area around the old arsenic/gold mine in ZlotyStok (Poland), with respect of their potential use in phytoremediation. Plants and soil from their rhizosphere were sampled and analyzed for concentrations of As and accompanying Mn, Fe, Mg, Ca, Al, Cu, Zn, Ba, Pb, Ni, Cs, V, Cr, Sr, Rb, Bi, Mo and U. The soil contained primarily very high As, Pb and Al concentrations (up to 7,451, 1,058 and 31,272 mg/kg respectively). The ability of identified species to modify the amount of bioavailable arsenic in their rhizosphere was determined by single extractions of soil samples with the use of water, phosphate buffer, EDTA, and acetic acid. Although As-hyperaccumulators were not found, Calamagrostis arundinaca was identified as a new species which successfully carried out the natural phytoextraction of arsenic. This plant was able to increase substantially the arsenic availability in the soil, and likely due to efficient uptake decreased the total As concentration within the root zone by around 40% relative to the reference soil. Thus, it has high potential for phytoremediation. The lowest amount of available arsenic was found in the rhizosphere of Stachys sylvatica, the species with the lowest As shoot concentration (compared with other plant species). It was proposed as a good candidate for phytostabilization.     

土著菌群与蚯蚓肠道菌群共享核心物种协同抵御灭蚁灵胁迫研究

采集实际场地中不同浓度梯度(0～27.7 mg/kg)灭蚁灵污染土壤,设置蚯蚓土培试验,采用高通量测序技术,分析蚯蚓肠道菌群和土著菌群的结构和功能;通过MetagenomeSeq分析、LEfSe(linear discriminant analysis effect size)分析和随机森林(random forest...     

Rhizosphere Cadmium Speciation and Mechanisms of Cadmium Tolerance in Different Oilseed Rape Species

ABSTRACT

The role of rhizosphere processes in cadmium (Cd) uptake by plants and mechanisms of Cd tolerance is unexplored and a matter of debate. Pot experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions to investigate rhizosphere Cd speciation and mechanisms of Cd tolerance in different oilseed rape (Brassica juncea L. and Brassica napus L.) species using a sequential extraction technique. A Cd-tolerant oilseed rape, Xikou Huazi, a non-tolerant oilseed rape, Zhongyou 821, and an Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) were used in the study. The results showed that three predominant forms of Cd in the plants were NaCl-extractable Cd, acetic acid-extractable Cd, and water-extractable Cd. The concentration of water-extractable Cd in Xikou Huazi was significantly lower than in Zhongyou 821. A significant depletion of exchangeable Cd was observed in the rhizosphere soil of oilseed rapes Xikou Huazi and Zhongyou 821, as well as Indian mustard. At 60 mg kg^?1 of soil Cd concentration, the concentrations of carbonate-bound and organically bound Cd in the rhizosphere soil of Xikou Huazi were significantly higher than in the non-rhizosphere soil. The concentrations of these two Cd speciations were higher in the rhizosphere soil of Xikou Huazi than in the rhizosphere soil of Zhongyou 821. However, for Zhongyou 821, there were no significant differences in the concentrations of these two Cd speciations between the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere at 30 and 60 mg kg^?1 of soil Cd concentrations. A significant difference existed in rhizosphere Cd speciations and Cd forms in the plants between Cd-tolerant oilseed rape and non-tolerant oilseed rape. This difference was the main reason that Cd-tolerant oilseed rapes take up and accumulate Cd.     

土壤风蚀容忍量(T值)研究的现状与问题

针对目前国风外土壤风蚀研究存在的问题,提出了研究土壤风蚀容忍量的目的和意义;并对风蚀容忍量的四个主要问题即成土速率,风蚀危害,风蚀预测及风蚀控制的Ｔ值计划作了详述。     

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation and Detoxifying in Plants

Environmental stresses present major challenges in our quest to achieve sustainable food production. The reactions of plants to environmental stresses are complex and involve many kinds of physiological and biochemical responses. Stress causes multifarious adverse effects in plants. Production of a family of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a common phenomenon. When plants are subjected to environmental stress, the balance between the production of ROS and the quenching activity of antioxidants is upset, often resulting in an oxidative damage. Plants with high levels of antioxidant enzyme activity are reported to have greater resistance to this oxidative damage. The activities of component enzymes or the antioxidant levels are usually only double in response to many stress situations. This rather moderate response might be understood if we consider that the system is geared to self-destruction when it comes under threat. Understanding the mechanisms by which plants perceive environmental signals and transmit the signals to cellular machinery to activate adaptive responses is of fundamental importance to biology. The present review is focusing on ROS generation and plant defenses to them.     

Sorption of As(V) Species from Aqueous Systems

Arsenic is of increasing environmental concern due to risk to plants, animal and human health. In aqueous systems arsenic is dominated by the As^V oxyanions H₂AsO₄ ^- and HAsO₄ ^2- under oxidizing conditions. The possibility to remove arsenic from aqueous solutions, using sorption processes, was studied with both inorganic and organic-based sorbents. Both of tested inorganic sorbents, calcined synthetic hydrotalcite and calcined natural boehmite, were acceptable for removal of As^V compounds from aqueous systems at laboratory temperature (20 °C) and neutral pH due to their crystal structure changes. They were able to remove more than 70% of As^V compounds from aqueous solution at low sorbent-solution ratios (1 g L^-1 and 2.6 g L^-1, respectively) and relatively high concentration of AsO₄ ^3- ions in the initial solution (about 2.10^-3 mol L^-1). Humic acid-type sorbents (i.e. pure humic acid and oxihumolite) efficiences remined low even at increased sorbent-solutionratios (about 20 g L^-1) and significantly lower concentrations of As in the initial solution. At higher pH values (about 9), the sorption process slightly improved due to solubility of humic substances in alkaline solutions. The sorption increment did not exceed 50% of the initial As content. These results were confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. Both the original calcined and the sorbed inorganic sorbent samples show significant As-O vibrations, while in spectra of original and sorbed oxihumolite no significant As-O vibrations were observed, due to negligible content of sorbed As compounts.     

过表达SlMPK3基因提高番茄低温耐受能力

促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK/MPK)级联是植物响应外界环境变化的重要信号传导途径.为了验证番茄促分裂原活化蛋白激酶3(Solanum lycopersicum mitogenactivated protein kinases 3,S1MPK3)在低温胁迫中的功能,本研究将醋栗番茄(Solanum pimpinellifolium)SlMPK3基因在栽培番茄(S.lycopersicum)M82中过表达,获得了过表达SlMPK3的转基因番茄后代.结果表明,低温胁迫下转基因番茄幼苗SlMPK3基因被迅速诱导表达.低温处理8h处,SlMPK3的表达量达到最大值,转基因植株(OE4,OE6和OE7)中SlMPK3的表达量显著高于野生型(P＜0.05).苗期耐冷性鉴定结果表明,转基因植株耐冷指数(OE4(0.81),OE6 (0.78),OE7(0.77))显著高于对照((0.37),P＜0.05).低温胁迫下表型观察发现,4℃低温胁迫24 h,野生型番茄叶片边缘失水萎蔫,叶面出现明显黄色枯斑;转基因番茄植株叶片表现正常.低温胁迫120 h后,野生型植株的相对电解质渗透率为74.66％,而转基因植株的电解质渗透率平均为59.79％,比对照低14.87％;转基因植株叶片中丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量为6.76 μmol/g FW,比对照(9.77 μmol/g FW)低30.81％;野生型植株叶片中的H2O2含量显著高于转基因植株(P＜0.05),比转基因植株高22.02％.低温胁迫处理引起了转基因植株和野生型植株的抗氧化酶(antioxidant enzymes,AOEs)活性显著增加(P＜0.05),低温处理120 h后,转基因植株中超氧化物歧化酶(super-oxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性分别比对照高29.40％、24.24％和22.83％.转基因和野生型植株中可溶性蛋白(soluble protein)和可溶性糖(soluble sugar)含量均随低温处理时间的推移逐步增加,4℃处理120 h后转基因植株可溶性蛋白含量为40.02 mg/g FW (OE-4),42.21 mg/g FW (OE-6)和40.33 mg/g FW (OE-7),显著高于对照(36.86 mg/g FW)(P＜0.05);转基因植株可溶性糖含量平均为51.87 mmol/g FW,比对照高21.82％.本研究证明,SlMPK3过表达提高了番茄植株的低温耐受能力,为进一步研究番茄SlMPK3基因的功能提供依据,同时为耐低温番茄育种提供了新种质.     

Karyotypic Studies on Some Cultivated and Wild Species of Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae)

Detailed karyotypic studies have been done in 20 wild and cultivated taxa of Chenopodium, which belong to three ploidy levels 2x, 4x and 6x. C. quinoa (4x) shows minor but consistent differences in the arm ratio of various chromosomes within the complements of different accessions. The chromosomes can be arranged in 18 pairs that suggest allotetraploid nature. The karyotype of C. berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae (4x) is basically similar to that of C. quinoa. C. bushianum (6x) is distinctly different from the above two species in showing highest ratio between longest and shortest chromosomes. C. album complex is characterized by consisting of 2x, 4x and 6x cytotypes. Marked karyotypic differentiation is seen even among various 2x accessions. The 4x cytotype has a more asymmetrical karyotype as compared with 2x and 6x cytotypes. The karyotypic differences are also apparent between two 6x cytotypes studied. C. strictum (6x) and C. giganteum (6x) show close similarity to 6x types of C. album.     

异螯蜂属一新种（膜翅目：螯蜂科）

本文报道了采自广西南宁市柑桔园的异螯蜂属一新种：金氏异螯蜂ＡｄｒｙｉｎｕｓｊｉｎｉＸｕｅｔＹａｎｇｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

黄河三角洲5个耐盐树种苗木根系形态结构特征

对黄河三角洲盐渍土上所育的2 a生白蜡（Fraxinnus chinensis Roxb）、白榆（Ulmus pumila Linn.）、五角枫（Acer truncatum Bunge）、美国竹柳（Salix americana Linn.）和臭椿（Ailanthus altissima Swingle）5个树种苗木根系的长度、连接数量、表面积、体积、分形维数及序级等根系形态特征进行了研究分析。结果表明,5个树种苗木根系在其连接数量、长度、表面积和分形维数4个结构指标上均表现为白蜡 > 白榆 > 五角枫 > 美国竹柳 > 臭椿;在根系连接数量、长度两个结构指标上表现出良好的一致性,即细根（d≤5 mm）数量、长度占据各自总根系的主体,细根是这5个树种吸收养分的主体;5个树种苗木根系的第1～3序级根系长度之和与1～4序级根系的连接数之和均分别占据各序级根系总长度与总连接数的70%以上和80%以上。白蜡和白榆0～4序级、五角枫0～3序级、美国竹柳和臭椿0～2序级是根系的主体。臭椿、美国竹柳两个树种的根系粗壮,特别是大径级（>5 mm）根系的表面积和体积占其本身的主体。综合根系的结构指标及序级分析结果,5个树种的根系发达程度和分生能力由强到弱的排序为:白蜡 > 白榆 > 五角枫 > 美国竹柳 > 臭椿;白蜡和白榆两个树种的苗木根系数量多且有相对较高的根系序级,其侧根发达,表现出相对较强的根系分枝能力,能更好地吸收和利用土壤中的水分和养分。     

Tolerance of limpograss (PI 364344) to excess manganese in acid soil and nutrient solution

Previous studies showed that limpograss, Hemarthria altissima (Poir), Stapf & C. E. Hubb (PI 364344) was tolerant to low temperature and to high concentrations of Al in acid soil, mine spoil and nutrient solution. Additional experiments were conducted to test the tolerance of this limpograss clone to excess Mn, another potential growth‐limiting factor in acid soils.

Cuttings from a single plant were grown in pots of Mn‐toxic Zanesville soil with no lime (pH 5.1) and 1250 ppm CaCO (pH 6.3) and in nutrient solutions containing 0, 4, 8, 16, 32 or 64 ppm Mn at pH 4.0. The grass was highly tolerant to excess Mn in both media. Liming the soil from pH 5.1 to 6.3 did not significantly affect top dry weight of the first harvest and significantly decreased that of the second. In nutrient solutions at pH 4.0 top dry weights were not significantly affected by Mn concentrations up to 64 ppm. Root dry weights were significantly increased by Mn additions of 16, 32 and 64 ppm. Limpograss (PI 364344) was not injured when Mn concentrations were as high as 930 and 9152 ppm in tops and roots, respectively. High Mn tolerance is yet another trait that should enhance the potential use of this grass in revegetating acid mine spoils and other acid sites.     

Pear (Pyrus Species) Genetic Resources in Iwate, Japan

Iwateyamanashi (Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim. var. aromatica (Nakai et Kikuchi) Rehd.) is one of the Pyrus species grown wild in Japan. The origin of the Japanese pear (P. pyrifolia) is uncertain but it has been suggested that Iwateyamanashi is the possible progenitor of the modern Japanese cultivar. During the last few decades, the number of Iwateyamanashi trees has been decreasing and therefore, conservation is urgently needed. After 13 explorations in the northern Tohoku region of Japan, 615 pear trees and 30 local names were recognized mainly in Iwate Prefecture. The center of the distribution seemed to be somewhere around Mt. Hayachine to the northern area of Kitakami highlands (from lat. 39 °20′ to 40 °10′N, and from long. 141 °20′ to 141 °50′E). Four morphological characters concerning fruit shape, measured for 85 trees, showed a wide range of continuous variation. For the skin colour of fruit, 51% of trees bore russet type fruits, 22% smooth and 27% intermediate ones. Most of the fruits had five loculi but Sanenashi fruits (seedless pear), one of the old cultivars, had three, and fruits of another two trees had four. More than 80% of trees tended to produce fruits with a calyx but some trees bore fruits without a calyx. These observations indicate a wide range of genetic diversity in Pyrus species which is caused, not only by high heterogeneity in Iwateyamanashi itself, but also by the coexistence of Iwateyamanashi, P. pyrifolia (Burm.) Nakai and hybrid progeny in this area. Already 250 trees have been conserved as genetic resources by grafting at Kobe University.     

根围促生细菌(PGPR)蜡质芽胞杆菌AR156对番茄的诱导耐旱性研究

根围促生细菌(PGPR)蜡质芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus)AR156是具有很高应用前景的生防菌剂,为了研究其对番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)的诱导耐旱机理,本研究通过检测干旱胁迫条件下叶片相对含水量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率、叶绿素含量和根系还原能力,抗氧化酶活性以及胞质抗坏血酸还原酶基因(cAPX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶基因(MDHAR)和核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶(Rubisco)小亚基基因(rbcS)的表达情况,从表型、生理水平和分子水平上进行阐释.研究发现,干旱胁迫条件下AR156培养上清诱导后,番茄叶片相对含水量为82％,与对照组相比提高了44％;MDA含量为2.2x10-3μmol/g FW,降低了21.4％,相对电导率为56.0％,降低了28.2％;叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量分别增加了16％、20％和20.2％;根系还原强度为0.336 mg/g/h,是对照组的两倍;另外,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性也显著提高;同时,分子水平的检测发现rbcS在干旱处理过程中—直保持较高水平,cA PX和MDHAR的表达在干旱处理后期也显著高于对照组;并且干旱胁迫处理20 d后重新浇水24 h,番茄存活率达到90.91％,比对照组高1.6倍.结果表明,AR156培养上清可以通过保护细胞膜的完整性、维持较高水平的光合效率和提高抗氧化酶活性来提高番茄的系统耐旱性,初步阐释了PGPR AR156的诱导耐旱机理,为AR156作为优良生物类耐旱诱导因子提供了理论依据.     

Bacterial communities associated with natural and commercially grown rooibos (Aspalathus linearis)

Aspalathus linearis is a commercially important plant species endemic to the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa and is used to produce a herbal tea known as rooibos tea. Symbiotic interactions between A. linearis and soil bacteria play an important role in the survival of Aspalathus plants in the highly nutrient-poor, acidic fynbos soil. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare rhizosphere and bulk soil bacterial communities associated with natural and commercially grown A. linearis, as well as the effect of seasonal changes on these communities. Bacterial communities were characterized using high throughput amplicon sequencing, and their correlations with soil chemical properties were investigated. The N-fixing bacterial community was characterized using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Acidobacteria were the most dominant bacterial phyla detected in this study. Highly similar bacterial communities were associated with natural and commercially grown plants. Significant differences in the bacterial community were observed between rhizosphere and bulk soils collected in the dry season, while no significant differences were detected in the wet season. This study provides insights into bacterial community structure and potential factors shaping bacterial community structure with commercially important A. linearis.