艾比湖面积变化及其径流特征变化的响应

近年来随着艾比湖湖面的不断退化,其环境问题日益严重。研究艾比湖面积变化对于艾比湖地区的生态环境保护、社会经济发展,乃至整个北疆地区的生态都有着重大的作用。利用2008—2015年逐月的高分遥感影像信息源,提取湖泊边界归一化坐标系和投影方式并以GIS工具对湖泊分析获取湖面变化信息。并提取年2013年3—10月份的艾比湖湖面边界,进行边界叠加对年内湖面动态变化进行分析。结合博乐市水文水资源局所实测的1989—2007年的艾比湖湖面面积对其年际变化进行分析。同时对博尔塔拉河和精河的1992—2012年的径流数据、降水量数据、平均气温数据进行统计,分析河流的径流特征,探讨支流径流变化对艾比湖面积变化的影响。结果表明:(1)利用湖泊动态度对艾比湖湖面面积进行分析,其部分年份有增加的时期,但是整体上呈现减少的趋势;(2)以2013年为例对艾比湖3—10月份的动态变化进行了监督,发现从3月份开始艾比湖的面积在不断减少,在10月份湖面面积最小,且大部分水体变化发生在西北方;(3)对艾比湖入湖水量与湖面面积进行统计分析,二者具有很好的相关性,相关系数R=0.71。     

Distribution of mercury in the aquatic food web of Onondaga Lake,New York

Historical discharges of mercury (Hg) to Onondaga Lake, New York, have resulted in elevated Hg concentrations in lake fishes. In 1990, a remedial investigation and feasibility study (RI/FS) was initiated to evaluate problems related to Hg and other hazardous substances in the lake. As part of the RI/FS, the distribution of Hg in the aquatic food web was determined to provide input to a site-specific model of Hg cycling and to evaluate potential ecological risks of Hg in the lake. Mercury concentrations were measured in surficial sediments, sediment interstitial water, lake water, phytoplankton, Zooplankton, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fishes (including planktivores, benthivores, and piscivores). The percentage of total Hg accounted for by methyl-Hg (CH₃Hg) generally increased with higher trophic levels, confirming that CH₃Hg is more efficiently transferred to higher trophic levels than is inorganic Hg. Concentrations of total Hg in amphipods and chironomids were closely related to concentrations of total Hg in sediments, suggesting that sediments are a likely source of Hg for benthic macroinvertebrates. Mercury concentrations in edible muscle tissue (fillets) of lake fishes have declined substantially from values found in the early 1970s, reflecting the large reductions in Hg discharges to the lake that have occurred since that time. The CH₃Hg concentrations in fillets and whole bodies of fishes generally were similar, indicating that concentrations in fillets often can provide estimates of concentrations in whole bodies. Methyl-Hg concentrations and bioaccumulation factors increased with higher trophic levels in both the pelagic and benthic components of the lake food web.     

Dry Weight Deposition in Polluted Onondaga Lake,New York,U.S.A.

Short and long-term trends in dry weight deposition rates are documented for polluted Onondaga Lake, NY, based on analyses of sediment trap collections made below the epilimnion at a single deep-water location in ten years over the 1980–1992 period using cylindrical traps. Additionally, comparisons of dry weight rates obtained with two different diameter (4.0 and 7.6 cm) traps of the same aspect ratio (6), at four different depths below the epilimnion, and from the lake's two basins, in 1993, are presented to establish the representativeness of the long-term data. The near equivalence of fluxes determined with the different size traps and cumulative deposition rates measured over the range of deployment depths, and the minor differences in flux observed for the two basins, supports the representativeness of long-term data in quantifying deposition rates for the pelagic zone of the lake. Short-term variations in downward flux have been common in the lake over the period of monitoring. The summer-average dry weight deposition rate decreased systematically (by about 45%) following the closure (in 1986) of a soda ash facility that caused enhanced rates of calcium carbonate deposition; from an average of 23.2 to 12.8 g m-² d-¹. These dry weight deposition rates are high compared to values reported in the literature for other lakes, and are responsible for the lake's high rate of net sedimentation.     

沂河径流非线性变化特征对气候变化的响应

[目的]研究沂河水文和气候因子在不同时间尺度上的非线性变化特征,为进一步了解径流对气候变化的复杂响应过程提供理论依据。[方法]采用集合经验模态分解(EEMD)、Mann-Kendall检验、相关分析和线性回归等分析方法。[结果]1951—2013年沂河径流呈显著下降态势(p0.01),下降速率为3.33×108 m3/10a,但在1976年前后径流则呈相反变化趋势。同时,径流可分解为4个经验模态分量(IMF),其中在年际尺度上(周期为3和6a)的变化对径流总体变化的贡献率较大,为58%,其次是在数年代际(周期为31a)尺度上的变化,贡献率为11%,而在年代际(周期为13a)尺度上的变化对径流总体变化的贡献较小,仅为6%。故径流变化的非线性变化趋势对径流变化的贡献率为25%。[结论]气候因子在不同时间尺度上对径流的作用方式和影响机理具有明显差异,其中在年代际和数年代际尺度上气候因素与径流关系更为密切。     

Response of Selected Soil Microbial Populations and Activities to Land Conversion

A native shrub–steppe ecosystem converted to a series of irrigated agricultural fields was evaluated for biological indicators that may signal changes in soil processes during the initial stages of conversion and disturbance. Nine sites including undisturbed native shrub–steppe and center-pivot-irrigated fields with 1, 2, and 3 years of cultivation following conversion were evaluated. Cultivated fields had greater populations of culturable aerobic and pseudomonad bacteria, greater populations of nitrifying bacteria, increased nitrification potential, greater values of microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), and different rates of substrate-induced respiration compared to native sites. Disturbance and soil mixing from field development, tillage, irrigation, compost amendments, and residue incorporation contributed to shifts in soil microbial populations and activities following conversion. Differences observed in microbial characteristics were influenced more by conversion of the native ecosystem to an irrigated agroecosystem and the addition of compost than by the length of time of cultivation.     

Seasonal variability in the Mercury speciation of Onondaga Lake (New York)

Dissolved and particulate Hg speciation was determined on four occasions in the Spring to Fall interval of 1989, at three depths of the water column of Onondaga Lake, New York; an urban system in which the sediments and fish flesh are contaminated with H_g. Species determined included total Hg (Hg_t), reactive (‘ionic’) Hg (Hg_i), monomethylmercury (CH₃HgX), elemental Hg (Hg°) and dimethylmercury (CH₃)₂Hg). Onondaga Lake was found to contain very high levels of Hg_t (2 to 25 ng L^?1 Hg), Hg_j (0.5 to 10 ng L^?1 Hg), and CH₃HgX (0.3 to 7 ng L^?1 Hg), which generally increased with depth in the lake. These concentrations represent a significant level of contamination, based upon comparisons with other polluted and pristine sites. Elemental Hg levels were typically about 0.05 ng L^?1 and (CH₃)₂Hg was near the limits of detection (?0.001 ng) L^?1 in most samples. The greatest CH₃HgX concentrations in the hypolimnion, as well as the largest gradients of both CH₃HgX and (Hg_t), were observed upon the first onset of stratification, in early summer. These concentrations did not become more pronounced, however, as stratification and H₂S levels in the hypolimnion increased throughout the summer. The very low concentrations of (CH₃)₂Hg in these MeHg and sulfide-rich waters calls into question the belief that CH₃HgX and H₂S will react to yield volatile dimethyl-mercury, which can then escape to the atmosphere by diffusion. Mercury speciation was highly dynamic, indicating active cycling within the lake, and an apparent sensitivity to changes in attendant Iimnological conditions that track the stratification cycle.     

基于混合产流模式的黄土高原流域水沙过程耦合模拟

为深入理解黄土高原干旱半干旱地区复杂地貌条件下流域水沙运移规律。基于垂向混合产流机理和运动波方程,构建分布式流域水文模型,耦合流域土壤侵蚀和泥沙输移过程模拟模块,并考虑梯田对水沙过程的影响,建立适用于黄土高原的分布式流域水沙过程模型。选取黄土高原延河支流西川河流域多年实测场次洪水过程的径流泥沙资料,对模型进行率定和验证。径流模拟的纳什效率系数在0.56以上,平均值超过0.70,模拟次洪过程的峰形、峰值、峰现时间与实测过程具有较好的一致性;侵蚀产输沙模拟精度较低,其纳什效率系数均值率定期为0.79,但验证期仅为0.45,模拟结果整体趋势与实测值较一致,但输沙量模拟峰值比实测值偏低。模型可以较精确地模拟黄土高原流域洪水产汇流过程,但输沙量模拟值偏低,一方面由于产汇流模块的误差传递;另一方面,对重力侵蚀考虑不足。因此,未来模型将考虑滑坡、崩塌等重力侵蚀过程,提升模拟精度和效率,为流域水沙过程模拟与流域综合治理提供有效工具。     

盐化土壤微生物区系及理化性状对不同改良剂的响应研究

系统分析了脱硫废弃物、专用改良剂和不同量菌肥对盐化土壤的改良效应,结果表明:单施脱硫废弃物对土壤细菌和放线菌数量影响很小,但可以有效增加真菌数量;单施专用改良剂或菌肥后微生物数量增幅相对较大,改良剂效果优于菌肥;脱硫废弃物、改良剂和菌肥同时施用可以显著增加土壤微生物数量;单施脱硫废弃物和菌肥对土壤有机质和养分含量、作物收获后的指标影响很小;3种物料同时施用则可以显著提高土壤有机质和养分含量,向日葵的株高、径粗、盘径、实粒数和百粒重都有显著增加。在施用脱硫废弃物和改良剂的前提下,菌肥施用量为45 kg hm-2的处理对盐化土壤改良效果最佳,但与施用量为30 kg hm-2的处理差异不显著。     

岔巴沟流域汛期径流模拟及地表产流特征分析

气候变化是影响流域水文循环过程的重要驱动因素,近年来,气候变化导致极端降雨—径流事件的频繁发生对人类社会经济发展构成了严重的威胁。因此,迫切需要开展流域水文模拟和产流特征分析。土壤和水评估工具(SWAT)是一种具有物理机制的分布式水文模型,已被广泛用于评价变化环境下的水文过程。以黄土高原岔巴沟流域为研究区,通过利用与黄土高原地区产流模式更为接近的Green-Ampt下渗法驱动SWAT模型模拟了岔巴沟流域日尺度的水文过程,并以水文响应单元为分析对象,结合4个降雨—径流事件的地表产流量和地表径流系数分析了降雨强度和前期土壤含水量对不同土地覆被产流特征的影响。结果表明：(1)基于Green-Ampt下渗法驱动的SWAT模型率定期和验证期E_NS为0.76,0.74,R²为0.78,0.75,模型能够较好地模拟日尺度流域水文过程;(2)流域不同土地覆被下地表径流系数随最大雨强的增加呈显著上升趋势,且最大降雨强度大于16 mm/h后地表径流系数显著增加,当土地覆被为耕地时降雨转化为地表径流的比例最大,其次为草地和林地;(3)前期土壤含水量的大小可以揭示大...     

喀斯特裸坡地径流对降雨强度与坡度的响应

为探究喀斯特裸坡坡面在不同降雨强度与坡度组合下径流过程及其径流总量特征。将表层岩溶带中孔(裂)隙视为可透水的筛孔,设定地下二元结构中孔(裂)隙度(5%)一致的情况下,探索裸坡地在不同降雨强度与坡度组合下地表/地下径流过程与总径流量的特征,并以此为基础揭示降雨强度、坡度对喀斯特坡面水文特征的影响。结果表明:(1)在较小降雨强度条件下(≤30 mm/h),裸坡地表并未出现产流迹象,以地下所产生的径流为主。在中大雨强(≥50 mm/h)条件下,裸坡地地表产流,且在设计降雨30 min时长内其径流过程并未出现规律性变化,而地下径流过程则在不同坡度与雨强下均呈现出先增加后趋于平缓的趋势,且其转折点多居于9～12 min时段内。(2)30 min内裸坡地地下总径流量在15 mm/h降雨强度且坡度为5°,10°,15°,20°这4个坡度条件下变化并不显著(P0.05),而其余降雨强度下地下/地表径流量均随着坡度增加差异显著(P0.05);同时除地下径流量与坡度呈极显著负相关(P0.01)外,其余地表/地下径流均与降雨强度与坡度均呈现出极显著正相关(P0.01);(3)降雨强度为大雨强(90 mm/h)条件下首次出现了地下径流系数0.5的情况,证明大雨强(90 mm/h)条件下存在着临界坡度使得地表与地下径流量相接近。研究成果能够为喀斯特坡地水土流失防治提供参考和合理意见。     

艾比湖流域降水与径流变化特征分析

以艾比湖流域的博尔塔拉河（博河）和精河为例,基于1961-2008年的水文气象数据,运用Mann-Kendall非参数检验、线性倾向估计、小波分析等方法,分析流域内2条河流的变化趋势及周期特征,得到以下结论：（1）48年来,艾比湖流域博乐站和精河站降水量均呈现增加的趋势,其中,博乐站的线性倾向斜率为8.54mm/10年;精河站的线性倾向斜率为12.74mm/10年。（2）博河和精河年径流量均呈现极显著的增加趋势,其Z值分别为2.42和2.45,两者均通过а=0.05显著性检验。（3）艾比湖流域年降水量序列的小波系数等值线分布比较密集,存在明显的小波系数高低值中心震荡。两站年降水量在48年的时间序列中存在多个周期。（4）流域内2条河流均有明显的周期性变化,尤其以年代际周期最为显著。在每个周期中径流量又经历了几次＂丰枯＂交替。（5）博河和精河2条河流径流量与降水量的相关系数分别为0.564和0.490,均通过a=0.01的R显著性检验,表明降水是流域径流量的重要补给源之一。     

龙川江上游径流量变化及其对气候变化的响应

基于1970—2012年龙川江上游小河口水文站的径流资料和楚雄的气象资料,运用M-K法、相关系数法、累积距平法等方法,分析了龙川江上游径流量、降水量和气温的年内、年际和年代际的变化以及径流量对气候变化的响应。结果表明:龙川江上游径流量年内分配极不均,在1994年后渐趋均匀,年径流量呈不显著的波动下降趋势,而且径流量在70,80年代和2010—2012年偏枯,90和00年代偏丰;年平均气温和年降水量都呈上升趋势,但后者的趋势不明显;年降水量对年径流量的影响很明显,而年平均气温对径流量的影响较小,四个季节中春季和秋季的径流量受降雨量变化的影响较大,降水量和气温的变化对夏季径流的影响都较为明显,而冬季相反。总之,不同季节的径流量对不同气候因素的响应是不同的。     

Application of the Regional Mercury Cycling Model (RMCM) to Predict the Fate and Remediation of Mercury in Onondaga Lake,New York

Onondaga Lake exhibits elevated concentrations of total mercury (HgT) and methyl-mercury (MeHg) in the water column, sediments and fish tissue due to industrial inputs, wastewater discharge and urban runoff. The steady-state Regional Mercury Cycling Model (RMCM) was calibrated to Onondaga Lake and applied to evaluate various remediation scenarios. Because of detailed data available for Onondaga Lake, the RMCM was effectively calibrated. Model predictions of water column and fish concentrations of Hg generally agreed with measured values. The model underestimated concentrations of Hg in sediments. Mass balance calculations show that inputs of HgT largely originate from tributary and wastewater inflows to the lake. In contrast, MeHg is largely derived from internal production. Model calculations suggest that elimination of Hg inputs from wastewater effluent and of drainage from a former chlor-alkali facility could greatly decrease Hg concentrations in fish tissue.     

城市绿地空间径流下渗与海绵设施参数研究

[目的] 对城市绿地空间径流下渗特性与海绵设施参数进行研究,为城市建成区绿地空间海绵设施构建提供理论支持。[方法] 以江西省南昌市为例,通过土壤颗粒级配和SPAW(Soil-Plant-Air-Water)模型演算获取土壤特性参数;利用单环现场实测结合Matlab拟合霍顿(Horton)入渗公式,获取初始、稳定入渗率与衰减系数;通过HYPROP2与HYPROP-Data Evaluation Software(HYPROP-DES)测定土壤水张力以及非饱和导水率。[结果] 现场入渗开始5～10 min后基本达到稳定入渗过程,且稳定入渗率大部分低于100 mm/h;入渗过程受水文土壤分组差异以及人为扰动等影响较大;土壤在完全饱和状态下约需7 d可以恢复到初始状态的下渗速率;基于RECARGA模型构建了海绵城市理念下绿地空间海绵设施改建技术路线。[结论] 3种方法推演绿地土壤下渗过程可提高海绵设施关键参数设计精度。模型演算过程需考虑初始含水率与现场因素影响。     

1951—2015年洞庭湖水沙演变及人类活动对径流影响的定量评估

运用线性趋势法、M-K非参数检验法、滑动T检验法、小波分析法等对1951—2015年洞庭湖水沙演变特征进行了分析,并通过构建降水-径流经验模型,定量估算了气候变化和人类活动对洞庭湖入出湖径流量的影响率。结果表明:(1)洞庭湖入出湖水沙时间序列均呈现出下降趋势,其中以入湖输沙量的下降趋势最为显著,以404.46万t/a的速度减少,在研究时段内入出湖水沙均发生了突变并表现出不同尺度的周期性变化规律;(2)洞庭湖入湖水沙的Pearson相关系数为0.800,出湖水沙为0.696,表明洞庭湖水沙序列之间呈现出极显著的正相关关系;(3)在整个变异期,降水对入湖径流量变化的影响率为-1.03%、人类活动为101.03%,降水对出湖径流量变化的影响率为-7.67%、人类活动为107.67%,洞庭湖入出湖径流量减少主要是受人类活动的影响。     

The relationship of a coal fired power plant to the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the sediment of Cayuga Lake

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are chlorinated hydrocarbons primarily used as dielectric fluids and coolants for electrical equipment. At present, it is estimated that 200 Gg of PCBs have been released into the environment. In 1976, the Toxic Substances Control Act was passed by Congress, requiring regulation of PCBs. EPA-approved methods for destruction/disposal of PCBs include high temperature combustion in incinerators and high efficiency boilers, landfilling, chemical dechlorination, and alternate disposal techniques which achieve a level of performance equivalent to an approved incinerator or boiler. A discussion of these methods is presented as well as various other disposal methods which are still in the research phases.     

喀斯特流域径流侵蚀力的时空分异及其对岩溶特征因子的响应

[目的] 西南喀斯特区土壤侵蚀问题十分突出,严重影响着区域社会经济的可持续发展。而喀斯特流域特征环境因子如何影响土壤侵蚀的直接驱动力—径流侵蚀力,目前尚不十分明晰。[方法] 以西南喀斯特地区的野纪河流域为例,基于流域出口水文站长系列高频实测数据,采用水土评估工具(SWAT)和偏最小二乘模型(PLSR)评估了2005—2020年流域径流侵蚀力的时空演变特征,解析了主要喀斯特环境因子对径流侵蚀力的影响。[结果] 流域多年平均径流侵蚀力为2 326.47 m⁴/(km²·s),并具有较强的空间异质性,2005年径流侵蚀力高值主要分布北部和中部,而2010—2020年,径流侵蚀力高值区逐步向中南部转移。时间上,受益于岩溶区"十一五"以来坡耕地水土流失综合治理、石漠化综合治理等生态修复工程的实施,野纪河流域径流侵蚀力总体上呈降低趋势。岩性、基岩裸露、坡度是影响野纪河流域径流侵蚀力变化的主导控制因子,对径流侵蚀力时空分异的共同解释度达57.7%。[结论] 研究结果可为喀斯特流域水侵蚀导致的水土流失综合防治提供理论参考,有助于制定更加精准和有效的政策和措施,改善喀斯特区生态环境,促进该地区的可持续发展。     

昕水河流域径流变化及其对气候和人类活动的响应

开展流域尺度气候变化和人类活动对径流的影响研究是科学制定流域综合管理规划,并实现流域可持续管理的基础。以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的典型流域——昕水河流域为研究对象,结合流域多年(1958—2015年)气象水文数据,采用M-K趋势检验法分析年降水、年潜在蒸发散和年径流量的变化趋势,运用双累积曲线法分析年径流量序列的突变年份,并根据生态水文分析法与水量平衡原理定量解析流域尺度气候变化和人类活动对年径流的影响。结果表明:1958-2015年,流域年径流量变化呈显著下降趋势(Z=-5.84,p<0.0001),而降水(Z=-0.72,p=0.31)和潜在蒸散发(Z=-0.5,p=0.88)变化趋势不显著。双累积曲线法表明径流量突变点为1974年和2000年,其中,1975—2000年间影响径流减少的主要因素是气候变化,气候变化导致径流量减少的贡献率为73.14%,土地利用方式仅为26.86%;而2001—2015年土地利用变化是影响径流减少的主要原因,其贡献率高达103.81%,可见土地利用变化已成为昕水河流域径流量变化的主要驱动因素。在今后的流域治理中,需合理制定土地利用方案,实现昕水河流域水土资源协调发展。     

福建省长汀县水土流失区马尾松种群对干旱的响应与恢复

[目的] 探究福建省长汀县水土流失区先锋树种马尾松对干旱的响应与后续恢复,为该区植被恢复与重建工作提供科学支持。[方法] 选择在长汀县河田镇的严重退化地,建立30 m×30 m的种群监测样方,测量样方内所有马尾松个体基径、树高和繁殖情况。借助存活生长函数与繁殖函数计算2016—2020年的马尾松各生命率变化情况,并结合标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)计算的同期年度SPEI指数进行分析讨论。[结果] ①长汀县水土流失区发生年度干旱时,马尾松各生命率响应明显。个体生长量减少,存活率下降,此时繁殖径级提前,小径级马尾松繁殖概率增加,马尾松为维持种群存在对策调整; ②长汀县水土流失区进入恢复期后,小个体生长量增加,存活率逐渐增加,繁殖概率先增加后减少。大径级个体各生命率均逐渐回升,恢复速度相对较快,但所有个体均未恢复至干旱发生前状态。[结论] 严重退化地马尾松种群对干旱的响应程度较高,各个生命率(存活、生长和繁殖)变化较快,但种群的恢复能力较差。