The Effect of N Deposition on Nitrous Oxide and Nitric Oxide Emissions from Temperate Forest Soils

Long-term and short-term N deposition effects on N₂O and NO emissions from forest soils were compared. Long-term NH₃ deposition (> 20 years) from a poultry farm to a downwind woodland (decreasing from 73 to 18 kg N ha^-1 y^-1, 30 to 110 m downwind of the farm) resulted in the re-emission of 6% and 14% of NH₃-N deposited as N₂O-N and NO-N, respectively. However, when in short-term (2-3 years) field experiments the atmospheric N deposition to mature conifer plantations was raised by fumigation with NH₃ to 15 kg N ha^-1 y^-1 or by acid mist to 48 and 96 kg N ha^-1 y^-1 the N deposited was immobilised. In the acid mist experiment more than 2 years of acid mist (48 and 96 kg N ha-1 y^-1) were required to significantly increase N₂O emissions from -0.3 μg N₂O-N m^-2 h^-1 (control) to 0.5 and 5.7 μg N₂O-N m^-2 h^-1, respectively. This suggests, that N deposition simulation studies in soil ecosystems, which have previously not been exposed to high rates of N (by deposition or fertilisation), need to be long-term. Also, measurements of N₂O and/or NO may be a non-destructive, quick indicator of the N status of the soil.     

Nitric Oxide(NO)and Plant Stress

In depth study of NO reveals that NO is a bioactive molecule that exerts a number of roles in many physiological and pathological process. NO is produced in response to drought, salinity, temperature shock and pathogen attack. NO rapidly reacts with ROS, ABA and other hormones and directly or indirectly regulate ethylene biosynthesis. The authors review the response of between plant NO and kinds of stresses, and possible mechanism was discussed.     

一氧化氮与植物激素的相互作用及其关系

NO在植物的生长发育、生理及信号传递过程中有着重要的调节作用。本文通过从植物根系的生长、种子萌发、程序性细胞死亡、光形态的建成、气孔的关闭及抑制其开放、成熟和衰老等方面对一氧化氮（NO）作为植物激素下游的信号分子发挥的生理功能进行了综述,进而对NO与植物激素生长素、赤霉素、细胞分裂素、脱落酸以及乙烯的相互作用加以讨论,来阐明NO与植物激素之间的关系,并对未来的研究方向作出展望,为NO与植物激素关系的研究提供理论参考。     

农田土壤N_2O排放研究进展

农田土壤的N2O排放主要是在微生物的作用下通过硝化和反硝化作用产生的。土壤中多变的理化性质影响各种微生物的生长,因而硝化和反硝化过程中产生N2O的途径也不同,尤其以硝化过程的研究进展最快。影响N2O的生成和排放有:土壤含水量、温度、O2以及土壤结构和质地等物理因素,pH和氮肥等其它因素。本文详细地阐述旱地和水田土壤中这些影响因子与N2O的作用机理的差异,及农田土壤中的N2O排放估计的方法。区分硝化和反硝化作用中生成N2O的贡献可用15N标记法和不同浓度的乙炔抑制法。     

陆地生态系统N_2O排放源研究进展

N2O是一种痕量气体,不仅能产生温室效应,而且对臭氧同温层有严重的破坏作用。随着人类活动的加剧,大气中N2O浓度每年以0.2%～0.3%的速度增加,N2O排放问题引起了人们的广泛关注。目前,对大气N2O排放的源与汇还缺乏全面认识,N2O在大气中增加量的40%～50%尚不知来源。综述了陆地生态系统N2O排放的自然源和人为源,分析了N2O排放的影响因素,并对今后N2O的研究提出了展望。     

Graphene Oxide/Alginate Quasi-Cryogels for Removal of Methylene Blue

Quasi-cryogelation technique is a simple yet effective technique for improving the adsorptive efficiency of biopolymer-based adsorbent materials. In this work, a biopolymer-based adsorbent material, graphene oxide alginate quasi-cryogel beads are reported. Alginate biopolymer was crosslinked and frozen at ??21 °C in order to obtain a gel with cryogel-like microstructure. Graphene oxide was included in the bead formulation in order to enhance the adsorptive characteristics. Beads were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and swelling experiments. Removal of the model cationic dye, methylene blue, was studied by batch adsorption method. It is found that the adsorption follows the Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-first order kinetics with reaching an adsorption capacity of 122.26 mg/g in 60 min. Results indicate that the physisorption might be due to the π–π interactions between graphene oxide and methylene blue, in addition to electrostatic interactions. Moreover, quasi-cryogelation technique significantly improved the dye removal properties.     

Removal of Fluoride from Water by Adsorption onto Lanthanum Oxide

Rare earth mineral based adsorbent viz. lanthanum oxide was investigated for potential application in defluoridation of drinking water for isolated and rural communities. Results of batch experiments indicated about 90% removal in 30 min from a 4 mg L⁻¹ synthetic fluoride solution. The effects of various parameters like contact time, pH, initial concentration, and sorbent dose on sorption efficiency were investigated. Adsorption efficiency was dependent on initial fluoride concentration and the sorption process followed BET model. Variation of pH up to 9.5 has insignificant effect on sorption and beyond a pH of 9.5, the effect was drastic. Among anions investigated, carbonates exhibited high detrimental effect on fluoride adsorption while anions like bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates did not seriously affect the process. Adsorbent showed negligible desorption of fluoride in distilled water. Alum was more effective regenerant than HCl and NaOH. Results of cyclic regeneration with alum indicated that the sorbent could be regenerated for ten cycles without significant loss of sorption capacity. Studies with upflow fixed-bed continuous flow columns indicated the usefulness of sorbent for fluoride removal in continuous flow process.     

Effects of Nitric Oxide on Iron-Deficiency Stress Alleviation of Peanut

The aim of this research was to study the role of nitric oxide (NO) in alleviating iron deficiency induced chlorosis of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). For this study, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was used to supply NO for hydroponic peanut plants. After 18 days, the peanut seedlings growing without iron exhibited significant leaf interveinal chlorosis, and this iron-deficiency induced symptom was completely prevented by NO. An increased content of chlorophyll and active iron was observed in NO-treated young leaves, suggesting an improvement of iron availability in plants. In addition, the improved rhizosphere acidification and increased secretion of organic acids by root in NO-treated plants suggesting that NO is effective in modulating iron uptake and transport inside the peanut plants. Furthermore, NO treatment alleviated the increased accumulation of superoxide anion (O₂^??) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and modulated the antioxidant enzymes. However, the SNP with a prior sunlight treatment that does not release NO had no significant effect on the chlorophyll levels in iron-deficient plants. Therefore, these results support a physiological action of NO on the availability, uptake and transport of iron in the plant.     

活性氧化铝去除不同浓度污水中磷的研究

通过批量吸附实验明确活性氧化铝吸附剂量、pH值、温度等不同条件下对2种浓度(2 mg/L和180mg/L)模拟污水中磷酸盐去除效果进行研究,分析活性氧化铝吸附磷酸盐的穿透曲线,并在此基础上对其吸磷机制进行分析.结果表明:随着活性氧化铝用量增加,2种浓度磷酸盐平衡浓度逐渐降低,当活性氧化铝剂量分别增加到3 g/L和160 g/L时,污水中磷去除率均达90％以上;在pH值为5.0,温度为40℃时的吸附条件下,活性氧化铝对2种浓度模拟污水中磷的吸附效果最好;穿透曲线表明,采用1.0 L/d低流速条件下,连续运行20 h时间,180 mg/L磷酸盐的穿透时间为16 h;对于2 mg/L的磷酸盐废水,在3.8 L/d流速下连续运行16d时发生穿透;利用扫描电镜(SEM),红外光谱(FTIS)和X衍射光谱对吸附前后活性氧化铝表面特征分析,证明了活性氧化铝对磷酸盐存在化学吸附作用.因此利用活性氧化铝可实现对污水中不同浓度磷酸盐的吸附作用.     

Removal of Trinitrotoluene with Nano Zerovalent Iron Impregnated Graphene Oxide

Nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) impregnated reduced graphene oxide (nZVI-rGO) hybrid was prepared via gaseous hydrogen reduction of anhydrous iron(III) chloride (FeCl₃) on the surface of thermally exfoliated reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets without using any toxic reducing agent, surfactant, or stabilizing agent. Characterization of prepared samples was carried out using various techniques. Morphological study showed that prepared rGO possesses a few-layered wrinkled paper-like structures and nZVI particles of ~?30 nm size were homogeneously dispersed on the surface of rGO nanosheets. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) analyses indicated that oxygen-containing functional groups decreased in the order of graphite oxide (GO) > rGO > nZVI-rGO. Removal studies of trinitrotoluene (TNT) were carried out using graphite (G), GO, rGO, and nZVI-rGO with the aid of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Kinetic models were applied to establish the rate and mechanism of adsorption of TNT on different adsorbents, and intraparticle diffusion model based on initial adsorption characteristics was employed to ascertain mechanism of film and intraparticle diffusion in the adsorption process. The removal rate and adsorption capacity was found to be highest for nZVI-rGO, which renders this adsorbent to be a potential futuristic adsorbent for removal of explosives.

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一氧化氮对杏叶片光合作用的影响

以山杏（Armerniaca vulgaris Lam）叶片为试材,叶面喷施外源一氧化氮（Nitric Oxide,NO）供体硝普钠（Sodium Nitroprusside,SNP）,研究其对杏叶片净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、胞间CO₂浓度（Ci）以及叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明,在一定浓度范围内,杏叶片Pn、叶绿素含量随处理浓度的升高而增加,其中以100μmol/l处理最高。SNP处理后,叶片的Tr均低于对照而Ci均不同程度有所升高。     

中国农业氧化亚氮的排放量和减缓对策

本文对中国农业氧化亚氮的排放量进行了计算和预测，在此基础上提出了某些减缓排放对策。我国农业氧化亚氮年排放量呈增加趋势，约占全球年总排放量的１－１．５％。在农业氧化亚氮三大排放源中，土壤源占我国农业氧化亚氮年排放量的７２％左右，生物质燃烧和化肥分解各占１１％和１７％。到２０００年和２０３０年，总排放量将增至０．１２８０ＴｇＮ＿２ｏ－Ｎ／年和０．１４４３ＴｇＮ＿２Ｏ－Ｎ／年。文中对生物燃烧和化肥分解二大源提出了减缓对策，并进行了生态和经济效益分析。     

一氧化氮(NO)对仔猪睾丸支持细胞微管的影响

为阐明一氧化氮(NO)对睾丸支持细胞(sc)微管的影响,利用硝普钠(SNP)作为NO供体.通过细胞活性检测、免疫荧光、酶活检测、免疫印迹等方法检测NO对培养仔猪睾丸支持细胞微管结构和分布的影响.结果表明,低浓度NO能维持支持细胞的活力和微管正常的结构;高浓度NO能提高Sc内p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)的活性,降低抗氧化酶的活性、破坏细胞内微管的结构和分布.降低细胞的分泌功能.实验证明,SNP通过使睾丸支持细胞NO的水平升高从而降低细胞内抗氧化能力,并通过p38MAPK级联,使细胞内微管发生解聚化.破坏微管的结构,从而降低细胞的分泌功能.     

Ammonia and Nitrous Oxide Emissions after Landspreading of Slurry as Influenced by Application Technique and Dry Matter-Reduction. II. Short Term Nitrous Oxide Emissions

Strategies reducing NH₃ volatilisation from slurry include separation of slurry, special application techniques and additives. We studied the impact of manure separation and application technique on N₂O release after manure application. Untreated and separated cattle slurry (dry matter content of 7.1% and 4.4%, respectively) was applied to winter wheat using broadcast and banded application and injection. The N₂O emissions were measured at high frequency for 14 to 20 days after slurry treatment by the closed chamber method. Manured plots showed significantly higher N₂O emissions than the control plots but neither dry matter reduction of slurry nor application technique significantly influenced the N₂O emissions. The variability of N₂O emission was influenced by the application technique and increased in the order: banded application – injection – broadcast application. There was no correlation between NH₃ losses from applied slurry and N₂O emissions. Thus reducing ammonia volatilisation will not necessarily increase N₂O emissions.     

不同种植年限旱田N2O排放研究

以三江平原沼泽湿地不同开垦年限(1987年、1993年开垦)的旱田(种植方式为大豆-冬闲)为研究对象,探讨了种植年限、降雨、土壤湿度以及植物参与对旱田N2O排放的影响。结果表明,种植年限越长,N2O排放量越高,1987年开垦的旱田N2O排放量显著高于1993年开垦的,这与土壤的理化性质有关;土壤有机碳和总氮含量随种植年限的增加而逐渐降低,而1δ5N随种植年限呈线性升高。在大豆生长季内,两种种植年限的旱田N2O通量具有相同的季节变化趋势,而降水条件是控制这一变化趋势的主要因素,N2O排放通量与观测日前6天的加权平均降水量呈线性正相关,与土壤体积含水量呈多项式正相关。另外,植物的参与降低了旱田土壤N2O的排放。     

氧气浓度对水稻土N2O排放的影响

通过室内模拟试验,在25℃,60%田间持水量条件下,研究了氧气浓度(200、100和20 ml/L)和铵态氮浓度(10、30和50 mg/kg)对6个水稻土(p H 5.23~7.83,黏粒含量71.0~522 g/kg)N_2O排放的影响。结果表明:供试水稻土N_2O排放通量随铵态氮浓度的增加、氧气浓度的下降而增加。逐步回归分析表明,N_2O累积排放量与铵态氮含量、土壤有机碳含量、黏粒含量呈正相关关系,与氧气浓度呈负相关关系(R2=0.845,P0.01)。氧气浓度下降增加N_2O排放可能与硝化产物中N_2O比例增加和反硝化作用加强有关,但不同氧气浓度条件下各N_2O产生过程的贡献还需进一步研究。     

NO对仔猪睾丸支持细胞微管的影响

为阐明一氧化氮（NO）对睾丸支持细胞（SC）的影响,并为深入探讨精子发生调节机制奠定基础,本试验通过体外培养的仔猪睾丸支持细胞研究NO对SC中微管结构的影响。试验利用硝普钠（SNP）作为NO的供体,通过细胞活性检测、免疫荧光、酶活检测、免疫印迹等方法检测NO对睾丸支持细胞微丝的影响。结果表明,低浓度NO能维持支持细胞正常的骨架和活力,而高浓度NO能提高SC内p38MAPK的活性,降低抗氧化酶的活性和破坏细胞内微管的结构和分布,甚至细胞的分泌功能。上述证明,SNP通过使睾丸支持细胞NO的水平升高从而降低细胞内抗氧化能力,并通过p38MAPK级联,使细胞中微管发生解聚化,破坏微管的结构,从而降低细胞的分泌功能。     

基于光谱分析的土壤游离铁预测研究

土壤游离铁含量的高低可作为土壤系统分类中判断土壤类型的诊断指标,同时也对土壤风化程度具有指示作用,并在一定程度上反映了土壤的成土环境。本研究调查了安徽宣城的91个土壤剖面,共398个土壤样品,采集了样品在350~2500 nm波段的漫反射光谱数据,并对游离铁含量进行化学分析。光谱数据包括反射率(R)、反射率一阶导数(FDR)和吸收度(Log(1/R))3种形式。本文采用偏最小二乘回归算法(PLSR)和反向神经网络(BPNN)建模预测游离铁含量,并分析不同形式光谱数据的建模预测效果。结果表明:当存在游离铁20 g/kg的样本时,传统建模方法不能准确预测游离铁含量(R20.6,RPD1.5),相对R和Log(1/R)两种光谱数据,以FDR作为自变量建模预测游离铁含量的效果最差。     

不同种植年限旱田N2O排放研究

以三江平原沼泽湿地不同开垦年限（1987年、1993年开垦）的旱田（种植方式为大豆-冬闲）为研究对象,探讨了种植年限,降雨、土壤湿度以及植物参与对旱田N2O排放的影响。结果表明,种植年限越长,N2O排放量越高,1987年开垦的旱田N2O排放量显著高于1993年开垦的,这与土壤的理化性质有关;土壤有机碳和总氮含量随种植年限的增加而逐渐降低,而δ^15N随种植年限呈线性升高。在大豆生长季内,两种种植年限的旱田N2O通量具有相同的季节变化趋势,而降水条件是控制这一变化趋势的主要因素,N2O排放通量与观测日前6天的加权平均降水量呈线性正相关,与土壤体积含水量呈多项式正相关。另外,植物的参与降低了旱田土壤N2O的排放。