神府─东胜矿区采煤塌陷及其对环境影响初探

神府─东胜煤田煤质优、储量大、范围广、埋藏浅、煤层水平稳定,有利于现代化开采,经济效益显着.然而,大规模的煤层采掘,将会导致地面大范围塌陷过程,对本来十分恶劣而脆弱的自然环境、社会环境带来深刻的影响.本文在考察的基础上,从分析采煤塌陷形成的环境基础入手,指出本区采煤塌陷具有不可避免性、易发生性、快速性、大规模性和对环境影响的深刻性等特征.文章的最后讨论了采煤塌陷危害对策讨论和有待研究的问题.     

Arsenic Addition to Soils from Airborne Coal Dust Originating at a Major Coal Shipping Terminal

Soil samples were collected from Norfolk, Virginia in order to examine the extent of particulate coal, and associated arsenic (As) deposition to local soils. The particulate coal originates from the adjacent coal shipping terminal at the Lambert’s Point Docks, which is the largest marine coal shipping terminal in the Northern Hemisphere. Particulate coal was separated from soil samples using heavy liquid (i.e., sodium polytungstate) extraction. Sand-sized coal separates isolated from the soil samples were subsequently digested using concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid, and analyzed for As by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS). Selected total soil digests were also analyzed for As by HR-ICP-MS. Results indicate particulate coal ranges from less than 1% up to ～20%, by weight, of the soil samples analyzed. Arsenic concentrations in sand-sized particulate coal extracted from these sediments range from undetectable levels (i.e., <3 ng/kg) up to 17.4 mg/kg, whereas total As concentrations in the soils range from 3 to 30.5 mg/kg. The data indicate that particulate coal originating at the Lambert’s Point Docks is an additional source of As to local soils, especially sites proximal to the shipping terminal. Although the particulate coal itself likely poses only minor health hazards (if any), the environmental consequences of As transported with the particulate coal is not known.     

神府─东胜煤田大柳塔矿区水质及其污染评价

本文在野外考察和水质分析的基础上,对神府煤田大柳塔地区水质进行评价,结果表明,乌兰木伦河两岸支沟泉水水质良好,是生活用水的主要水源.活鸡兔沟矿坑水为强矿化度硬水,水化学性质差,这些矿坑水排入河道,是污染河水的因素之一.目前,乌兰木伦河和活鸡兔沟河水污染尚不严重,但河水水质由上游至下游交差.最后,对河水水质污染趋势作了分析和定性预测,并提出控制污染的建议和措施.     

神府─东胜矿区采煤对水资源影响的初步评价

神府─东胜矿区将建成世界级的特大型煤炭基地.煤田开采、矿坑排水,致使浅层的地下水被疏干、出现了地下水位下降,包气带厚度加大、下垫层改变、河川径流减少的现象.据调查分析,地下水平均每年下降0.15-0.40m;河川径流系数开采前（1976-1980年）平均值为0.243,开采后（1986-1989年）下降为0.146.由于水资源的减少,造成农业用水及农村人畜用水困难、应引起充分的重视,纳入煤炭综合规划供水部分.本区属半旱区位于毛乌素沙漠风沙草滩区,水资源对环境的影响十分显着.今后必须对煤炭开采、矿坑排水加强管理、注意节约用水、提高水的利用率.     

Pilot Study of Coal Ash Compost

? Washington State University, in Pullman, Washington, has recently begun plans to compost approximately 16,500 tons of the waste generated annually on campus. Animal manure from the university dairy and from Veterinary Sciences will contribute 10,000 tons. A food pulper has been installed in one of the dining halls and will contribute approximately 440 tons. Mixed waste paper that does not have a market, landscape trimmings and used potting soil will also be composted. In addition, Washington State University power plant generates approximately 1,000 tons of coal ash annually. This paper discuss a pilot project to determine the feasibility of including coal ash in the compost mixture.     

桑树坪井田地下水化学特征及矿井水的再生利用

简要介绍了桑树坪井田地质与水文地质概况,按地层的含水性将井田含水层划分为第四系砂砾石层孔隙潜水中等含水层组(H1)、二叠系砂岩裂隙承压弱含水层组(H2)、石炭系砂岩灰岩裂隙承压极弱含水层组(H3)和奥陶系石灰岩溶隙溶洞承压强含水层组(H4)等4种类型。在分析各含水层组水质特征及矿井水水化学特征的基础上,得出奥灰水是矿井水的主要补给来源;并针对该井田矿井水硬度大,矿化度、SO_4~(2-)含量高的水质特征,提出了以物理一物理化学方法为基础,以电渗析法为主的净化处理矿井水方法。     

神府煤田风沙区采煤塌陷对风蚀的影响

[目的]探究神府煤田风沙区采煤塌陷对风沙活动的影响,为矿区防治风蚀危害和植被恢复提供科学依据。[方法]以塌陷区扰动地表为研究对象,通过野外定位观测,研究塌陷1~2a沙丘典型位置及不同的地表破损率对风蚀/风积量影响。[结果]塌陷1a、塌陷2a和对照(非塌陷)沙丘不同典型位置的风蚀/风积深度分别达到-28.2,-45.6和-2.8cm,其整体的风蚀概率达60%以上,90%以上和10%以下。地表破损率越大,其地表风积过程越显著,且随着地表破损率的减小,风沙运动状态逐渐由风积填缝过程转化为风蚀过程,其风蚀/风积深度(Q)与地表破损率(V)呈多项式函数关系。[结论]采煤塌陷有效地促进了风沙运动,改变了局部的风蚀/风积深度,可能引起固定半固定沙丘重新活化。     

板集矿区生态恢复规划研究

无论是矿井式采矿还是露天采矿,煤矿开发必然引起区域地形、地貌的变化,造成采空塌陷,从而对生态系统施加不确定的影响。在煤矿开采项目设计阶段,对矿区土地进行生态恢复规划,可最大程度降低这种影响。论文以板集煤矿开发项目为例,在对矿区生态影响预测的基础上,设计了一套预防性、治理性、复垦土地利用和生态环境监测一体化生态恢复规划方案,以期实现对煤矿开发生态影响的全过程控制。     

Infiltration Rates in Reclaimed Surface Coal Mines

Reclamation of land disturbed due to mining in arid and semiarid environments occurs across the globe. Large-scale surface mines provide unique opportunities to examine the reclamation process across a landscape. The objectives of this research were to (1) measure infiltration rates in reclaimed surface coal mines and (2) determine the effects of soil properties on ground cover on infiltration rates of surface coal mines. In this study, reclaimed land 10?C15 and 20?C25?years old, and native reference site (undisturbed) were investigated at two large surface coal mines in Wyoming, USA. Infiltration rates were measured using double-ring infiltrometer method. The soil properties including bulk density, pH, carbonate content, organic carbon content, aggregate stability, electrical conductivity, and soil texture were analyzed using standard methods. The ground cover was estimated visually. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine if any correlations between infiltration rate and soil properties and ground cover exist. Results suggest that at Mine 1, infiltration rates on reclaimed land were found to be significantly higher in the 20?C25-year-old reclamation than the 10?C15-year-old reclamation and the native site. At Mine 2, the native site had significantly higher infiltration than 20?C25-year-old reclamation, which in turn had significantly higher infiltration rates than the 10?C15-year-old reclaimed site. Along with infiltration, soil characteristics were examined. Overall, the findings of this study suggest soil texture and plant cover play an important role in controlling infiltration rates in reclaimed surface coal mines.     

利用煤矸石制作水稻育苗基质的研究

以配置合格水稻育苗基质为目标,针对现有水稻育苗基质的生产原材料多以草炭为主对环境影响大的问题,探索利用煤矸石作为水稻育苗基质的可行性研究,在生产育苗基质的同时做到固体废弃物的资源化利用。通过对试验原料进行前处理和各项理化性质的测定及试验前进行的配比试验,确定了适合水稻育苗基质的4个处理作为试验组与对照组进行了水稻育苗试验。结果表明:(1)煤矸石可作为水稻育苗基质的材料;(2)煤矸石的最大添加量可达到80%(体积比),但需要进行活化处理;(3)不经活化处理的煤矸石也可用于水稻育苗,生长情况也较好,但煤矸石的添加量缩减至38%(体积比)。     

Abundance of Iron-Oxidizing Thiobacilli and Biological Sulfur Oxidation Potential from Soil Impacted by Coal and Coal Refuse Piles

This study was conducted to assess the abundance of iron-oxidizing bacteria and biological sulfur oxidation potential from soil impacted by coal and coal refuse from two coal-burning electric power facilities located at the U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River Site (Aiken, S.C.) and the South Carolina Electric and Gas Site at Beech Island, S. C. Significantly higher MPN counts of iron-oxidizing bacteria were obtained from samples collected at the confluence of a coal storage runoff containment basin, a coal reject (refuse) pile, and an adjacent wetland at the Savannah River Site. Significant differences in pH, sulfate-S, ferrous- and ferric-iron were also obtained between sampling locations. No significant differences in ferric/ferrous ratios were determined. These ratios however, exceeded a value of 2.0 when sample pH values were less than 4.5. Under optimal conditions, biological thiosulfate-S oxidation potentials (in vitro) showed a 4- to 7-day lag in the appearance of sulfate-S, and a final pH (after twenty-four days of perfusion) of 1.97 to 3.90. These results indicate that contamination of subsurface water by acidic leachate derived from thionic bacterial activity will occur if coal and coal refuse piles are not confined by an impermeable surface or containment facility.     

青海江仓圣雄煤矿矸石堆积对周边高寒湿地植被和土壤影响

针对高寒地区露天煤矿开采产生的煤矸石堆积对多年冻土区高寒湿地的影响问题,本文通过地面调查、取样比较,研究分析了矿区周边高寒湿地植被和土壤特征对煤矸石渣山堆积的响应。结果表明,矿区煤矸石堆积的4年时间已经对周边近、中、远不同距离(300m,650m,1000m)高寒湿地植被和土壤产生了一定程度的影响,引起原生莎草类盖度和高度减小,靠近煤矸石渣山区域的牧草高度降低,中距离杂草平均高度比近距离高2.65cm。矸石堆积造成周围土壤容重增加,全氮和有机质含量逐渐减少,远距离0-10 cm土层全氮和有机质平均含量分别是近距离的1.16和1.20倍。高寒湿地土壤真菌和放线菌数量减少, 0-10cm土层近距离样区真菌数量仅为中距离的51.8 %,中距离样区放线菌数量分别是近距离和远距离的4.32和3.4倍。除锌元素和镉元素以外,煤矸石堆积没有显著影响土壤砷、铬、镍、铜、汞、铅等6种重金属元素含量。随机森林算法分析表明,杂草类高度,Zn元素含量,土壤容重、莎草盖度、有机质含量是煤矸石堆积对周围高寒湿地影响的主要因子。     

大型煤矸石山植被重建的土壤限制性因子分析

煤矸石是我国第一大固体废弃物,巨量煤矸石堆积压占了大量土地,并影响矿区及周边水土环境,煤矸石山的植被重建是解决上述问题的经济而有效的途径。国内外研究与实践表明,表层土壤特性是矸石山植被重建成功与否的决定性因素。由于表层物料组成以及所处地域等因素,目前对煤矸石山各限制性因子及其重要性看法有所不同,从而影响了措施设计及植被效果。本文以抚顺西露天煤矿等煤矸山为例,对大型煤矸石山植被恢复的诸多限制性因素进行了分析论述,认为表层风化物的主要限制性因子依次为质地、水分、养分、pH、盐分、表层温度、重金属等,这与以往研究有所不同,体现了该煤矸石山的区域特色。研究结果可为制定适宜的煤矸石山及其类似废弃物堆场的植被恢复措施提供依据。     

露天开采煤矿水土流失防治对策及其效果——以武家塔煤矿为例

武家塔露天煤矿位于内蒙古伊金霍洛旗乌兰木伦镇境内,所处地区水土流失严重,生态环境十分脆弱。由于露天开采,共占用土地375.4hm2,每年增加土壤侵蚀量4.67万t。在水土保持方案的指导下,通过采取整体包围、分层治理,建立人工防护、排水系统,坡面构建多种植被恢复模式的综合治理,基本控制了矿区内水土流失的发生和发展,减少了输入黄河的泥沙。     

煤矸石重金属释放活性及其污染土壤的生态风险评价

通过野外采样与室内实验分析煤矸石重金属的释放活性,并利用潜在生态风险评价法分析煤矸石山周边土壤污染及其潜在生态风险特征。结果表明,实验用煤矸石中重金属主要以残渣态存在,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr和Cd的残渣态分别占其总量的56.86%,53.27%,72.01%,68.61%和75.93%,不易发生释放迁移,但少量酸溶态和氧化物结合态重金属易被淋溶后在矸石山周围土壤中累积并造成重金属污染。煤矸石山周边土壤重金属含量随着距离的增加呈现减少趋势,表明周边土壤受到煤矸石重金属污染,并且在土壤表层重金属含量最高,加大了重金属进入食物链危害人体健康的风险。通过潜在生态风险评价研究,采样区属于重金属Cd和Pb风险突出区,煤矸石距离5～10 m处潜在生态风险指数为272.34和164.34,属于中等潜在生态风险,其他各点潜在生态风险指数范围为94.62～141.79,属于轻微生态风险。     

煤矸石振陷变形特性试验研究

动荷载作用下累积轴向残余应变是煤矸石路基发生振陷变形的主要原因,利用自燃煤矸石原料制作圆柱形试件进行动三轴试验,研究了不同相对密度Dr、动荷载幅值σ_(dmax)条件下煤矸石累积轴向残余应变ε_(pa)和动模量E_d特性,建立了考虑相对密度、动荷载幅值二因素的累积轴向残余应变和动模量公式。试验结果表明:动应力小于临界动应力σ_(dcr)时,累积轴向残余应变与动荷载振次对数值log N呈线性关系,可用公式ε_(pa)=a+b log N进行计算;动应力大于临界动应力σ_(dcr)时,累积轴向残余应变呈加速增长形式;动模量随累积轴向残余应变增长而降低,呈双曲线形式;初始动模量随相对密度增加而增大。研究结果为煤矸石路基振陷变形分析提供了试验、理论依据。     

粉煤灰和煤矸石再资源化利用中天然放射性及其对环境的影响

由于粉煤灰和煤矸石均含有天然放射性,在再利用过程中,无论是制作建材,还是应用粉煤灰改良土壤,其中所含天然放射性物质对环境的影响,是人们关心的问题之一,也是关系到对它们的进一步开发利用的重要问题。本文通过对山西8个电厂粉煤灰中天然放射性核素含量测定,以及在农田施用粉煤灰后不同作物对放射性核素的积累和对用于制造建材的建筑物室内氡浓度的测定,进行了放射性安全评价,为其进一步资源化提供了依据。     

煤矸石组分与表土质地对充填重构土壤导气率的影响

研究煤矸石组分及表土质地对煤矸石重构土壤导气率的影响,探讨重构土壤这种差异显著的非均质土壤导气内在机理,为进一步研究复杂的非均质土壤导气特性提供理论基础。通过在煤矸石中掺杂不同粒径碎石来改变其组分,并利用3种不同质地的土壤在土柱内进行土壤剖面重构,采用一维瞬态法测量其导气率。结果表明:(1)不同碎石粒径和质量分数对混合基质饱和含水量影响不同,掺杂2~5mm粒径碎石,随着质量分数的增加,饱和含水量逐渐增加,从7.29%增加到12.9%;掺杂5~10mm粒径碎石,饱和含水量随着质量分数的增加先增加后减少,分别为7.28%,8.5%,6.9%。(2)煤矸石的导气率远大于土壤,并且煤矸石的导气率对水分的敏感度随质量含水量的增加而增加,而土壤的导气率对水分变化的敏感度均随质量含水量的增加而降低。(3)碎石的存在为大孔隙的产生创造条件的同时也会减少了土壤通气断面,阻隔空气传输的通道。(4)重构土壤导气率受表土质地和底部填充介质的共同影响,覆土土壤导气率决定了重构土壤的导气率大小,而充填基质导气率决定了充填介质对重构土壤导气率影响的系数(Ska)。Ska与充填介质导气率呈显著相关,可以通过指数函数进行拟合(R2=0.93)。通过充填介质及覆土土壤的导气率可以对重构土壤导气率进行估算,简化了重构土壤导气率的测定过程。     

煤矸石综合利用是山区煤矿节约用地的重要途径

煤矸石是我国排放量最大的工业废渣之一,不仅占用大量土地,而且严重污染环境.本文从福建省天湖山煤矿实践中总结出了利用煤矸石发电,让其变废为宝,对不可用来发电的煤矸石,通过整治,不但改善了矿区的生态环境,同时也为山区煤矿节约用地找到了一条有效途径.     

露天煤矿开采项目水土流失量预测——以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟胜利矿区一号露天煤矿为例

以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟胜利矿区一号露天煤矿为例,分析了露天煤矿水土流失的成因,划分了水土流失预测单元和预测时段。介绍了该项目水土流失预测的内容和采用的方法,得出了水土流失强度和水土流失量预测的结果。通过分析,揭示出露天煤矿水土流失的危害,为其治理奠定了基础。