First detection of spring viraemia of carp virus in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) affected by a septicaemic disease in Mexico

Spring viraemia of carp (SVC) is an infectious disease responsible for severe economic losses for various cyprinid species, particularly common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio). The causative agent is the SVC virus (SVCV), a member of the Sprivivirus genus, Rhabdoviridae family, and a List 1 pathogen notifiable by the World Organization for Animal Health. This study describes the diagnosis of an SVCV pathogen isolated in October 2015 from wild common carp inhabiting a natural lagoon in central Mexico. While neither an epidemic nor fish mortalities were reported, the collected killed specimens exhibited clinical signs of disease (e.g., exopthalmia, moderate abdominal distension and haemorrhaging, as well as internal haemorrhages and adhesions). Histological results of injuries were consistent with the pathology caused by SVCV. This finding was supported by the isolation of a virus in EPC and BF‐2 cells and subsequent RT‐PCR confirmation of SVCV. The phylogenetic analyses of partial SVCV glycoprotein gene sequences classified the isolates into the Ia genogroup. These findings make this the first report of SVCV detection in Mexico, extending the southern geographical range of SVCV within North America. However, since this pathogen was detected in fish inhabiting a natural body of water without tributaries or effluents, it is difficult to estimate the risk of SVCV for other wild/feral cohabitating cyprinid species in the lagoon. The status of this virus is also unknown for other bodies of water within this region.     

Ulcerative disease rhabdovirus: cell-line susceptibility and serological comparison with other fish rhabdoviruses

Abstract. Five isolates of a rhabdovirus associated with a severe ulcerative disease of striped snakehead, Ophicephalus striatus, and other freshwater fish in S.E. Asia were examined for growth in a range of cold and warm water fish cell lines and for serological relationships to other pathogenic fish rhabdoviruses. All five isolates grew in AS, BF-2, snakehead, O. striatus and O. micropeltis, and climbing perch, Anabas testudineus, cell lines. CHSE-214, RTG-2, EPC, Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, and grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, cell lines were all refractory to infection. Cross neutralization tests showed the ulcerative disease rhabdovirus (UDRV) to be serologically distinct from VHSV, IHNV, EVA, EVX, SVCV, PFRV and perch rhabdovirus. UDRV appears to be a new distinct pathogen of freshwater fish in S.E. Asia.     

鲤春病毒血症病毒生物学研究进展

近年来,鱼类急性出血性疾病——鲤春病毒血症的暴发屡屡给水产养殖业带来巨大的经济损失.鲤春病毒血症是由鲤春病毒血症病毒引起的,该病毒具有传染性强,发病率高的特点,目前尚无有效治疗药物.文章从流行特点、临床症状、生物学特征、检测技术和疫苗研究等方面总结概述了鲤春病毒血症病毒的生物学研究进展,可为进一步深入研究该病毒提供参考...     

Virulence of a chimeric recombinant infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus expressing the spring viraemia of carp virus glycoprotein in salmonid and cyprinid fish

Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) are both rhabdoviruses of fish, listed as notifiable disease agents by the World Organization for Animal Health. Recombinant rhabdoviruses with heterologous gene substitutions have been engineered to study genetic determinants and assess the potential of these recombinant viruses for vaccine development. A recombinant IHNV (rIHNV), containing the full‐length genome of a European IHNV strain, was modified by deleting the glycoprotein (G) gene and replacing it with a European SVCV G‐gene to make the rIHNV‐Gsvcv. The chimeric rIHNV‐Gsvcv level of virulence in rainbow trout, common carp and koi was assessed, and its ability to induce a protective immune response in surviving koi against wild‐type SVCV infection was tested. The rIHNV‐Gsvcv infection of trout led to high mortality, ranging from 78% to 92.5%, after immersion. In contrast, no deaths occurred in juvenile common carp after infection with rIHNV‐Gsvcv by either immersion or intraperitoneal (IP) injection. Similarly, koi infected with rIHNV‐Gsvcv via IP injection had little to no mortality (≤9%). Koi that survived initial infection with a high dose of recombinant virus rIHNV‐Gsvcv were protected against a virulent SVCV challenge resulting in a high relative per cent survival of 82.5%.     

A novel multiplex RT‐qPCR method based on dual‐labelled probes suitable for typing all known genotypes of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus

Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) is a notifiable fish disease, whose causative agent is a rhabdovirus isolated from a wide range of fish species, not only in fresh but also in marine and brackish waters. Phylogenetic studies have identified four major genotypes, with a strong geographical relationship. In this study, we have designed and validated a new procedure – named binary multiplex RT‐qPCR (bmRT‐qPCR) – for simultaneous detection and typing of all four genotypes of VHSV by real‐time RT‐PCR based on dual‐labelled probes and composed by two multiplex systems designed for European and American/Asiatic isolates, respectively, using a combination of three different fluorophores. The specificity of the procedure was assessed by including a panel of 81 VHSV isolates covering all known genotypes and subtypes of the virus, and tissue material from experimentally infected rainbow trout, resulting in a correct detection and typing of all strains. The analytical sensitivity was evaluated in a comparative assay with titration in cell culture, observing that both methods provided similar limits of detection. The proposed method can be a powerful tool for epidemiological analysis of VHSV by genotyping unknown samples within a few hours.     

Development and validation of a novel Taqman‐based real‐time RT‐PCR assay suitable for demonstrating freedom from viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus

Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) is a serious disease in several fish species. VHS is caused by the rhabdovirus viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). To prevent spreading of the pathogen, it is important to use a fast, robust, sensitive and specific diagnostic tool to identify the infected fish. Traditional diagnosis based on isolation in cell culture followed by identification using, for example, ELISA is sensitive and specific but slow. By switching to RT‐PCR for surveillance and diagnosis of VHS the time needed before a correct diagnosis can be given will be considerably shortened and the need for maintaining expensive cell culture facilities reduced. Here we present the validation, according to OIE guidelines, of a sensitive and specific Taqman‐based real‐time RT‐PCR. The assay detects all isolates in a panel of 79 VHSV isolates covering all known genotypes and subtypes, with amplification efficiencies of approximately 100%. The analytical and diagnostic specificity of the real‐time RT‐PCR is close to 1, and the analytical and diagnostic sensitivity is comparable with traditional cell‐based methods. In conclusion, the presented real‐time RT‐PCR assay has the necessary qualities to be used as a VHSV surveillance tool on par with cell culture assays.     

Detection of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) from asymptomatic redbanded seabream,Pagrus auriga Valenciennes,and common seabream,Pagrus pagrus (L.), using a non‐destructive procedure

A non‐destructive procedure based on nested RT‐PCR and dot‐blot hybridization has been developed for the detection of asymptomatic IPNV‐carrier fish. The pair of primers designed for RT‐PCR amplified a 599‐bp fragment of the pVP2 region within the polyprotein gene, resulting in the detection of IPNV genotype III.1. The use of a nested RT‐PCR allowed the amplification of IPNV genotypes III.1 and I.2. In addition, a 191‐bp probe was designed for hybridization studies used in combination with the nested RT‐PCR. The application of the nested RT‐PCR to analyse blood samples from asymptomatic redbanded seabream, Pagrus auriga, and common seabream, P. pagrus, specimens showed a 53.1% and 77.8% prevalence of IPNV‐carriers, respectively. The combination of nested RT‐PCR and dot‐blot hybridization increased the detection rates up to 100% for redbanded seabream and 94.4% for common seabream. Therefore, the protocol described in this study is highly sensitive and specific for the detection of IPNV in asymptomatic carrier fish, and, in addition, the results demonstrate the carrier state in two newly cultured sparid species in southern Spain.     

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) in tissue homogenates of the carp, Cyprinus carpio L.

Abstract. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the demonstration of the virus of spring viraemia of carp (SVCV) in liver, kidney and spleen homogenates, and in infected cell cultures is described. The sensitivity of the method is 10^2·8–10^3·5 TCID₅₀ 0·lml⁻¹ of the examined fluid. The specificity has been confirmed by the ELISA inhibition test and by results of virological examinations. Contamination with bacteria or fungi of samples taken from dead fish had no effect on the results of ELISA. Specific anti-SVCV sera were used successfully for the production of conjugates for the direct immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence detection of SVCV in infected cell cultures.     

Effects of dietary 60 g kg−1 dried distiller's grains in least‐cost practical diets on production and gut allochthonous bacterial composition of cage‐cultured fish: comparison among fish species with different natural food habits

Dried distiller's grain (DDG) is considered as an alternative ingredient of dietary feed due to its high contents of protein, fibre and fat. In this study, 60 g kg^‐1 of DDG was used to feed grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), bluntnose black bream (Megalobrama amblycephala), gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) and black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) for 8 weeks, and its effect on fish production and gut allochthonous microbiota was investigated for the development of a suitable fish feed high in nutrients and low in cost for polyculture freshwater fish. DDG supplementation resulted in the less weight gain and higher feed conversion ratio of black carp (P < 0.05), but had no significant effects on other fish or parameters. PCR–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis indicated that all four fish species had some common and unique bacteria in their digestive tracts, and the gut microbiota of bluntnose black and gibel carp fed the control diet and DDG diets were very similar (Cs > 91%); of them, the total counts of intestinal bacteria studied by qPCR increased in grass carp (P < 0.05) and depressed in black carp (P < 0.05) when fed dietary DDG. Thus, we assumed that dietary DDG modulated production and gut microbiota of fish in a host‐specific way.     

鲤Rhbdd3蛋白的抗病毒功能

Rhbdd3(Rhomboid domain-containing protein 3)蛋白在哺乳动物天然免疫中发挥了重要作用,但水生动物中rhbdd3基因的确定序列及Rhbdd3蛋白的功能均尚未见报道。为研究鲤(Cyprinus carpio)的Rhbdd3蛋白在鱼类细胞中的功能,探讨其过表达对鱼类病毒感染的影响,本研究通过PCR扩增得到了鲤rhbdd3基因的编码序列,并将其克隆至pCI-neo载体上,构建了真核表达质粒pCI-rhbdd3。pCI-rhbdd3转染鲤上皮瘤细胞EPC(epithelioma papulosum cyprinid)和鲑囊胚细胞CHSE-214(chinook salmon embryo)后利用制备的特异性抗体进行Western blot,检测Rhbdd3蛋白的表达情况,并利用CCK-8试剂检测其过表达对细胞增殖的影响。转染后分别进行鲤春病毒血症病毒(SVCV)和传染性胰腺坏死病毒(IPNV)的感染实验,并利用间接免疫荧光、Western blot和RT-qPCR方法检测Rhbdd3过表达对SVCV和IPNV增殖的影响。结果显示,pCI-rhbdd3转染后Rhbdd3蛋白在EPC和CHSE-214细胞中得到了过表达,且Rhbdd3蛋白的过表达能显著抑制SVCV和IPNV的复制,但不影响两种细胞的正常活性。本研究为鱼类广谱抗病毒药物的开发提供了新的实验依据,也为鱼类抗病毒新品种的培育奠定了重要基础。     

First isolation of hirame rhabdovirus from freshwater fish in Europe

A rhabdovirus was isolated in cell culture inoculated with tissue material from diseased grayling, Thymallus thymallus (L.), originating from a fish farm affected by a mortality episode in Poland. Diagnostics tests showed that the virus was not related to novirhabdoviruses known in Europe, nor to vesiculovirus‐like species, except perch rhabdovirus (PRhV) with which it shared moderate serological relations. However, RT‐PCR with PRhV probes gave negative results. To identify the virus, a random‐priming sequence‐independent single primer amplification was adopted. Surprisingly, two of the obtained sequences exhibited a high identity (>99%) with hirame rhabdovirus (HIRRV), a novirhabdovirus usually found in fish in marine Asiatic countries, for instance Japan, China and Korea. The full‐length sequence of the phosphoprotein gene (P) demonstrated a higher identity of the present isolate with HIRRV from China compared with the Korean isolate. An identical viral sequence was also found in brown trout, Salmo trutta trutta L., affected by mortalities in a second farm in the same region, after a likely contamination from the grayling farm. To our knowledge, this is the first report of HIRRV in Europe, and in two hosts from fresh water that have not been described before as susceptible species.     

黑龙江地区鲤春病毒血症病毒的分离与基因型分析

对2015—2016年黑龙江不同地区的40个养殖场送检的鲤(Cyprinus carpio)进行鲤春病毒血症病毒(spring viremia of carp virus,SVCV)的细胞培养分离、PCR鉴定、病毒滴度测定、病毒表面糖蛋白(glycoprotein,G)氨基酸序列聚类分析及基因分型研究。细胞培养结果显示,来自4个不同养殖场的鲤组织样本能够感染鲤上皮细胞(epithelioma papulosum cyprini,EPC)产生典型细胞病变(cytopathic effect,CPE),收集病毒悬液分别称为Shlj1~Shlj4。PCR鉴定结果表明,该4株病毒均为SVCV。病毒滴度实验测算出SVCV Shlj 1~Shlj 4的滴度分别为10~(6.28)、10~(6.88)、10~(7.57)和106.38 TCID50/mL。Shlj的糖蛋白基因核苷酸序列的聚类分析和遗传进化分析结果显示,Shlj 1~Shlj 4与Gen Bank收录的中国参考株A2、BJ0505-2和美国参考株USA、212364聚为一簇,同源性为98.4%~99.8%;Shlj 1~Shlj 4毒株之间的糖蛋白核苷酸序列相似性在98.6%~99.8%,其中Shlj 3与美国SCVC毒株USA、212364具有最高的核苷酸相似性(99.8%),Shlj 2与英国参考毒株880163具有最低的相似性(88.0%)。糖蛋白氨基酸序列比对结果显示,Shlj4中氨基酸突变最多,与另3个毒株差异较大。基因型分析结果显示,Shlj 1~Shlj 4均为基因Ia型。本研究结果表明,黑龙江地区2015—2016年间的SVCV检出率约为10%,并且来源于不同养殖场的病毒分离株的核酸序列呈现不同程度的差异,该结果进一步证明SVCV毒株在中国不同的鲤养殖环境中正在不断地进化。     

草鱼胰岛素样生长因子_基因克隆及序列分析

采用逆转录－聚合酶链式反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）方法,从草鱼肝脏的总ＲＮＡ中扩增出胰岛素样生长因子－Ｉ（ＩＧＦ－Ｉ）基因序列,定向克隆至质粒pUC18,测宇了该基因序列,推导期编码的蛋白序列,克隆的cDNA序列编码包括Ｂ,Ｃ,Ａ,Ｄ和Ｅ五个区域的１７个氨基酸,与鲤ＩＧＦ－Ｉ成熟肽比较,核酸序列和氨基酸序列的同源性分别为９３．８％和９７．１％,E区域分析结果表明,所克隆的草鱼ＩＧＦ－Ｉ序列属于ＩＧＦ－ＩＥa-2亚型。     

鲤春病毒血症病毒核蛋白、磷蛋白与基质蛋白的表达、抗体制备及免疫原性比较

鲤春病毒血症病毒(SVCV)能够引起鲤科鱼类大量死亡,被世界动物卫生组织(OIE)列为必须申报的重要疫病,也是我国唯一被列为一类疫病的鱼类传染病。为建立SVCV的快速免疫学诊断方法,研究其主要结构蛋白间的免疫原性差异,实验首先采用原核表达系统克隆并诱导表达,纯化SVCV的核蛋白(N)、磷蛋白(P)和基质蛋白(M),并进一步免疫新西兰白兔制备抗血清,抗血清经Protein A柱进一步纯化获得3种蛋白的多克隆抗体。利用间接酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)和免疫印迹实验(Western blot)对抗体效价和特异性进行分析验证。结果发现,SVCV的N、P和M重组蛋白均在原核表达系统获得大量表达,且表达的蛋白经纯化后免疫实验动物产生了相应的多克隆抗体。Western blot结果显示,3种蛋白抗体均与SVCV重组蛋白及天然蛋白发生特异性的免疫反应。ELISA结果显示,针对P蛋白制备的抗体效价最高,可达409 600;针对N和M蛋白制备的抗体效价也均大于204 800。同时,特异性检测实验结果显示,制备的3种蛋白抗体均仅与SVCV发生特异性免疫反应,而与SVCV宿主其他易感病毒均不发生交叉反应。实验结果将对SVCV的快速诊断及疫苗开发提供新的手段和思路。     

Persistence of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in asymptomatic goldfish Carassius auratus (L.) that survived an experimental infection

Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV‐2) is the causative agent of herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (HVHN) in goldfish, Carassius auratus, and Prussian carp, C. auratus gibelio. In this study, we investigated virus persistence in goldfish experimentally infected with CyHV‐2. Virus DNA presence in organs was monitored in survivors reared at a virus permissive temperature and also in survivors treated with a non‐permissive temperature for 4 days, initiated at three different time points post‐infection in order to obtain fish with different virus loads. We detected virus DNA in all organs tested at 51 days post‐infection (dpi) and in the spleen, trunk kidney and gills of survivors at 81 dpi, although the virus load in fish influenced the subsequent number of organs that tested positive for virus DNA. In addition, some organs dissected from four out of five asymptomatic survivors tested positive by PCR following incubation in vitro in a medium for 5 days. Following inoculation with the homogenate of PCR‐positive kidney incubated in vitro, one of the three inoculated fish died, showing that the detected virus by PCR produced infectious particles. This study suggests that CyHV‐2 can establish a persistent infection in some organs, especially the spleen and trunk kidney, and that asymptomatic surviving fish can be a source of infection.