枯斑盘多毛孢菌粗毒素的基本性质研究

本文对松赤枯病菌（Pestalotia funeren Desm.)培养液粗提物的基本性质进行了初步研究。结果表明，松赤枯病菌培养液中有致病物质即毒素存在，该菌在PD培养液中能达到最大产毒量；松针浸出汁对毒素的产量和致病活性没有明显的促进作用，培养15天的培养液有较高的致萎蔫的活性，随着培养时间的延长其致萎活性没有较大的提高。该毒素是一类极性较大的非蛋白类物质，能用甲醇将其从培养液中较好地提取出来。pH值对毒素粗提液致病活性无显著影响，毒素粗提液中活性成分能被活性碳吸附。     

青枯假单胞杆菌对木麻黄致病机理的初步研究

通过用病原菌悬浮液及培养滤液等对木麻黄无根苗和有根苗进行接种处理，发现青枯菌ＰｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｏｌｏｎａｃｅａｒｕｍＥ．Ｆ．Ｓｍｉｔｈ培养滤液对木麻黄具有强烈的致萎作用。小苗枯萎主要是由滤液中毒性物质诱导植物产生填充体堵塞导管所致。细菌培养滤液中毒性物质对热稳定，在ｐＨ４～１０的范围内毒性不受影响，而且能够致萎多种针阔叶树种小枝，具有非特异性     

肉桂枝枯病菌毒素的研究

本文是对肉桂枝枯病病原菌毒素研究的首例报道。生物活性测定显示，病菌知液体培养基中可产生导致内桂嫩梢萎蔫和叶盘褐变坏死的致病毒素。改良Fries液体培养基振荡培养和PD液体培养基青止培养为较好的产毒培养方式。病原菌毒素为非寄主专化性毒素，除肉桂外，还对香樟、马尾松、薇苷菊、卤地菊和番茄等植物具有致萎活性，毒素为弱酸性（pH5.4），对冷、热稳定性强，极性较大，易深于水、乙醇、丙酮、正丁醇＋丙桐及乙酸乙酯，部分溶于氯仿，基本不溶于乙醚。研究表明毒素为非蛋白质、多糖及核酸类大分子物质。含毒滤液可能含有糖醛类物质，其致毒活性经乙醇和丙酮纯化后有所增强，经HPLC分离出的组分I可能为毒性成份。肉桂叶盘经毒素处理后，其相对电导率较对照大幅度增加，感病的本地桂比抗病的大叶青化桂增加更为明显。     

青枯假单胞杆菌对木麻黄致病机理的初步研究

通过用病原悬浮液及培养滤液等对木麻黄元根苗和有根苗进行接种处理，发现青枯菌Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ｓｏｌｏｎａｃｅｚａｒｕｍ Ｅ．Ｆ．Ｓｍｉｔｈ培养滤波对木麻黄具有强烈的致萎作用。小苗枯萎主要是由滤液中毒性物质诱导植物产生填充体堵塞民管所致细菌培养滤液中毒性物质对热稳定，在ｐＨ－４－１０的范围内毒性不受影响、而且能够致萎多种针阔叶树种小枝，个有非特异性。     

桉树枯萎病菌的生物学特性及对杀菌剂的敏感性试验

对桉树枯萎病菌的生物学研究结果显示,病菌的最适生长温度为25℃,最适pH值为5.5,光照对生长影响不大。菌丝致死温度为65℃。糖源对分生孢子萌发无明显作用。杀菌剂毒力测定显示根腐灵、宝宁对菌丝生长抑制较强,克露和宝宁对孢子发芽有较强的抑制作用。     

香草醛对樟子松种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响

为了了解土壤中香草醛等酚类有毒化感物质对樟子松种子和幼苗的影响,文中采用不同浓度的香草醛溶液对樟子松种子进行发芽试验和樟子松幼苗生长试验。结果表明:不同浓度的香草醛溶液对樟子松种子萌发和幼苗生长都产生了影响,而且表现为低促高抑的效应,其中香草醛浓度为10mmol.L-1的溶液对樟子松胚根和幼茎生长的抑制作用达到了极显著水平。     

培养条件对栗疫菌毒素产生的影响

本文以中国板栗当年生幼嫩枝条作为栗疫菌粗毒素生物检测材料,对该病菌的产毒条件进行了研究。结果表明：栗疫菌在不同培养液的产毒能力有明显的差异,7种培养液中C（PD＋板栗煎汁）培养液产毒能力最强;栗疫病菌产毒能力以培养温度为26℃,培养基pH值为6的条件下培养18d生物活性最强;最佳氮源为蛋白胨;较好的碳源为糊精。     

油橄榄炭疽病菌C. gloeosporiodes毒素对油橄榄原生质体的毒害作用

在改良的Czapek-Dox培养液中,用振荡法培养Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes菌8天,从培养滤液中分离制备C. gloeosporiodes毒素。毒素制备物使蕃茄切条发生萎蔫,使油橄榄愈伤组织的原生质体遭受毒害,停止生长和坏死。抗病品种和感病品种的愈伤组织的原生质体对C. gloeosporiodes毒素的敏感性不同,抗病品种“佛奥”的原生质体对毒素100mg/ml浓度的抵抗力约为感病品种“钟山24”原生质体的3倍。Fe~(+++)能够强化毒素的毒害作用,Cu~(++)则弱化毒素的毒害作用。     

4种盐胁迫对黑种草种子萌发的影响

为探讨盐胁迫对黑种草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,用不同浓度的NaCl,Na2SO4,MgCl2单盐溶液和质量比NaCl∶Na2SO4=2∶1的复合盐溶液处理黑种草种子,观测不同处理下黑种草种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、萌发活力指数、盐害指数,以及幼苗叶面积、胚根长度和胚芽长度的变化。结果表明:盐溶液处理均对黑种草种子的萌发有显著抑制作用;浓度为1.50%的盐胁迫均能导致种子活力丧失;胚芽和叶片比胚根对盐胁迫更敏感。     

燕山山地不同林龄华北落叶松叶凋落物浸提液对其种子萌发和幼苗生长的自毒作用

以燕山山地华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,从不同林龄(16a、23a、34a、42a)、不同浓度(0.001g/mL、0.005g/mL、0.010g/mL、0.050g/mL、0.100g/mL)等方面研究了叶凋落物对落叶松种子萌发和幼苗生长的自毒作用。结果表明:不同林龄、不同浓度华北落叶松叶凋落物水浸液处理均抑制华北落叶松种子的萌发和幼苗的生长,不同浓度的发芽率、发芽指数、胚根长、胚芽长、苗高及地径的抑制作用均呈现:42a34a23a16a,随着浓度增加,不同林龄凋落物水浸液的抑制作用增强;不同林龄落叶松水浸液对种子萌发和幼苗生长具有不同程度的抑制作用,以0.100g/mL的42a落叶松凋落物水浸液抑制作用最强,发芽率和发芽指数分别降低64%和68%,胚根和胚芽长分别降低54%和45%,苗高和地径分别降低55%和78%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.