福建山樱花组培快繁技术

从福建省洋口国有林场场部门口的樱花园中选择1株福建山樱花优良个体开展组培快繁技术研究,建立了组培快繁技术体系。结果表明:最适诱导培养基为MS+6-BA 0.4 mg/L+NAA 0.3 mg/L+蔗糖3%;继代增殖培养基为MS+6-BA 0.4 mg/L+GA30.2 mg/L+蔗糖3%;生根培养基为1/2改良MS+IBA 0.2 mg/L+NAA 0.2mg/L+蔗糖1.5%;移栽基质泥炭土∶杉木树皮∶谷壳体积比为5∶4∶1。采用该技术体系的福建山樱花组培苗芽诱导率较高,达到84%,月继代增殖倍数为4.14,生根率可达91.6%,移栽成活率可达89%。     

‘金花3号’金银花组培快繁技术

对药用植物金银花品种‘金花3号’的组培技术进行研究,结果表明适合诱导的培养基为MS+ 6-BA 1.5mg/L+ NAA0.1 mg/L;较好的增殖培养基为MS+ 6-BA 1.0 mg/L+ NAA 0.2mg/L,芽健壮整齐,增殖系数可达4.5左右;较好的生根培养基为1/2MS+ NAA 0.2 mg/L+ IBA 0.4 mg/L,生根率达90％以上.移栽基质为泥炭土+珍珠岩(V泥炭土∶V珍珠岩=3∶1)移栽成活率可达90％以上.     

欧洲乔木花楸组织培养快速繁殖体系建立研究

以欧洲乔木花楸1年生带侧芽茎段为材料进行诱导启动、分化增殖、生根、炼苗移栽研究,筛选出了各阶段最适培养基,建立了欧洲乔木花楸的无菌快繁体系。在腋芽诱导培养基MS+6-BA1.5 mg/L+NAA0.6 mg/L中,腋芽诱导率最高,为68%;在培养基MS+6-BA2.0 mg/L+NAA0.4 mg/L中继代增殖倍数高且组培苗健壮;在生根培养基1/2MS+IBA0.4 mg/L+NAA0.6 mg/L中,组培苗生根率达95.6%,平均生根数为4.3;沙子∶熟表土∶草炭土∶果渣=3∶3∶2∶2为最适移栽基质,成活率达91%。     

木鳖子茎蔓无菌培养及植株再生研究

以木鳖子幼嫩茎蔓为外植体进行组织培养研究,结果表明,最适宜的诱导培养基为MS+6-BA 0.8 mg/L+NAA0.1 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L,诱导率为66.7%;继代增殖培养基为MS+6-BA 0.6 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L+马铃薯泥2%+活性炭1 g/L+蔗糖30 g/L,增殖倍数为5.6倍;生根培养基为MS+NAA 0.4 mg/L+香蕉泥5%+活性炭2 g/L+蔗糖20 g/L,生根率100%,平均生根数4.8条,平均根长3.9 cm。炼苗10 d后移栽腐殖土∶火烧土∶腐熟艾蒿(体积比5∶3∶2)混合基质的成活率最高达93.3%。     

山樱花组培快繁技术研究

选取经驯化栽培的山樱花植株茎尖和带腋芽的半木质化茎段为外植体,对其组培快繁体系进行研究的结果表明:山樱花茎段外植体在MS+6-BA0.6mg/L+ NAA 0.02mg/L+Vc 40mg/L+ 3％ Sucrose+0.7％ Agar(pH5.8)培养基上,腋芽萌发率为90.0％以上;其组培苗在MS+6-BA 0.4mg/L+ NAA 0.02mg/L+ Vc 40mg/L+3％Sucrose +0.7％Agar(pH 5.8)培养基上继代培养25天左右,继代增殖系数可高达4.0以上;将长势良好的组培苗在1/2MS+ NAA 0.8mg/L+ Vc 40mg/L+1.5％ Sucrose+0.7％ Agar(pH 5.8)培养基上生根壮苗培养后,移栽成活率可达73.3％.     

福建山樱花组织培养试验

以半木质化枝条为外植体,探讨外植体消毒时间、植物生长调节剂对福建山樱花组培各阶段的影响,结果表明:外植体先用75%酒精消毒30 s,再使用0.1%HgCl溶液消毒5 min的消毒效果较好。较适宜的诱导培养基为:MS+6-BA 1.5mg·L-1+NAA 0.1 mg·L-1;较适宜的继代培养基为:3/2 MS+6-BA 1.0 mg·L-1+NAA 0.2 mg·L-1;较适宜的生根培养基为:1/3 MS+IBA 1.0 mg·L-1+NAA 0.2 mg·L-1,生根率达97.4%。生根苗移栽到泥炭土∶珍珠岩∶黄心土(6∶3∶1)的基质中成活率可达90%以上。     

福贡龙竹种子无菌诱导植株再生及快速繁殖

以福贡龙竹种子为外植体,开展组培快繁技术研究。结果表明,用75%酒精消毒60s,再用0.1%的Hg Cl2溶液消毒30min的效果最好;适宜诱导形成丛生芽的培养基为MS+6-BA 2mg/L+IBA 0.5mg/L+KT 0.2mg/L;最佳继代增殖培养基为MS+6-BA 3mg/L+NAA 0.2mg/L;以MS+IBA 1mg/L+NAA 0.5mg/L为最佳生根培养基;将生根组培苗炼苗移栽,90d后成活率达81%以上。     

卷荚相思组培工厂化育苗技术

通过对卷荚相思组培工厂化育苗技术研究的阐述,总结了卷荚相思组培工厂化育苗最优培养基配方为:诱导培养基为改良MS+6-BA 0.3 mg/L+KT 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.3 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+卡拉胶8 g/L,继代增殖培养基为改良MS+6-BA 0.8 mg/L+KT 0.3 mg/L+NAA 0.6 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+卡拉胶8 g/L,生根培养基为1/2改良MS+NAA 0.5 mg/L+蔗糖20 g/L+卡拉胶8 g/L,pH值为5.8。用此培养基配方进行卷荚相思组培工厂化育苗其诱导率可达70%,有效芽增殖倍数可达3倍以上,生根率可达95%以上。     

小花山柰高效快繁技术研究

通过研究不同激素配比对小花山柰不定芽的诱导、不定芽增殖及生根的影响,筛选出小花山柰组培快繁最佳的激素配比,建立小花山柰芽基部的高效组培快繁体系。结果表明：小花山柰最佳的不定芽诱导培养基为MS+30g/L蔗糖+7g/L琼脂+2mg/L 6-BA+0.1mg/L NAA;最佳的不定芽增殖培养基为MS+30g/L蔗糖+8g/L琼脂+2mg/L 6-BA+0.5mg/L KT+0.1mg/L NAA;最佳的生根培养基为MS+30g/L蔗糖+7g/L琼脂+0.2mg/L NAA;炼苗移栽15d后成活率达100%,缩短了小花山柰繁殖时间并提升了繁殖系数,降低了小花山柰的育苗成本,为小花山柰组培苗工业化生产提供了技术参考。     

台湾桤木组培再生体系的建立

以台湾桤木(Alnus formosana)优良单株半木质化茎段诱导的初代芽为材料,研究培养基对继代增殖、生根的影响,建立组培再生体系。结果显示:初代芽在MS+6-BA 3.0 mg/L+KT 0.3 mg/L+NAA 0.06 mg/L+琼脂4 g/L+蔗糖30 g/L的培养基上进行继代增殖培养,增殖系数可达2.17以上;在1/2 MS+6-BA 0.3 mg/L+NAA 0.4 mg/L+IBA 0.8 mg/L+琼脂4g/L+蔗糖30 g/L的培养基上生根培养,株平均根条数3.12以上,平均生根率67%以上。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.