薄麻壳泡核桃优良单株选择初报

薄麻壳泡核桃是贵州主要农家品种,数量分布广,具有壳薄、取仁易、味香等特点。对薄麻壳泡核桃开展优良单株选择,拟为核桃苗木生产提供优良繁殖材料,为选育核桃优质农家品种提供技术支撑和遗传材料。2015年以来,对贵州省薄麻壳泡核桃进行选优调查,按照丰产性状和坚果品质进行初选和复选,应用多性状综合评定开展决选。预选优树30株,复选优树15株,按照国家标准决选优树6株,评选出来的6株优良单株,其单果重变幅为9.54~14.27g,壳厚变幅为0.97~1.30mm,出仁率变幅为50.24%~59.98%,含油率变幅为59.04%~70.67%,蛋白质含量变幅为19%~23.9%。优良单株壳面麻壳,其取仁难易、壳厚、出仁率、仁色等方面具有良好表现。     

凤山县不同海拔漾濞泡核桃果实性状变异分析

采集经营管理相似的4个不同海拔(410、630、810、980 m)漾濞泡核桃(Juglans sigillata)果实,测定漾濞泡核桃果实相关性状指标统计分析。结果表明:漾濞泡核桃果实性状在凤山县不同海拔存在极显著差异(P 0.01),4个海拔漾濞泡核桃变异幅度最大的性状是单果核仁质量(范围为2.72~10.01 g,变异系数为24.59%),三径值变异幅度最小(3.03~3.78 cm),其次是单果质量(9.12~17.98 g),壳厚(0.86~1.44 mm),出仁率(42.12%~59.12%)。综合分析,随着海拔增高,核桃品质逐渐提升,海拔980 m的三径值最大(3.58 cm),单果平均质量最大(14.09 g)、单果果仁平均质量最大(7.14 g),平均果壳厚最薄(1.10 mm),果实平均出仁率最高(54.73%),品质最优。     

滇东北地区铁核桃种群优良单株的选择

为给滇东北核桃品质的遗传改良提供材料,并为高寒山区及核桃冬春现象严重发生地区的核桃生产提供指导,按照坚果品质和丰产性状等选育指标,对滇东北地区丰富的核桃种质资源进行了优良单株的初选、复选和决选。经综合评定,共筛选出了昭鲁23、昭鲁31、昭鲁32、昭鲁45、昭彝03、昭彝07、昭阳2、会005、会027、东川03这10株优良单株,这些优良单株的平均树龄为40a,株产坚果20～40kg,平均单果质量13.49g,壳厚1.17mm,出仁率为54.55%。     

渝东北核桃优良单株选择

为了选育本地核桃良种,在渝东北地区开展核桃优良单株的选择研究。通过对渝东北地区的64株初选核桃优树坚果的主要性状离散程度进行分析,对其中43株较优树的5个主要数量指标(三径均值、坚果质量、仁质量、壳厚、出仁率)进行主成分分析,以及对描述性指标(坚果外观、取仁难易、饱满程度、种仁颜色、风味)进行评分分析,进而选择坚果综合性状优良的核桃单株。根据主成分分析与描述性指标的评分,结果表明13、39、16号等16株核桃优良单株的坚果综合性状较好。     

四川核桃优良单株选择的研究

1966年以后,在我省重点核桃产区开展优良种质资源选择工作。按坚果品质和丰产性状等选育指标,进行优树初选、复选和决选。经多性状综合评定,筛选出12株优良单株。所选择的优良单株平均树龄27年,株产坚果21.6kg,树冠投影面积产仁量0.265kg/m^2,平均单果重12.45g,厚度1.07mm,出仁率60.25%。用这批优良单株作为无性繁殖材料,是改良我省核桃遗传品质、提高核桃生产效益的重要途径之一。     

晋绵1号晚实核桃新品种选育

晋绵1号是从核桃实生群体中选育的雌先型晚实新品种。坚果扁圆柱形,三径平均值达到39.41 mm,平均单果质量18.0 g,壳厚1.2 mm,壳面较光滑,内褶壁退化,易取整仁。核仁充实饱满,内种皮为淡黄色,风味香甜,单仁仁重9.4 g,出仁率52.0%.该品种适应性强,丰产性好,抗病性强。     

红花串核桃种类型(品种)特性及育种策略

为开发利用红花串核桃这一优良种质资源,对形态学特征和主要生物学特性等品种特性进行了观测,制定了育种策略并探讨了品种选育技术。红花串核桃属于早实晚熟丰产耐晚霜品种,为薄麻壳泡核桃,具有二次开花结实特性;第一次果的生产利用价值和商品性能高,8年生单株产坚果15kg以上,坚果椭圆形、整齐端正、缝合线高,种仁浅黄色,取仁易、取整仁,平均单果重14.28g,种壳厚1.3mm,出仁率54%;第2次果是核桃遗传育种的新型试材,目前的生产利用价值和商品性能较低。     

2018年晚霜对辽宁系列核桃品质影响分析

本研究基于2018年晚霜对辽宁系列核桃果实从单株结果量、坚果三径均值、壳厚、平均单果重、出仁率、种仁脂肪含量6个方面进行了影响进行调查研究,综合得出辽宁4、6号在本次霜冻影响中表现优于其他辽宁系列核桃品种,可作为抗晚霜核桃品种选育杂交亲本。     

核桃新品种——漾早香的选育

漾早香核桃是从漾濞泡核桃(J.sigillata D)实生种群中经过实生选种,发现特异单株,经无性繁殖培育而成的核桃新品种。该品种树势强健,树冠紧凑,果熟期早,抗病虫能力强,坚果品质与漾濞大泡核桃相当。坚果长圆形,刻纹浅,平均三径为34.77 mm×40.53 mm×33.11 mm,平均湿果质量17.1g,平均干果质量14.3g,缝合线稍隆起,紧密,底端(果蒂)平;平均壳厚1.0mm,仁浅黄白色。内褶壁革质,易取全仁,出仁率54.56%,仁饱满,味香,含蛋白质17.22%,脂肪69.19%。经多年区域性试验表明,该品种具有具有早熟、丰产以及较强适应性和抗逆性的特点。     

攀枝花市本地鲜食核桃资源坚果性状调查

对攀枝花市现有的部分本地鲜食核桃单株坚果大小、壳厚、单果重、出仁率、种仁特征、壳面特征等方面进行了观察、测定和记录。结果表明：本地鲜实核桃单株坚果性状指标变化幅度较大,3径平均2.87cm～3.89 cm、壳厚0.92 mm～1.84 mm、干果重6.70 g～15.65 g、出仁率39.0%～60.5%。同时在种仁特征、取仁难易和壳面特征也存在多种表现形式。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.