甘肃省草地退化概况分析——基于甘肃省第一、二次草原普查数据

利用20世纪80年代甘肃省第一次草原普查的历史资料和2014?2017年甘肃省第二次草原普查的外业调查数据,选取产草量、可食草产量、植被覆盖度作为草地退化评价指标,采用专家打分法确定指标权重,参照草地退化国家标准,通过反距离插值法分析当前甘肃省草地退化现状.结果表明:甘肃省退化草原面积1.79?×?107?hm2,占全...     

近45年长江黄河源区高寒草地退化特征及成因分析

根据1969年航片数据、1986,2000,2007年以及2013年TM数据建立的长江黄河源区高寒草地生态系统空间数据集,结合该地区近50年的气候资料以及人类活动状况,分析了长江黄河源区高寒草地生态系统在全球变化背景下的变化趋势及其驱动因素。结果表明,近45年长江黄河源区高寒草地呈现以覆盖度降低、破碎化与干旱化加剧为主的退化趋势,长江黄河源区高寒草地退化的速率在20世纪80年代后期呈迅速增加趋势,2000年后退化速率逐渐降低;气温升高引起的区域的暖干化是导致长江黄河源区高寒草地生态系统退化格局形成的主要原因。过度放牧和人类不合理的开发是导致长江黄河源区高寒草地退化加剧的重要因素。     

近15年新疆伊犁河谷草地退化时空变化特征

以伊犁河谷为研究区,利用MODIS NDVI数据及像元二分模型,反演草地植被覆盖度,以草地植被覆盖度为评价标准,结合数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)数据及Getis-Ord Gi*冷/热点分析方法,对伊犁河谷2001-2015年草地退化的时空特征进行了分析。结果表明,1)受持续过度放牧及气候条件影响,2001-2015年伊犁河谷草地整体持续退化,15年内退化草地比例达46.18%,但退化以轻度为主;2)空间上退化草地的分布范围逐步向高海拔区域扩展,海拔1 500-3 000 m的中山和中高山区退化草地扩张最明显;3)草地生态保护政策的实施减缓了草地退化速度,草地退化与改善的空间差异逐渐明显,以退化为主的单一变化趋势有所改变;4)利用NDVI反演植被覆盖度对草地退化进行评价的方法存在对高植被覆盖区域草地退化敏感性相对较弱的缺陷。     

藏北那曲地区草地退化时空特征分析

利用藏北那曲地区的2000-2011年MODIS-NDVI数据,选用草地植被覆盖度作为草地退化的遥感监测指标,分析了过去10年该区草地退化的时空变化特征,为西藏自治区草原三化遥感监测提供重要参考依据.结果表明:以2000-2002年的3年滑动平均值做“基准”,得出2002-2010年那曲地区草地共退化628.7万hm2,且以轻度退化为主.那曲地区草地退化的面积表现出先增加后减少再增加的一个变化趋势,2002-2005年是那曲地区草地退化的主要阶段.那曲地区草地空间变化主要分布在尼玛县、安多县、班戈县和申扎县.     

基于遥感监测的天山新疆段草地退化时空特征及其与气候因子的关系

以植被覆盖度作为草地退化的遥感监测指标,基于2001-2020年天山新疆段MODIS NDVI和气象遥感资料,采用像元二分模型、草地退化指数、冷/热点分析、变异系数和相关性分析等方法,分析草地退化时空特征及其与气候因子的关系,结果表明：1) 2001-2020年平均草地退化面积占总面积的34.04%,草地退化指数为1.67,处于轻度退化水平。2)空间上,轻度退化草地空间分异特征明显,主要集中分布在天山西部和中段山区,中度退化和重度退化草地面积较小且不集中,95%以上的区域草地植被覆盖度变异系数小于0.2,总体上覆盖度的年际波动小,变化相对稳定。3) 2001-2020年草地植被覆盖度受气候因子驱动的区域占总面积的44.23%,主要分布在天山西部和东部,受非气候因子驱动的区域占总面积的55.77%,在山区和南北两侧地势较平缓的区域均有分布,说明非气候因子在天山新疆段草地的变化中起到主导作用。该研究结论可为当地草地资源保护与利用提供科学依据。     

蒙古高原草地退化程度时空分布定量研究

为了实现大面积遥感定量评估蒙古高原草地退化状况,利用NDVI数据反演1982-2013年草地植被覆盖度,并以1982-1985年覆盖度作为基准数据,计算1986-1999年和2000-2013年草地退化指数。结果表明,1986-1999年和2000-2013年,蒙古高原草地覆盖度分别达到14.60%和18.43%,呈上升趋势;1986-1999年显著(P0.05)和极显著(P0.01)增加的面积分别为298.86和189.67 km2,2000-2013年增加面积分别为443.32和92.46 km2;相对1986年,2007年的草地覆盖度最差,2001和1995年也较差,而2013年草地覆盖度最好,表现为初期一般、中期变差、后期变好且好于初期;草地退化程度方面,1986-1999年重度退化草地面积所占百分比最大,达50.35%;2000-2013年中度和重度退化草地面积百分比分别是39.42%和30.34%,总和接近70%,草地退化状况有由极重度、重度向中度和轻度转变的趋势,草地趋于好转。     

锡林郭勒草原近30年草地退化的变化特征及其驱动因素分析

利用NOAA/HAVRR NDVI与MODIS NDVI遥感数据,估算得到锡林郭勒盟草原33年(1981~2013年)的植被覆盖度,根据草地退化国家标准,得到锡林郭勒草原草地退化的变化情况,并对其驱动因素进行研究。结果表明:在研究期内,研究区草地处于长期退化趋势,但2000年是草地退化的转折点。2000年之前,研究区草地呈退化加剧态势;2000~2005年草地退化发生转变,中、东部区域草地整体好转,西部地区草地恶化态势加剧;2005年之后,草地生态不断好转,尤其在2010~2013年,草地退化面积不断萎缩,退化草地中,以中度、轻度退化草地占主导。究其驱动因素,草地载畜量与草地开垦等农业经营活动及人口数量是主要因素;夏季降水量与夏季平均气温变化也是加剧草地退化的重要因素;能源矿产资源的不合理开采是导致草地退化的另一重要因素。     

新疆福海县草地资源变化研究

采用1999年TM和2008年ETM+遥感影像,结合野外调查,利用GIS软件人机交互式解译提取福海县草地资源信息,以此进行其在时空上的变化.研究结果表明:福海县草地退化严重,低、中、高覆盖度草地均有不同程度的退化,退化面积分别占其总面积的22.06%,45.01%和62.25%,高覆盖度草地退化最严重;分析了导致研究区...     

基于无人机大样方数据及国产卫星反演草地植被覆盖度方法研究

受开垦、采矿等人类活动影响,草原出现退化甚至沙化,监测其植被覆盖度对于揭示草地的分布状况与空间变化规律具有重要意义。本文以无人机大样方数据与国产高分一号（GF-1）数据作为数据源,结合野外同步数码相机获取的数据,应用支持向量机（Support vector machine,SVM）构建不同数据源之间的植被覆盖度反演模型（数码相片—无人机大样方数据植被覆盖度估算模型,无人机大样方数据—GF-1数据植被覆盖度估算模型）,探讨国产GF-1卫星结合无人机大样方估算草原植被覆盖度的方法。结果表明,基于SVM模型的GF-1数据结合无人机大样方计算的土壤调节植被指数（Soil-adjusted vegetation index,SAVI）具有较高的精度（判定系数R²=0.97,相对分析误差RPD=4.86,均方根误差RMSE=3.23）,因此基于无人机大样方数据结合GF-1数据可以准确、快速地反演草地覆盖度,利用这种方法可以估算整个草原的植被覆盖度。     

青海省天然草地退化程度分级指标初探

通过野外实地调查,结合20世纪70年代、80年代的草地资源基础数据,参考国内外草地退化的分级标准,初步确定了青海天然草地退化的量化分级指标以及其他的辅助指标,进而将全省退化草地按退化程度划分为轻度、重度、中度3个等级,并指出了3个退化等级的表现特征和退化草地指示植物。     

Salmonella in pork cuttings in supermarkets and butchers' shops in Denmark in 2002 and 2006

The prevalence of Salmonella in fresh pork cuttings in Denmark in the years 2002 and 2006 was investigated at retail and compared with the retail supply pattern. A total of 1025 and 3473 samples were taken in 2002 from butcher's shops and supermarkets, respectively. The corresponding numbers in 2006 were 259 from butchers' shops and 628 from supermarkets. In 2002, 1.2% of all samples were positive for Salmonella; butchers' shops and supermarkets had 1.8% and 1.0% positive samples, respectively. The overall prevalence in 2006 was 4.2%, with prevalence of 8.1% and 2.6% for butchers' shops and supermarkets, respectively. Hence, increases around 3- to 5-fold were found. There was neither observed any parallel increase in Salmonella positive carcasses in Danish slaughterhouses during the study period, nor were any changes in supply routes towards slaughterhouses with higher prevalence observed, which could explain the apparent increase. We hypothesize that hygiene levels and ability to avoid cross-contamination and prevent growth of the organism, in the meat processing chain after slaughter were the most likely responsible factors. Results from this study indicate that the hygiene performance, particularly at retail, has a significant impact on the occurrence of Salmonella. This implies that there is no direct link between slaughterhouse Salmonella surveillance data and the level of Salmonella contamination at retail. To improve risk assessment of Salmonella in fresh pork meat, this study underlines the need for comprehensive retail data.     

Helminth and protozoan parasites in dogs and cats in Belgium

This study investigates the level of helminthic and protozoal infestation over the last 10 years in strays, well-cared-for dogs and cats. Determination of the prevalence of infections was based either on faecal examination or on worm counts at necropsy. Of 2324 faecal flotations (NaCl sp.gr. 1.20) of stray dogs, 34.2% had eggs or proglottids of one or more worm species consisting of Toxocara canis (17.4%), Toxascaris leonina (10.1%), Uncinaria stenocephala (11.4%), Trichuris vulpis (7.0%) and cestodes (2.1%). Isospora oocysts were observed in 5.2% of the dogs. The data on the distribution of the various worm species in the positive dogs indicate that T. canis eggs were by far the most common (50.9%). Necropsy data from 212 infected dogs indicate that 38.9% were infected with T. canis and 33.7% with T. leonina. The overall prevalence of worm infestation of 246 well-cared-for kennel dogs, based on worm egg counts by the McMaster technique, was 36.1%. Of 30 feline faecal samples examined by flotation, 83.3% were positive for parasites, including Toxocara cati (60%), Ancylostoma tubaeformae (36.6%), Taenia (Hydatigera) taeniaeformis (20%) and coccidia (30%). Toxocara cati was the most frequently found worm species at the necropsy of 25 cats (52%). Toxoplasma was not observed.     

Sanguinarine metabolism and pharmacokinetics study in vitro and in vivo

Sanguinarine (SA) is a benzo[c] phenanthridine alkaloid which has a variety of pharmacological properties. However, very little was known about the pharmacokinetics of SA and its metabolite dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) in pigs. The purpose of this work was to study the intestinal metabolism of SA in vitro and in vivo. Reductive metabolite DHSA was detected during incubation of SA with intestinal mucosa microsomes, cytosol, and gut flora. After oral (p.o.) administration of SA, the result showed SA might be reduced to DHSA in pig intestine. After i.m. administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their peak concentrations (C_max, 30.16 ± 5.85, 5.61 ± 0.73 ng/ml, respectively) at 0.25 hr. Both compounds were completely eliminated from the plasma after 24 hr. After single oral administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their C_max (3.41 ± 0.36, 2.41 ± 0.24 ng/ml, respectively) at 2.75 ± 0.27 hr. The half-life (T_1/2) values were 2.33 ± 0.11 hr and 2.20 ± 0.12 hr for SA and DHSA, respectively. After multiple oral administration, the average steady-state concentrations (C_ss) of SA and DHSA were 3.03 ± 0.39 and 1.42 ± 0.20 ng/ml. The accumulation indexes for SA and DHSA were 1.21 and 1.11. The work reported here provides important information on the metabolism sites and pharmacokinetic character of SA. It explains the reasons for low toxicity of SA, which is useful for the evaluation of its performance.     

Chlortetracycline in swine-bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in fasted and fed pigs

Chlortetracycline hydrochloride was administered intra-arterially (11 mg/kg) and as an oral drench (33 mg/kg) to ten 21.0-31.5-kg pigs. Five of the pigs were fasted 18 h prior to dosing and five of the pigs were fed ad libitum prior to dosing. The mean volume of distribution determined by area-under-the-curve calculations for the fasted pigs (0.967 +/- 0.210 l/kg) was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than the mean volume of distribution for the fed pigs (1.39 +/- 0.31 l/kg). Mean total body clearance of the drug was also significantly less (P less than 0.05) in the fasted pigs (0.165 +/- 0.055 l/kg/h) as compared to the fed pigs (0.307 +/- 0.053 l/kg/h). The elimination constants (beta) were not found to be statistically different (P less than 0.05): 0.1811 +/- 0.0057 for the fasted pigs; 0.2260 +/- 0.0461 for the fed pigs. The bioavailability for both groups was similar; 19.12 +/- 8.3% for the fasted pigs and 17.88 +/- 5.3% for the fed pigs. In a second experiment three groups of six pigs which weighed 34.5-44.1 kg were fed a corn-soy diet ad libitum. The rations were fortified with chlortetracycline at 100, 400 or 1000 mg chlortetracycline hydrochloride/kg feed. Chlortetracycline concentrations were determined in plasma samples collected over a 6-day period. Plasma chlortetracycline concentrations reach a plateau within 24 h after initial access to the trial diets and were highly correlated with the dose of the drug consumed (r2 = 0.97).     

2005年国内蛋、肉鸡市场分析回顾及2006年走势预测

2005年如果没有年底的禽流感疫情,对于我国蛋鸡、肉鸡生产来说应该是一个非常完美的丰收年,是哪些因素导致了2005年蛋鸡市场如此好的行情?2006年我国家禽市场又将走向何方?……作者对以上热点问题进行了深入分析研究,供读者参考。     

Pharmacokinetics of penicillin-G in ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation

Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug.     

Mycobiota and aflatoxins in raw materials and pet food in Brazil

Commercial feedstuffs are a basic element in modern pet husbandry in the world. In dogs, the effect of mycotoxins is severe and can lead to death. Few reports on the influence of dietary mycotoxins were found in the scientific literature. The aims of this work were to isolate and identify the mycoflora and to determine the aflatoxins (AFs) natural occurrence in raw materials and ready dry pet food. Therefore, the aflatoxigenic capacity of Aspergillus flavus species was investigated. Aspergillus was the prevalent genera (65-89%) followed by Penicillium and Fusarium spp. Aspergillus flavus was the most prevalent species, followed by Aspergillus sydowii, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus versicolor. Aspergillus flavus frequencies ranged from 58% to 86% except in sorghum meal. All samples assayed (except corn grains and ready pet food) showed Fusarium spp. contamination. Corn meal and corn meal and gluten samples had 100% Fusarium verticillioides. Fusarium graminearum was isolated from sorghum meal. Aspergillus flavus strains (75%) isolated from raw materials and 57% from pet food were able to produce AFs. All samples showed AFs contamination percentages over 70%; corn and sorghum meal obtained the highest AFs levels. Ready pet food did not show quantitative levels of the tested toxins. This is the first report of the aflatoxigenic capacity by A. flavus from Brazilian pet food.