Soil water and salt distribution under furrow irrigation of saline water with plastic mulch on ridge

Furrow irrigation when combined with plastic mulch on ridge is one of the current uppermost water-saving irrigation technologies for arid regions.The present paper studies the dynamics of soil water-salt transportation and its spatial distribution characteristics under irrigation with saline water in a maize field experiment.The mathematical relationships for soil salinity,irrigation amount and water salinity are also established to evaluate the contribution of the irrigation amount and the salinity of saline water to soil salt accumulation.The result showed that irrigation with water of high salinity could effectively increase soil water content,but the increment is limited comparing with the influence from irrigation amount.The soil water content in furrows was higher than that in ridges at the same soil layers,with increments of 12.87% and 13.70% for MMF9(the treatment with the highest water salinity and the largest amount of irrigation water) and MMF1(the treatment with the lowest water salinity and the least amount of irrigation water) on 27 June,respectively.The increment for MMF9 was gradually reduced while that for MMF1 increased along with growth stages,the values for 17 August being 2.40% and 19.92%,respectively.Soil water content in the ridge for MMF9 reduced gradually from the surface layer to deeper layers while the surface soil water content for MMF1 was smaller than the contents below 20 cm at the early growing stage.Soil salinities for the treatments with the same amount of irrigation water but different water salinity increased with the water salinity.When water salinity was 6.04 dS/m,the less water resulted in more salt accumulation in topsoil and less in deep layers.When water salinity was 2.89 dS/m,however,the less water resulted in less salt accumulation in topsoil and salinity remained basically stable in deep layers.The salt accumulation in the ridge surface was much smaller than that in the furrow bottom under this technology,which was quite different from traditional furrow irrigation.The soil salinities for MMF7,MMF8 and MMF9 in the ridge surface were 0.191,0.355 and 0.427 dS/m,respectively,whereas those in the furrow bottom were 0.316,0.521 and 0.631 dS/m,respectively.The result of correlation analysis indicated that compared with irrigation amount,the irrigation water salinity was still the main factor influencing soil salinity in furrow irrigation with plastic mulch on ridge.     

Interactive effects of soil temperature and moisture on soil N mineralization in a Stipa krylovii grassland in Inner Mongolia,China

Determining soil N mineralization response to soil temperature and moisture changes is challenging in the field due to complicated effects from other factors. In the laboratory, N mineralization is highly dependent on temperature, moisture and sample size. In this study, a laboratory incubation experiment was carefully designed and conducted under controlled conditions to examine the effects of soil temperature and moisture on soil N mineralization using soil samples obtained from the Stipa krylovii grassland in Inner Mongolia, China. Five temperature(i.e. 9°C, 14°C, 22°C, 30°C and 40°C) and five moisture levels(i.e. 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% WHC, where WHC is the soil water holding capacity) were included in a full-factorial design. During the 71-day incubation period, microbial biomass carbon(MBC), ammonium nitrogen(NH4 +-N) and nitrate nitrogen(NO3--N) were measured approximately every 18 days; soil basal respiration for qCO2 index was measured once every 2 days(once a week near the end of the incubation period). The results showed that the mineral N production and net N mineralization rates were positively correlated with temperature; the strongest correlation was observed for temperatures between 30°C and 40°C. The relationships between moisture levels and both the mineral N production and net N mineralization rates were quadratic. The interaction between soil temperature and moisture was significant on N mineralization, i.e. increasing temperatures(moisture) enhanced the sensitivity of N mineralization to moisture(temperature). Our results also showed a positive correlation between the net nitrification rate and temperature, while the correlation between the NH4 +-N content and temperature was insignificant. The net nitrification rate was negatively correlated with high NH4 +-N contents at 80%–100% WHC, suggesting an active denitrification in moist conditions. Moreover, qCO2 index was positively correlated with temperature, especially at 80% WHC. With a low net nitrification rate and high soil basal respiration rate, it was likely that the denitrification concealed the microbial gross mineralization activity; therefore, active soil N mineralization occurred in 60%–80% WHC conditions.     

Variation in soil water content to rainfall under Caragana microphylla shrub in Horqin Sandy Land

In order to investigate the spatio-temporal variability of soil water content to rainfall under Caragana microphylla shrub in Horqin Sandy Land,a plot of 25 m × 25 m,where there were 6 shrub canopies of C. microphylla,was sited for measuring soil water content at two soil layers of 0-20 cm (top layer) and 20-40 cm (lower layer). Soil water content was measured on the 1st,5th,10th and 15th day after a 42 mm rainfall in Naiman of Inner Mongolia. The results showed that soil water contents at both layers under C. microphylla shrub were gradually decreased after the rain. Soil water content at the top layer outside the shrub canopy was higher than that inside the shrub canopy within 5 days,and became similar inside and outside the shrub canopy on the 10th day after the 42 mm rainfall,and it was lower outside than that inside the shrub canopy on the 15th day. The soil water content at lower layer in the area without shrubs was higher than that under shrub canopy all along. All the measured values of soil water content can be fitted to a variogram model. There was significant autocorrelation of the values of soil water content between top layer and lower layer,except for the fourth measured values of soil water content at top layer. The range and spatial dependence of soil water content at top layer were lower than that at lower layer.     

GSPAC water movement in extremely dry area

Under an extremely arid condition,a PVC greenhouse was built on the top of Mogao Grottoes in gobi area.The results of 235-day constant extraction of condensed water on the greenhouse film and soil water content showed that 2.1 g/(m2·d) groundwater moved up and exported into the soil,and a phreatic water evaporation existed in the extreme dry area where the groundwater is buried deeper than 200 m.After a prolonged export,the soil water content in the greenhouse was not lower but obviously higher than the original control ones.According to the monitored parameters including relative humidity and absolute humidity of soil,and temperature outside and inside the greenhouse,it was found that there is the available condition and mechanism for the upward movement of groundwater,and also it can be sure that the exported water was not from the soil and atmosphere outside the greenhouse.Phreatic water,an important source for soil water,interacts with atmosphere moisture via soil respiration.Soil salinity also has important effects on soil water movement and spatial-temporal heterogeneity.The extremely dry climate,terrestrial heat and change of upper soil temperature are the fundamental driving forces of water transportation and phreatic water evaporation in the Groundwater-Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum(GSPAC) system.     

Soil water repellency and influencing factors of Nitraria tangutorun nebkhas at different succession stages

Soil water repellency(WR) is an important physical characteristic of soil surface. It is capable of largely influencing the hydrological and geomorphological processes of soil, as well as affecting the ecological processes of plants, such as growth and seed germination, and has thus been a hot topic in recent research around the world. In this paper, the capillary rise method was used to study the soil WR characteristics of Nitraria tangutorun nebkhas. Soil water repellencies at different succession stages of Nitraria tangutorun were investigated, and the relationships between soil WR and soil organic matter, total N, and total P, soil texture, pH, and concentrations of CO3 2-, HCO3-, Cl-, SO4 2-, Na+, K+, Ca2+and Mg2+were discussed. Soil WR may be demonstrated at the following nebkhas dune evolvement stages: extremely degradeddegradedstabilizedwell developednewly developedquick sand. Apart from some soil at the bottom, the WR of other soils(crest and slope of dune) was found to be largest at the topsoil, and decreased as the soil depth increased. The results showed that multiple factors affected soil WR characteristics, e.g. WR increased significantly as the contents of soil organic matter and total N increased, but did not change as the total P content increased. Soil texture was a key factor affecting soil WR; soil WR increased significantly as clay content increased, and decreased significantly as sand content increased. Low pH was shown to be more suitable for the occurrence of soil WR. Four cations(Ca2+, Mg2+, K+and Na+) and two anions(Cl-and SO4 2-) enhanced soil WR, while CO3 2-decreased it. HCO3-did not show any observable effect. Finally, we established a best-fit general linear model(GLM) between soil-air-water contact angle(CA) and influencing factors(CA=5.606 sand+6.496(clay and silt)–2.353 pH+470.089 CO3 2-+11.346 Na+–407.707 Cl-–14.245 SO4 2-+0.734 total N–519.521). It was concluded that all soils contain subcritical WR(0°CA90°). The development and succession of Nitraria tangutorun nebkhas may improve the formation of soil subcritical WR. There exist significant relationships between soils subcritical WR and soil physical or chemical properties.     

Spatial heterogeneity of soil water content in the reversion process of desertification in arid areas

Sandy soils in arid,rain-fed environments have low and limited water content,which is a principal factor limiting vegetation development,and a key constraint controlling the structure and functions of the ecological systems in arid areas.The spatial heterogeneity of soil water content is a major soil property,and a focus of soil science and hydrology.On the southern edge of the Tengger Desert,sample plots were selected from mobile sand dunes in desertified lands that had been enclosed for 5,15 and 25 years,respectively.This study explored the dynamic and spatial heterogeneity of soil water content in these different layers of soil that were also in the reversion process of desertification.The results showed that the soil water content of the mobile sand dunes was highest when in the initial stages of the reversion process of desertification,while the soil water content in the 0-20 cm,20-40 cm and 40-60 cm layers of soil was 1.769%,3.011%,and 2.967% respectively,presenting a restoring tendency after 25 years of enclosure.There were significant differences,as a whole,in the soil water content among different restoration stages and different soil layers,respectively.Changes in soil water content,in different soil layers,at different restoration stages,exhibited exponential or spherical patterns.The spatial distribution of soil water content exhibited a mosaic patch pattern with obvious spatial heterogeneity.The ratio of the heterogeneity of spatial autocorrelation to gross spatial heterogeneity was greater than 50%.The gross spatial heterogeneity of the 0-20 cm layer of soil improved gradually,while those of the 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm layers improved initially,then weakened in the reversion process of desertification.This study revealed that restoration with sand-binding vegetation reduced soil water content,and increased its spatial heterogeneity in arid areas.However,after 25 years of vegetation-soil system restoration,the soil water content started to increase and its spatial heterogeneity started to weaken.These results will further benefit the understanding of the ecological mechanism between soil water and sand-binding vegetation.     

Spatial distribution of soil moisture,salinity and organic matter in Manas River watershed,Xinjiang,China

With the classical statistical and geostatistical methods,the study of the spatial distribution and its influence factors of soil water,salinity and organic matter was carried out for 0-70 cm soil layers in Manas River watershed.The results showed that the soil moisture data from all soil layers exhibited a normal distribution,with average values of 14.08%-21.55%.Geostatistical analysis revealed that the content of soil moisture had a moderate spatial autocorrelation with the ratios of nugget/sill ranging from 0.500 to 0.718,which implies that the spatial pattern of soil moisture is influenced by the combined effects of structural factors and random factors.Remarkable spatial distributions with stripped and mottled features were found for soil moisture in all different soil layers.The landform and crop planting had a relatively big influence on the spatial distribution of soil moisture;total soil salinity was high in east but low in west,and non-salinized soil and lightly salinized soil appeared at the northwest and southwest of the study area.Under the effect of reservoir leakage,the heavily salinized soils are widely distributed in the middle of the study area.The areas of the non-salinized and lightly salinized soils decreased gradually with soil depth increment,which is contrary to the case for saline soils that reached a maximum of 245.67 km2 at the layer of 50-70 cm.The types of soil salinization in Manas River watershed were classified into four classes:the sulfate,chloride-sulfate,sulfate-chloride and chloride.The sulfate salinized soil is most widely distributed in the surface layer.The areas of chloride-sulfate,sulfate-chloride,and chloride salinized soils increased gradually along with the increment of soil depth;the variation range of the average values of soil organic matter content was between 7.48%-11.33%.The ratios of nugget/sill reduced gradually from 0.698 to 0.299 with soil depth increment,which shows that the content of soil organic matter has a moderate spatial autocorrelation.The soil organic matter in all soil layers met normal distribution after logarithmic transformation.The spatial distribution patterns of soil organic matter and soil moisture were similar;the areas with high organic matter contents were mainly distributed in the south of the study area,with the lowest contents in the middle.     

Non-growing season soil CO2 efflux and its changes in an alpine meadow ecosystem of the Qilian Mountains,Northwest China

Most soil respiration measurements are conducted during the growing season.In tundra and boreal forest ecosystems,cumulative,non-growing season soil CO2 fluxes are reported to be a significant component of these systems' annual carbon budgets.However,little information exists on soil CO2 efflux during the non-growing season from alpine ecosystems.Therefore,comparing measurements of soil respiration taken annually versus during the growing season will improve the accuracy of estimating ecosystem carbon budgets,as well as predicting the response of soil CO2 efflux to climate changes.In this study,we measured soil CO2 efflux and its spatial and temporal changes for different altitudes during the non-growing season in an alpine meadow located in the Qilian Mountains,Northwest ChinaField experiments on the soil CO2 efflux of alpine meadow from the Qilian Mountains were conducted along an elevation gradient from October 2010 to April 2011.We measured the soil CO2 efflux,and analyzed the effects of soil water content and soil temperature on this measure.The results show that soil CO2 efflux gradually decreased along the elevation gradient during the non-growing season.The daily variation of soil CO2 efflux appeared as a single-peak curve.The soil CO2 efflux was low at night,with the lowest value occurring between 02:00-06:00.Then,values started to rise rapidly between 07:00-08:30,and then descend again between 16:00-18:30.The peak soil CO2 efflux appeared from 11:00 to 16:00.The soil CO2 efflux values gradually decreased from October to February of the next year and started to increase in March.Non-growing season Q10(the multiplier to the respiration rate for a 10℃ increase in temperature) was increased with raising altitude and average Q10 of the Qilian Mountains was generally higher than the average growing season Q10 of the Heihe River Basin.Seasonally,non-growing season soil CO2 efflux was relatively high in October and early spring and low in the winter.The soil CO2 efflux was positively correlated with soil temperature and soil water content.Our results indicate that in alpine ecosystems,soil CO2 efflux continues throughout the non-growing season,and soil respiration is an important component of annual soil CO2 efflux.     

Effects of water salinity and N application rate on water- and N-use efficiency of cotton under drip irrigation

In arid and semi-arid regions, freshwater scarcity and high water salinity are serious and chronic problems for crop production and sustainable agriculture development. We conducted a field experiment to evaluate the effect of irrigation water salinity and nitrogen（N） application rate on soil salinity and cotton yield under drip irrigation during the 2011 and 2012 growing seasons. The experimental design was a 3×4 factorial with three irrigation water salinity levels（0.35, 4.61 and 8.04 dS/m） and four N application rates（0, 240, 360 and 480 kg N/hm2）. Results showed that soil water content increased as the salinity of the irrigation water increased, but decreased as the N application rate increased. Soil salinity increased as the salinity of the irrigation water increased. Specifically, soil salinity measured in 1：5 soil：water extracts was 218% higher in the 4.61 dS/m treatment and 347% higher in the 8.04 dS/m treatment than in the 0.35 dS/m treatment. Nitrogen fertilizer application had relatively little effect on soil salinity, increasing salinity by only 3%–9% compared with the unfertilized treatment. Cotton biomass, cotton yield and evapotranspiration（ET） decreased significantly in both years as the salinity of irrigation water increased, and increased as the N application rate increased regardless of irrigation water salinity; however, the positive effects of N application were reduced when the salinity of the irrigation water was 8.04 dS/m. Water use efficiency（WUE） was significantly higher by 11% in the 0.35 dS/m treatment than in the 8.04 dS/m treatment. There was no significant difference in WUE between the 0.35 dS/m treatment and the 4.61 dS/m treatment. The WUE was also significantly affected by the N application rate. The WUE was highest in the 480 kg N/hm2 treatment, being 31% higher than that in the 0 kg N/hm2 treatment and 12% higher than that in the 240 kg N/hm2 treatment. There was no significant difference between the 360 and 480 kg N/hm2 treatments. The N use efficien     

Quantifying the impacts of soil water stress on the winter wheat growth in an arid region, Xinjiang

Wheat growth in response to soil water deficit play an important role in yield stability. A field experiment was conducted for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during the period of 2002-2005 to evaluate the effects of limited irrigation on winter wheat growth. 80%, 70%, 60%, 50% and 40% of field capacity was applied at different stages of crop growth. Photosynthetic characteristics of winter wheat, such as photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, photosynthetically active radiation, and soil water content, root and shoot dry mass accumulation were measured, and the root water uptake and water balance in different layer were calculated. Based on the theory of unsaturated dynamic, a one-dimensional numerical model was developed to simulate the effect of soil water movement on winter wheat growth using Hydrus-1 D. The soil water content of stratified soil in the experimental plot was calculated under deficit irrigation. The results showed that, in different growing periods, evapotranspiration, grain yield, biomass, root water up- take, water use efficiency, and photosynthetic characteristics depended on the controlled ranges of soil water content. Grain yield response to irrigation varied considerably due to differences in soil moisture contents and irrigation scheduling between seasons. Evapotranspiration was largest in the high soil moisture treatment, and so was the biomass, but this treatment did not produce the highest grain yield and root water uptake was relatively low. Maximum depth of root water uptake is from the upper 80 cm in soil profile in jointing stage and dropped rapidly upper 40 cm after heading stage, and the velocity of root water uptake in latter stage was less than that in middle stage. The effect of limited irrigation treatment on photosynthesis was complex owing to microclimate. But root water uptake increased linearly with harvest yield and improvement in the latter gave better root water uptake under limited irrigation conditions. Appropriately controlled soil wate     

不同盐渍化土壤N2O排放对生物炭添加和土壤水分的响应

为探讨不同盐渍化程度土壤N₂O排放对生物炭添加和土壤水分的响应,开展为期30 d的室内培养试验,设置5个土壤盐渍化水平(S0、S1、S2、S3、S4:盐分添加量分别为土壤质量的0%、0.25%、0.5%、0.75%、1%)、2个生物炭添加方式(B0:不添加;B1:添加量为土壤质量的5%)和2个水分条件(W0:60%田间持水量;W1:100%田间持水量)。结果表明：土壤盐分对N₂O累积排放量具有显著影响,盐分含量越高则降幅越大,与S0处理相比,S1、S2、S3、S4处理N₂O累积排放量分别降低43.9%、66.5%、91.9%、93.2%。土壤水分对N₂O累积排放量具有极显著影响,水分含量越高则累积排放量越大,与W0处理相比,W1条件下各盐分处理N₂O累积排放量分别增加3.0%、84.8%、187.4%、729.4%、306.7%。生物炭添加对N₂O累积排放量存在一定影响,与B0处理相比,低水含量下,B1处理累积排放量增幅为3.4%～20.6%,高水含量增幅...     

施肥对旱作免耕土壤酶活性与CO_2排放量的影响

通过对不同施肥处理的免耕土壤酶活性和CO2排放通量测定分析,研究北方农牧交错区施肥对旱作免耕农田土壤酶活性、CO2排放量的影响及其相互关系,为提高土壤质量、实现固碳减排和可持续利用提供理论依据。结果表明:免耕施肥土壤酶活性和CO2排放通量高于不施肥处理;氮肥对脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性和CO2排放通量的增加影响最大,其次是磷肥,钾肥最小;过氧化氢酶活性的增加受钾肥影响最大,磷肥次之,氮肥最小;氮磷或氮磷钾肥配施更能增加土壤酶活性和CO2排放通量,单施钾肥土壤过氧化氢酶活性高于氮磷肥配施。蔗糖酶和脲酶活性与土壤CO2排放量呈显著正相关,碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶与土壤CO2排放量之间相关性不显著。     

Impacts of atmospheric CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> concentrations and soil water on the population dynamics,fecundity and development of the bird cherry-oat aphid<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhopalosiphum padi</Emphasis>

The impacts of elevated CO₂ and soil water on the population dynamics, adult fecundity and nymphal period of the bird cherry-oat aphidRhopalsiphum padi (Linnaeus) were evaluated in three experiments: (i)Combined effects of CO ₂ and soil water on aphid populations. Spring wheat was grown in pots at three CO₂ concentrations (350, 550 and 700 ppm) and three soil water levels (40%, 60% and 80% of field water capacity, FWC) in field open-top chambers (OTC) and infested with the bird cherry-oat aphid. Aphid population dynamics were recorded throughout the growing season; at the same time, adult fecundity and duration of the nymphal period were recorded. Chemical composition of spring wheat leaves was also analyzed. (ii)Indirect effects of CO ₂ concentrations and soil water on aphid adult fecundity and nymphal period. The experiment was conducted with the leaf discs method in the laboratory. Aphids were reared on leaf discs excised from the treated wheat in OTC with different CO₂ and soil water levels. (iii)Direct effects of CO ₂ concentrations on aphid adult fecundity and nymphal period. Aphids were reared on leaf discs excised from the wheat grown under natural conditions. The experiment was conducted with the leaf disc method in OTC with the three CO₂ concentrations. It was found that the direct effect of CO₂ concentration on aphid population parameters was minor. CO₂ and soil water affected aphid population indirectly through their effects on wheat characteristics. The aphid population under 550 ppm CO₂ was far larger than the one under 350 ppm CO₂, whereas the population under 700 ppm CO₂ was slightly higher than that under 550 ppm CO₂. The largest aphid population was obtained with the 60% soil water treatment, regardless of CO₂ treatment. The effects of CO₂ concentration on aphid population were, however, not significantly correlated with soil water level. Adult fecundity increased with CO₂ concentration, the highest fecundity being achieved under 60% FWC treatments. The nymphal period was not affected by CO₂ concentration. The shortest period occurred under 60% FWC. Atmospheric CO₂ and soil water had significant effects on the chemical composition of the wheat leaves. Aphid population size was positively correlated with leaf water content, concentrations of soluble proteins, soluble carbohydrates and starch, and negatively correlated with DIMBOA and tannins concentrations. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Oct. 20, 2003.     

有机-无机肥配施对黄土高原半干旱区农田土壤N2O排放的影响

为探明不同施肥方式对旱作麦田土壤N₂O排放的影响,以不施肥(CK)为对照,设置单施有机肥(M)、单施无机肥(N)、有机-无机肥配施(MN)3种施肥方式,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对春小麦地土壤N₂O排放通量进行测定,并对其影响因子(NO^-₃-N、NH⁺₄-N、土壤温度、土壤含水量)和春小麦产量进行同期测定。结果表明：春小麦地在整个生育期内表现为N₂O排放源,各处理均在施肥后出现N₂O排放峰。不同处理土壤N₂O累积排放量表现为N>MN>M>CK,N₂O净损失量(以氮计算)为1.175 8～1.428 kg·hm^-2,占当季施氮量的1.12%～1.36%,有机-无机肥配施降低了氮肥中氮素以气态形式的损失量。MN、N、M处理春小麦产量分别较CK处理增加了45.1%、31.0%、18.8%,各处理土壤NO^-_3<...     

不同耕作措施下旱作春小麦农田二氧化碳排放模拟及敏感性分析

为探讨不同耕作措施下旱作春小麦农田CO2排放以及气候条件、土壤性质和作物管理措施对CO2排放影响的敏感性差异,本文基于DNDC模型,结合定西试验区旱作春小麦农田定点连续监测的CO2排放通量等数据,检验该模型模拟不同耕作措施下CO2排放的适宜性,并对其敏感性进行研究.结果表明:DNDC模型对不同处理下CO2排放的模拟结果...     

半干旱区不同施肥量对旱作冬小麦田土壤呼吸的影响

为了探究不同施肥量对半干旱区旱作冬小麦田土壤呼吸的影响,在宁夏回族自治区彭阳县旱地农业试验站设置了不施肥（F_N）、低肥（F_L）、中肥（F_M）和高肥（F_H）大田试验。通过监测不同施肥量下冬小麦田的土壤温度、土壤水分和土壤呼吸速率,分析不同施肥量下冬小麦田土壤呼吸速率的变化特征及其与土壤水热因子的相关性。结果表明：（1）施肥能提升0~5 cm和5~10 cm土层土壤温度,随着施肥量的增加,0~5 cm和5~10 cm土层温度平均增幅分别为1.7%~15.0%和2.0%~21.4%。（2）施肥降低了0~100 cm土层土壤含水量,随着施肥量的增加,F_H、F_M和F_L处理降幅分别为6.5%~7.0%、5.0%~5.8%和3.5%~4.0%。（3）施肥显著提升了冬小麦在拔节期、抽穗期、开花期、灌浆期和成熟期的土壤呼吸速率;2018—2019年和2019—2020年低肥、中肥和高肥处理平均土壤呼吸速率分别提升了40.0%、25.5%和14.5%。（4）施肥提升了冬小麦全生育期CO₂排放量,随着施肥量的增加,全生育期CO₂排放量呈下降趋势,表现为低肥＞中肥＞高肥＞无肥,且各生育阶段土壤CO₂累计排放量存在显著差异。（5）土壤呼吸速率与土壤水热因子相关性分析表明,土壤呼吸与0~5 cm和5~10 cm土层土壤温度相关系数均达到显著水平,且与5~10 cm土层土壤温度相关性显著高于0~5 cm土层;土壤呼吸速率与0~10 cm土层土壤含水率呈现显著相关关系。（6）土壤水热双因素与土壤呼吸分析表明,土壤水热双因素可以解释土壤呼吸变化的81%~89%,高于土壤温度（63%~74%）和土壤水分（46%~75%）单因素。综上可知,土壤呼吸受土壤温度和水分的调控。从改善农田生态,降低土壤呼吸的角度来看,适当提升施肥量可有效减少土壤呼吸的排放。     

不同氮素水平下有机物料添加对陇中黄土高原旱作农田N2O排放特征的影响

为了探究不同用量氮肥配施生物质炭或小麦秸秆对旱作农田N₂O排放通量的影响,在陇中黄土高原半干旱区连续进行4年不同氮素水平配施不同有机物料的田间定位试验,试验以3种施氮用量（不施氮肥、50 kg（N）·hm^-2氮肥、100 kg（N）·hm^-2氮肥）配施2种有机物料（小麦秸秆S、生物质炭B）及无有机物料 (C)共组成9个处理,于2016年11月—2017年10月,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对N₂O通量进行全年内连续观测。研究结果表明：观测期内,各处理N₂O年平均通量大小排序SN100>CN100>SN50>CN50>BN100>SNO>BN50>CN0>BN0,各处理N₂O排放通量变化趋势一致;相较N0处理（CN0、SN0、BN0）的年平均排放通量,N50（CN50、SN50、BN50）和N100（CN100、SN100、BN100）处理分别增加了6.92%和10.03%。相较CN0、CN50和CN100,与其相同氮素水平配施生物质炭后,N₂O年平均排放通量分别降低了0.49%、3.15%和4.67%;配施秸秆后,N₂O年平均排放通量分别增加了6.37%、3.44%和2.73%。单施氮肥或小麦秸秆配施氮肥均增加了N₂O排放的增温潜势,生物质炭配施氮肥减少了N₂O排放的增温潜势。主效应分析表明,氮素、秸秆均对提升N₂O排放通量发挥显著效应,而生物质炭具有降低效应。相关分析表明,土壤温度与N₂O通量表现为显著正相关关系,土壤含水量与N₂O通量表现为显著负相关关系（P<5%）。通径分析表明,土壤温度对N₂O通量的增大作用远大于土壤含水量对N₂O通量的减小作用。秸秆或生物质炭与氮素无交互效应,N₂O排放通量随氮素水平的增加而增大,秸秆还田促进了N₂O排放而生物质炭抑制了N₂O排放。因此,添加生物质炭对旱作农田固氮减排具有较大的潜力。     

盐基离子对土壤持水及收缩特性的影响

不同盐离子对土壤持水能力具有不同程度影响,且在土壤水分特征曲线测定过程中,土体随失水发生收缩和开裂。在已获取研究成果基础上进行扩展,进一步探索8种低浓度盐离子(K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、HCO_3~-、CO_3~(2-)、SO_4~(2-))对土壤持水能力和收缩特征的影响。选取陕西粉黏壤土并分别采用含有此8种离子的盐溶液(浓度均约为1 g·L~(-1))对土样进行饱和处理,以无盐离子处理作为对照(CK);采用离心机法获取土壤水分特征曲线,使用游标卡尺测定离心过程中的土体轴向沉降高度,编写MATLAB程序对裂缝图像提取裂隙度量指标,据此对各处理土壤持水能力和收缩特征进行对比分析及评价。结果发现,在此浓度条件下:(1)K~+、Na~+及4种阴性盐离子在一定程度上均可提高土壤持水能力,且阴阳盐离子中CO_3~(2-)和K~+效果最显著,分别较CK提高35.81%和3.68%;(2)Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)和CO_3~(2-)有利于减小土体轴向收缩度,且阴阳盐离子的作用效果分别表现为HCO_3~-Cl~-SO_4~(2-)CO_3~(2-)和Na~+K~+Ca~(2+)Mg~(2+);(3)Na~+、Mg~(2+)及4种阴性盐离子在一定程度上均有利于减轻土壤开裂程度,可同时减小土壤裂隙总长度、总面积以及长度密度和面积密度,且阴阳盐离子中CO_3~(2-)和Na~+效果最显著。研究可为不同类型盐碱土壤持水能力评价及其干缩开裂机理认知提供理论指导。     

Modeling the contribution of abiotic exchange to CO2 flux in alkaline soils of arid areas

Recent studies on alkaline soils of arid areas suggest a possible contribution of abiotic exchange to soil CO2 flux(Fc).However,both the overall contribution of abiotic CO2 exchange and its drivers remain unknown.Here we analyzed the environmental variables suggested as possible drivers by previous studies and constructed a function of these variables to model the contribution of abiotic exchange to Fc in alkaline soils of arid areas.An automated flux system was employed to measure Fc in the Manas River Basin of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region,China.Soil pH,soil temperature at 0–5 cm(Ts),soil volumetric water content at 0–5 cm(θs)and air temperature at10 cm above the soil surface(Tas)were simultaneously analyzed.Results highlight reduced sensitivity of Fc to Ts and good prediction of Fc by the model Fc=R10Q10(Tas–10)/10+r7q7(pH–7)+λTas+μθs+e which represents Fc as a sum of biotic and abiotic components.This presents an approximate method to quantify the contribution of soil abiotic CO2 exchange to Fc in alkaline soils of arid areas.     

基于根系特征分析海岛棉幼苗耐碱性

针对海岛棉幼苗期进行耐碱性研究,设置不同Na₂CO₃胁迫浓度(0.00%、0.07%、0.09%和0.11%),待幼苗长至第11天根据其根部特征筛选海岛棉耐Na₂CO₃的最适浓度,并基于最适浓度评价海岛棉的耐受性。结果表明,0.09%的Na₂CO₃胁迫最适于鉴定海岛棉耐碱性;在0.09%的Na₂CO₃碱胁迫下,海岛棉品种根系特征性状均受到不同程度抑制,像素面积变异最弱。主成分分析将根部特征性状分为3个主成分,第1主成分为根系生物量和形态因子;第2主成分为侧根因子;第3主成分为主根长度因子。隶属函数值和D值之间拟合性较好,呈显著相关,因此可将两者统一进行综合评价,将海岛棉划分为敏感型、弱耐碱型、耐碱型和强抗型4类,并筛选到敏感材料4401和S(L),强抗材料JZ-1;供试海岛棉材料主要以中间型为主,极端材料较少。