Homoploid hybrid speciation in an extreme habitat

According to theory, homoploid hybrid speciation, which is hybrid speciation without a change in chromosome number, is facilitated by adaptation to a novel or extreme habitat. Using molecular and ecological data, we found that the alpine-adapted butterflies in the genus Lycaeides are the product of hybrid speciation. The alpine populations possess a mosaic genome derived from both L. melissa and L. idas and are differentiated from and younger than their putative parental species. As predicted, adaptive traits may allow for persistence in the environmentally extreme alpine habitat and reproductively isolate these populations from their parental species.     

Pleistocene changes in the fauna and flora of South america

In recent years, the view that Pleistocene climatic events played a major role in the evolution of the biotas of southern, primarily tropical continents has begun to displace the previously held conviction that these areas remained relatively stable during the Quaternary. Studies of speciation patterns of high Andean plant and avian taxa (7-14) have led to the conclusion that Pleistocene climatic events were the factors that ultimately shaped the patterns now observed in the paramo-puna and the related Patagonian flora and fauna. The final uplift of the Andes at the end of the Tertiary automatically limits the age of the high Andean habitats and their biotas to the Quaternary. Within this period, the number of ecological fluctuations caused by the glaciations could easily have provided the mechanism behind the patterns now present in these habitats (Appendix, 1; Figs. 1 and 2; Table 1). In glacial periods, when vegetation belts, were lowered, organisms in the paramo-puna habitat were allowed to expand their ranges. In interglacial periods, these taxa were isolated on disjunct peaks, where differentiation could occur. At times of ice expansion, glacial tongues and lakes provided local barriers to gene exchange, whereas in warm, interglacial times, dry river valleys were a major deterrent to the interbreeding of populations on different mountains (Fig. 2; Table 2). A preliminary analysis of about 10 to 12 percent of the total South American avifauna (14), subsequent to the study of the high Andean biota, suggested that the birds of all the major habitats of the continent possess, with about equal frequency, similar stages of speciation. This correspondence in levels of evolution indicated that the avifauna of vegetation zones which were thought to have been more stable (for example, tropical rainforests) are as actively speciating as are those of the more recent paramo-puna habitats. More intensive work on lowland tropical taxa (16, 19-21) and recent work on montane forest elements (40) now justify the conclusion that the floras and faunas of these areas were also greatly affected by Pleistocene climatic shifts. In the broad region of South America that lies within the tropics, a series of humid-arid cycles (Appendix, 6, 8-10) drastically and repeatedly altered vegetation patterns during the Quaternary. Both montane and lowland rainforests were fragmented during dry periods and were able to reexpand during humid phases. Speciation of forest elements was initiated-and sometimes completed-in isolated patches of the fragmented forest. Secondary contact, with hybridization or reunition of populations that did not become reproductively isolated, occurred in periods of reexpansion. These biological data, combined with supportive geological evidence (Appendix, 1-11), show that climatic events during the last million or so years have affected the biota of South America as much as the Pleistocene glacial changes affected the biotas of Eurasia and North America. Since most of South America lies within tropical latitudes, it is suggested here that part of the diversity of species in the tropical areas of this continent is due to two historical factors: the lack of wholesale elimination of species (compared with northern and high latitudes), and ample opportunity for speciation in successive periods of ecological isolation. The apparent paradox of the wealth of species in the "stable tropics" is partially explained by the fact that the tropics have probably been quite unstable, from the point of view of their biotas, during the Pleistocene and perhaps part of the Tertiary.     

Widespread divergence between incipient Anopheles gambiae species revealed by whole genome sequences

The Afrotropical mosquito Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, a major vector of malaria, is currently undergoing speciation into the M and S molecular forms. These forms have diverged in larval ecology and reproductive behavior through unknown genetic mechanisms, despite considerable levels of hybridization. Previous genome-wide scans using gene-based microarrays uncovered divergence between M and S that was largely confined to gene-poor pericentromeric regions, prompting a speciation-with-ongoing-gene-flow model that implicated only about 3% of the genome near centromeres in the speciation process. Here, based on the complete M and S genome sequences, we report widespread and heterogeneous genomic divergence inconsistent with appreciable levels of interform gene flow, suggesting a more advanced speciation process and greater challenges to identify genes critical to initiating that process.     

Microorganism mediated reproductive isolation in flour beetles (genus Tribolium)

Reproductive isolation is induced by microorganisms in diverse geographic strains of the flour beetle Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae). The incompatibility between populations is due to nongenetic cytoplasmically inherited factors. Males of infected strains produce no progeny when crossed with females of noninfected strains; however, they produce "normal" numbers of progeny when crossed with infected females. Males from noninfected strains show no reproductive isolation. Infected strains of T. confusum can be cured when tetracycline or other antibiotics are added to the flour medium. "Cured" strains become partially reproductively isolated from all noncured strains including the source strain     

Evidence for a one-allele assortative mating locus

Theoretical models have shown that speciation with gene flow can occur readily via a "one-allele mechanism," where the spread of the same allele within both of two diverging species reduces their subsequent hybridization. Here we present direct genetic evidence for such an allele in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Alleles conferring high or low assortative mating in D. pseudoobscura produce the same effects when inserted into D. persimilis. This observation suggests that the type of genetic variation that is most conducive to controversial modes of speciation with gene flow, such as reinforcement or sympatric speciation, is present in nature.     

Convergence of Campylobacter species: implications for bacterial evolution

The nature of species boundaries in bacteria remains controversial. In particular, the mechanisms of bacterial speciation and maintenance in the face of frequent genetic exchange are poorly understood. Here, we report patterns of genetic exchange that show two closely related zoonotic pathogenic species, Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, are converging as a consequence of recent changes in gene flow. Population expansion into a novel ecological niche generated by human activity is the most probable explanation for the increase in genetic exchange between these species. Bacterial speciation can therefore occur by mechanisms analogous to those seen in metazoans, where genetic diversification and incipient speciation caused by ecological factors have been reported in several genera.     

A polytene chromosome analysis of the Anopheles gambiae species complex

Field-collected specimens of all known taxa in the Anopheles gambiae complex were analyzed on the basis of chromosome inversions with reference to a standard polytene chromosome map. The phylogenetic relationships among the seven described species in the complex could be inferred from the distribution of fixed inversions. Nonrandom patterns of inversion distribution were observed and, particularly on chromosome arm 2R, provided evidence for genetically distinct populations in A. gambiae, A. arabiensis, and A. melas. In A. gambiae from Mali, stable genetic differentiation was observed even in populations living in the same region, suggesting a process of incipient speciation which is being confirmed by studies with molecular markers. The possible role of chromosome differentiation in speciation of the A. gambiae complex and in the emergence of distinct chromosomal forms within the nominal species is discussed in relation to human malaria.     

基于微卫星标记的东北黑蜂群体遗传多态性分析

【目的】探讨东北黑蜂（Apis mellifera ssp.）国家级自然保护区内的蜜蜂群体遗传多态性情况。 【方法】采用16个微卫星位点对来自中国黑龙江省饶河县7个不同区域的东北黑蜂样本进行遗传多样性检测。【结果】245只东北黑蜂个体在16个微卫星座位上共发现725个等位基因;除A028、A024和A088外,其余的13个微卫星座位均表现出高度多态性;东北黑蜂7组样本的平均多态信息含量（PIC）为0.60±0.05,平均观察杂合度（Ho）为0.62±0.21,平均期望杂合度（He）为0.65±0.19;除第2组样本外,其它样本的近交系数（Fis）均为正值,表明这些样本内存在不同程度的近交现象;7组样本间的分化系数（Fst）为0.03―0.14,遗传距离（DA）为0.08―0.35;群体的总基因流（Nm）为1.59,总分化系数（Fst）为0.14。聚类分析结果表明东北黑蜂具有2个不同的进化分支。【结论】东北黑蜂群体朝着2个不同的方向进化;总体遗传多态性程度较高;由于群体间的基因交流程度比较频繁,因此目前仅产生了中等程度的遗传分化。本研究结果对东北黑蜂的选育和保护具有重要的指导意义。     

Speciation within Anopheles gambiae--the glass is half full

Restrictions to gene flow among molecular forms of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto reveal an ongoing speciation process affecting the epidemiology of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa.     

大黄鱼群体遗传多样性的微卫星DNA分析

通过建立大黄鱼部分基因组文库,应用PCR法筛选到55个含微卫星DNA位点的阳性克隆,选择其中8个序列设计微卫星引物,在这8个微卫星位点中得到91个等位基因片段,各位点等位基因数6～22个,平均观测杂合度Ho为0.404 7,平均期望杂合度He为0.775 6,多态信息含量(PIC)平均值为0.754 5,结果显示,所选择的8个微卫星位点均表现出较高的多态性.利用这些微卫星引物对大黄鱼不同群体进行遗传多样性分析,结果表明,大黄鱼种群中仍存在较高的遗传变异,但微卫星等位基因频率大多偏离了Hardy-Weinberg平衡,且不同群体间存在较高的基因流(Nm=2.699 8),表明大黄鱼种群存在较严重的近亲繁殖且各群体间有着较频繁的基因交流.对不同地理群体的聚类分析结果支持了中国沿海大黄鱼种群大致划分为3个不同地理种群的论证.     

Influence of Host Shift on Genetic Differentiation of the Oriental Fruit Fly,Bactrocera dorsalis

Invasion of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, into new niches containing different food sources (a process referred to as host shift), may cause population genetic differentiation and sympatric speciation. To attempt to infer that experimentally, test populations were established by transferring a subset of the original populations, which had been grown on banana for many generations, onto navel orange, and then subculturing the navel orange population and banana population for at least 20 generations. Four pairs of SSR primers with high polymorphism on laboratory strains were used to detect population genetic differentiation. All six tested populations (the 5th, 10th and 15th generations of B. dorsalis fed on banana and navel orange, respectively) were found to have low genetic diversity. Furthermore, the genetic diversity of the navel orange populations was found to decline after being crossed for several generations. Populations initially were deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, however, equilibrium was achieved with increasing numbers of generations in both of the host populations. Limited gene flows were found among the six populations. The Nei's standard genetic distances between the two host populations of the same generation were initially low, but increased with generation number. Genetic distances between banana and navel orange populations of the same generation were lower than genetic distances between different generations grown on the same host plant. Analysis of molecular distance (AMOVA) results based on generation groups and host groups demonstrated that genetic variation among generations was greater than that between the two host populations. The results indicated that population genetic differentiation occurred after the host shift, albeit at low level. Biogeography and taxonomy of the B. dorsalis complex revealed that speciation of B. dorsalis might be tightly associated with host shift or host specialization of B. dorsalis following dispersal.     

Identification of Co-dominant SSR Markers Associated with Genes Controlling α′-and α-subunit-null β-conglycinin Phenotypes in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

Studies have shown that the three subunits of β-conglycinin are the main potential allergens of soybean sensitive patients.And β-conglycinin has adverse effects on nutrition and food processing.So solation and production of lines with lower β-conglycinin content has been the focus of recent soybean breeding projects.Soybean lines with deficiency in one or all subunits of β-conglycinin have been obtained.An effective and rapid system to identify such mutations will facilitate genetic manipulation of the β-conglycinin subunit composition.Here,two segregating F_2 populations were developed from crosses between Cgy-1/cgy-1 (CC),an α′-lacking line (Δα′),and DongNong 47 (DN47),a wild-type (Wt) Chinese soybean cultivar with normal globulin components,and Cgy-2/cgy-2 (CB),an α-lacking line (Δα),and DN47.These populations were used to estimate linkage among the cgy-1 (conferring α′-null) and cgy-2 (α-null) loci and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers.Seven SSR markers (Sat_038,Satt243,Sat_307,Sat_109,Sat_231,Sat_108 and Sat_190) were determined to co-segregate with cgy-1,and six SSR markers (Satt650,Satt671,Sat_418,Sat_170,Satt292 and Sat_324) co-segregated with cgy-2.Linkage maps being composed of seven SSR markers and cgy-1 locus,and six SSR markers and the cgy-2 locus were then constructed.It assigned that the cgy-1 gene to chromosome 10 at a position between Sat_307 and Sat_231,and the cgy-2 gene to chromosome 20 at a position between Satt650 and Satt671.These markers should enable map-based cloning of the cgy-1 and cgy-2 genes.For different subunit-deficiency types[α′-null,α-null and (α′+α)-null types],the two sets of SSR markers could also detect of polymorphism between three normal cultivars and seven related mutant lines.The identification of these markers is great significance to the molecular marker-assisted breeding of soybean β-conglycinin subunits.     

Genetic evidence for local retention of pelagic larvae in a Caribbean reef fish

The pelagic larvae of many marine organisms can potentially disperse across hundreds of kilometers, but whether oceanographic or behavioral mechanisms can constrain dispersal over periods sufficient for the evolution of genetic differentiation remains unclear. Here, we concurrently examine larval duration and genetic population differentiation in a cleaner goby, Elacatinus evelynae, a member of the most species-rich genus of Caribbean reef fishes. Despite evidence for extended pelagic duration (21 days), populations of E. evelynae show strong genetic differentiation: among color forms (1.36 to 3.04% divergent at mitochondrial cytochrome b) and among island populations within color forms (Phi(ST) up to 70%). These results suggest that marine populations can remain demographically closed for thousands of generations despite extended larval duration, and that recognition cues such as color may promote speciation when geographic barriers are transient or weak.     

绵羊和山羊基于两种标记的遗传分化初步研究

对湖羊、同羊及长江三角洲白山羊的随机样本分别进行14个结构基因座和7个微卫星标记的遗传检测,比较由2种遗传标记获得的群体基因平均杂合度、多态信息含量及群体有效等位基因数,分别根椐2种类型的基因频率资料,计算3个群体间的标准遗传距离并加以比较.结果表明由微卫星等位基因频率获得的群体基因平均杂合度、多态信息含量及有效等位基因数显著大于由结构基因座获得的,由结构基因座资料计算的3个群体间标准遗传距离为0.026 8～0.248 7,微卫星标记资料计算的3个群体间标准遗传距离为0.232 1～1.231 3,绵山羊群体间显著大于绵羊间.结构基因座和微卫星标记一致揭示了3群体内的遗传变异程度由大到小依次为同羊、湖羊、长江三角洲白山羊;微卫星标记较结构基因座标记更能表达近缘种间进化趋异水平;可将FCB11、MAF33、AE101、FCB128及FCB304位点作为研究绵山羊近缘种间遗传分化的标志性位点.     

应用两类遗传标记方法分析湖羊和同羊的遗传多样性

随机抽取湖羊 6 3只、同羊 6 5只分别进行 14个结构基因座和 7个微卫星标记的遗传检测 ,比较由两种遗传标记获得的群体基因平均杂合度 (H)、多态信息含量 (PIC)及群体有效等位基因数 (Ne)。结果表明 :由微卫星等位基因频率获得的群体基因平均杂合度、多态信息含量及有效等位基因数显著大于由结构基因座获得的 ,且在两群体中变化趋势一致。提示 :结构基因座和微卫星标记是绵羊群体遗传多样性研究的可靠遗传标记 ,而微卫星标记揭示更为丰富的遗传变异 ;两绵羊群体在结构基因座和微卫星DNA两个层次上具相当的遗传多样性 ;微卫星标记可有效用于近缘群体间的遗传分析。     

东北地区水稻纹枯病菌致病性及遗传多样性分析

为明确东北地区水稻纹枯病菌致病性及其群体遗传多样性,将2018年采自东北三省13个水稻主产区的病样分离纯化,共获得176个立枯丝核菌菌株。采用离体叶片接种法测定菌株致病力,利用SRAP分子标记技术分析其遗传多样性。致病力测定结果表明,东北三省各地区菌株致病力存在分化现象,供试的176个菌株中,强致病力菌株占全部菌株23.3%;中等致病力菌株占61.9%;弱致病力菌株占14.8%。地理来源与致病力无明显相关性。根据UPGMA聚类分析,当相似系数为0.63时,176个菌株被划分为6个类群。聚类结果与地理来源具有相关性,但与致病力无明显相关性。利用16对SRAP引物分析176个立枯丝核菌菌株遗传多样性,共得到2 237个扩增条带,多态性频率为82.16%;基因多样度(h)、Shannon信息指数(I)分别为0.2827、0.4150。东北各地区立枯丝核菌群体间遗传距离与地理距离呈一定正相关。群体遗传分化系数Gst=0.3319,基因流Nm=1.0063,说明东北地区立枯丝核菌群体遗传分化度较高且群体间存在基因交流。AMOVA分析结果表明,群体内遗传分化为67.84%,遗传变异主要发生在群体内部。     

大白菜和白菜群体的遗传结构分析

 遗传结构分析能够提供个体的血统来源及其组成信息,是一种重要的遗传关系分析工具。研究选取位于白菜10个染色体上的13对SSR 引物,对不同来源的58份大白菜和33份白菜DH系进行了遗传结构分析。13对SSR引物共检测到43个多态性位点,平均每对引物的多态性条带为3.31。多态性条带频率平均为0.30,反映位点多态性水平的PIC值的变幅为0.40~0.71,平均为0.55。根据基于模型的结构分析结果,将91份DH系分成6个群体,4个大白菜群体和2个白菜群体。分析提供了每份材料来源于不同群体的遗传组成比例,发现除各个大白菜群体之间和各个白菜群体之间存在基因交流之外,也存在大白菜群体和白菜群体之间的基因交流。6个群体与材料的来源地、抗热性和品种类型等有明显的对应关系。     

4个暗纹东方鲀群体的遗传多样性分析

采用10对暗纹东方鲀(Takifugu obscurus)和16对红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)微卫星引物对4个暗纹东方鲀群体(1个长江常熟江段捕捞群体,1个江苏扬中放流群体和2个养殖群体)的遗传多样性进行分析。结果显示,20个微卫星位点能成功扩增出片段并且具有一定的多态性,在4个群体中共检测到113个等位基因。每个群体的平均等位基因数为4.95～5.50,平均观测杂合度为0.686 7～0.761 7,平均期望杂合度为0.653 0～0.700 0,平均多态信息含量为0.601 3～0.638 4。各个群体都有一些微卫星位点偏离Hardy-Wein-berg平衡(P<0.05),主要表现为杂合子不足。群体间遗传分化系数为0.040 6,基因流值为5.905 6,群体间遗传分化程度较小,群体间基因流水平较高。4个群体间的遗传相似系数为0.859 0～0.915 8,遗传距离为0.088 0～0.151 9,采用UPGMA法对4个群体进行聚类,可分2类:上海养殖群体单独为一类,扬中放流群体、常熟江段捕捞群体和南通养殖群体为另一类。     

濒危植物珙桐遗传多样性与遗传结构的ISSR分析

采用10条ISSR引物对我国珍稀濒危植物珙桐的6个天然居群和2个人工居群的229份材料进行分析,共检测到127个分子量在200～2 000 bp之间的位点,其中多态性位点119个、多态位点百分率93.81%;各居群多态位点百分率在40.21%～76.29%之间,平均为58.64%。物种水平上,珙桐的Nei’s基因多样性Hs=0.3013,Shannon’s遗传多样性信息指数I=0.4566。居群水平上,各居群的Nei’s基因多样性介于0.1491～0.2690之间,各居群的平均Nei’s基因多样性Hs=0.2191,各居群的Shannon’s遗传多样性信息指数(I)介于0.2200～0.4028之间,平均Shannon’s遗传多样性信息指数I=0.3232。居群间基因间分化度(Gst)为26.27%,基因流Nm为1.4。结果显示珙桐的遗传多样性较高,8个居群间存在一定的遗传分化和基因流动,但遗传分化主要存在于居群内。     

非洲桃花心木不同地理群体遗传多样性分析

应用SRAP 分子标记技术,对来自非洲的5 个不同地理群体非洲桃花心木的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行了分 析。结果表明:筛选出28 对SRAP 引物组合用于群体遗传分析,共扩增出条带77 条,其中多态性条带59 条,多态 性水平为76.62%;5 个群体遗传距离在0.036 1 ~ 0.131 7 之间,总的Nei爷s 基因多样性指数为0.209 3,总的 Shannon爷s 信息指数分别为0.330 0,遗传变异主要来自群体内个体间(70.04%),群体基因流(Nm)为1.185 8。