六甲基磷酰三胺木材阻燃剂的研究

热重分析和燃烧试验表明，六甲基磷酰三胺与杉木反应１５ｍｉｎ后，六甲基磷酰三胺使杉木的热解峰温由４１０℃降低到２９０℃，残余炭量由１７．２％增加到４８．２％，处理材用水浸泡处理２天后阻燃效果无明显下降。     

不同预处理对杉木种子活力的影响

用代号91、6、244和67的杉木种子进行温度40℃ 2％NH_4Cl溶液、温度25℃无水乙醇、温度40℃相对湿度100％和对照处理,结果表明,在短时间高温条件下,用2％NH_4Cl溶液处理,可明显地提高杉木种子的发芽率和萌发速率。     

多目标局势决策在杉木种子活力研究中的应用

本文应用灰色系统理论中的多目标决策方法在不同预处理中对杉木种子活力的影响问题进行定量分析,其结果表明家系杉木种子91号应选用40℃2％NH_4Cl溶液浸种15分钟为最佳处理方法;家系杉木种子6号、244号、67号应用40℃2％NH_4Cl溶液浸种60分钟为最佳处理方法。     

不同干燥方法对杉木人工林木材浸注性的影响

采用高频真空干燥、常规窑干和高温干燥3种方法对杉木人工林木材的心、边板材进行干燥处理,用毛细管上升法评价干燥后试样的浸注性能,用半薄切片法测定干燥试样具缘纹孔的闭塞率,最后用扫描电子显微镜观察干燥试样微观构造的变化,比较分析3种干燥方法对杉木人工林木材浸注性的影响机理.结果表明:对于杉木边材,经高频真空干燥后试样的浸注性显著高于常规干燥和高温干燥后试样的浸注性,后2种干燥方法对试样浸注性影响的差异并不显著;对于杉木心材,高频真空干燥与高温干燥后试样的浸注性存在显著差异,而高频真空干燥与常规干燥之间、高温干燥与常规干燥之间对试样浸注性的影响差异均不显著;3种干燥方法处理后,杉木边材的浸注性均显著高于心材的浸注性;具缘纹孔的闭塞率较低以及部分具缘纹孔周缘破裂是高频真空干燥后木材浸注性提高的主要原因.     

杉木间伐材热降解处理制取吸油材料的研究

以杉木间伐材为原料，经蒸煮、纤维帚化疏解、热降解处理制备出植物纤维吸油材料。研究了吸油材料的吸油性能及其与热处理温度、抽出物的关系等问题。结果表明，经过350℃热处理试样的吸油量最大、吸水量最小，吸油量与吸水量之比值最大，高达77．5，是原料用蒸煮纤维的10倍以上，显示出卓越的吸油性能。蒸煮纤维在200～500℃热处理时，试样的热水抽出物与1％NaOH抽出物含量随热降解温度升高而减少，苯醇抽出物含量则在200～250℃时减少，300℃时增大，400℃后急剧减少。研究表明，纤维表面的亲油性物质对吸油能力有重要影响。制备过程中的热水、苯醇抽出物等的生成、分解、挥发对其选择性吸油能力影响较大，亲油性物质在热降解过程中生成并附着于纤维表面使吸油材料的亲油性提高。     

微生物对杉木木材渗透性的影响

分别在杉木产区古杉的创伤处采集被微生物感染木材样品和活体杉木上采集感染病的叶进行分离培养，培养后得到交链胞(Paeudomonas cunuinghamiae Nanjing F.)和多毛胞(Pestalotia zhirdiana P.Henn.)将两种微生物接种到杉木木材上，处理90d后，木材液体渗透性提高达55．3％-60．5％，经方差分析，对照与处理差异显著；微生物处理对心材没有作用；微生物处理改善杉木木材渗透性主要作用在边材，前6h的单位体积吸水量占总吸水量为55．3％-60．5％，达到24h后吸水量差异甚微。     

豫南山区杉木主伐后栽阔萌杉经营模式研究初报

通过对比试验对杉木主伐后栽阔萌杉经营模式研究表明：豫南山区杉木主伐后栽培枫香、香椿、喜树、鹅掌楸可促进杉木天然更新，前期效果良好。节约营林投资２０．２％～３５．４％，高生产量提高１．８～３．４倍，同时生态效益明显。     

人工林速生杉木表面浸渍压缩密实化研究

为了克服人工林速生杉木材质疏松、强度低等缺点，用低分子量水溶性酚醛树脂时其进行了浸渍处理，再经微波软化、表面压缩制得了表面压密材；得到处理的较适宜工艺为：微波功率800W，软化时间5min．压缩率30％，胶液浓度35％。结果表明，人工林速生杉木密实化处理后，其耐磨性能和硬度均有所提高。     

杉木积成材制造工艺研究

研究以杉木制材板皮为原料，采用梳解加工法制造杉木积成材的制板工艺。结果表明，密度为0．6g／cm^3，厚为16mm的杉木积成材，其较佳制造工艺为木束条含水率6％-9％，施胶量8％-9％，热压压力2．0MPa，热压温度160℃。热压时间10min。     

低分子量三聚氰胺—甲醛树脂固定泡桐压缩木回弹的研究

采用不同浓度的低分子量水溶性三聚氰胺－甲醛树脂溶液浸渍泡桐木材，并对其进行压缩，结合表明；浓度为６％的ＭＦ树脂处理的泡桐压缩木在室温水中几无回弹，而用２５％的ＭＦ树脂处理的压缩木试样，即使在沸水中很少回弹。而且２５％ＭＦ树脂处理的试样在压缩率为５０％时，表面硬度可从０．１２２ＭＰａ增加到０．３６６ＭＰａ。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.