毒蘑菇菌株及毒素粗提液对樟子松枯梢病菌生长的影响

厚环鹅膏、鹅膏菌、珊瑚菌、白霜杯伞、冠状柄环菇、细鳞环柄菇、鳞柄白鹅膏、绒白乳菇、毒蝇鹅膏9个毒蘑菇菌株及毒素粗提液对樟子松枯梢病原菌菌丝生长影响的研究结果表明:除厚环鹅膏和鹅膏菌外,其他7个菌株对病原菌生长均有一定的抑制作用;鳞柄白鹅膏和细鳞环柄菇相对抑制效果最好,分别为10.80和10.40。除毒蝇鹅膏外,其他8个菌株的毒素粗提液对病原菌菌丝生长均有一定的抑制作用,珊瑚菌和绒白乳菇毒素粗提液的抑菌效果最好,抑菌率分别达到63.89%和58.89%。     

白鳞伞生物学特性的研究

研究白鳞伞对不同碳源、氮源的利用,及其在不同碳氮比、pH梯度、温度梯度条件下的生长情况和菌丝的致死温度。结果表明,菌丝生长的最适碳源为葡萄糖,最适氮源为牛肉膏,最佳碳氮比为50∶1,在添加VB1的完全培养基中生长较快,最佳pH值为6.5,最适培养温度为20℃,致死温度为50℃,10 min。     

红汁乳菇菌丝液体发酵条件的优化

采用正交表L18(37)研究红汁乳菇液体培养时影响菌丝产量的主要营养因子,从中筛选出对红汁乳菇菌丝生长影响显著的氮源品种;采用L27(313)正交实验研究了综合因子对菌丝生长的影响.结果表明:牛肉膏、KT、转速、培养时间、三角瓶大小这些因素对红汁乳菇菌丝的生长具有非常显著的影响,糊精、蔗糖 甘露醇对红汁乳菇菌丝的生长也具有显著的影响;根据因子平均生物量的水平比较和交互作用方差分析结果,选择糊精含量为2.5%、牛肉膏含量为2%、蔗糖 故露醇为3%、MgSO4为0.01%、KT为1%、烟酸 核黄素为(0.5% 0.1%),在转速为130 r/min的情况下,培养25 d,红汁乳菇菌丝产量可达449.7 mg/100 mL.     

四孢蘑菇驯化栽培技术的研究

通过对四孢蘑菇生物学特性、培养基的筛选研究及栽培试验,证明该菇可人工栽培。其菌丝生长的温度范围5～25℃,28℃停止生长;pH值范围是3.15～9.02,最适是7;最佳碳氮比为30∶1;最好氮源是酵母粉、硫酸铵、硝酸钾;最好碳源是麦芽糖、葡萄糖,最差的是甘露醇和蔗糖;母种在16号及11号培养基上生长最好;人工栽培的生物学效率为38%。子实体形成及发育的温、湿度范围是13～27℃、60%～90%。袋栽不能出菇。人工栽培必须熟料覆土,否则不能出菇。     

松枯梢病的研究初报

松枯梢病(Diplodia Pinea)除为害国外松外,还危害日本赤松、乔松、黑松等。病菌主要侵染松梢,被害部位密生黑色子实体。菌丝生长的适宜温度为20～30℃,最适温度是25℃,适宜pH值为5～7,最适pH值为6;病菌对碳源的利用以蔗糖、葡萄糖为最佳,山梨糖最差;对氮源的利用以牛肉浸膏、蛋白胨最佳,尿素最差;分生孢子萌发的适宜温度为15～30℃,最适温度为25～30℃。室内抑菌试验表明,75%百菌清、70%托布津、65%代森锌、20%三环唑各1000倍均有100%的抑菌效果。     

不同培养基、pH值、水势和温度对2种外生菌根真菌生长的影响

在不同培养基、pH值、水势及温度条件下,研究了沙地樟子松林下2种常见外生菌根真菌松乳菇和高大环柄菇的生长。结果表明,在所选择的培养基上,2种菌株都能生长;高大环柄菇对pH值适应范围较广,在中性条件下生长最好,松乳菇在弱酸性条件下生长较好;温度对菌株生长影响较大,2种菌株最适生长温度范围均为25~28℃;极端水势条件下(-1500kPa),高大环柄菇和松乳菇均不能生长,低胁迫(-170kPa,-230kPa)能促进高大环柄菇和松乳菇的生长。     

枸杞根腐病病原菌的生物学特性研究

为给枸杞根腐病的有效防治提供科学依据,以甘肃省内枸杞主产区枸杞根腐病病株中分离鉴定的单隔镰孢菌为研究对象,对其在不同培养基、温度、光照、pH值、碳源和氮源上的生长状态与特性进行了观测与分析。结果表明:适于单隔镰孢菌生长的最适培养基为豆芽汁培养基;最适宜的温度范围为15~35℃,最适温度为35℃;适宜的pH值范围为4~10,最适的pH值为9;供试的4种碳源均能被其利用,其中以乳糖的利用效果为最好;该菌株能够利用供试的4种氮源,其对硫酸铵的利用效果最差;光暗交替的培养环境有利于菌丝生长,而连续黑暗的培养环境却能抑制菌丝生长。     

大量元素及有机物质对钙果试管苗生长的影响

将钙果试管苗茎段接种在含不同浓度的大量元素及有机物质的培养基中的试验结果表明,MS培养基上的钙果试管苗生长最好;烟酸对钙果的繁殖系数影响最大,甘氨酸次之;有机物质的最佳组合是烟酸(0.25 mg) 甘氨酸(3 mg) 肌醇(150 mg) VB6(0.75 mg) VB1(0.8 mg)。     

降香黄檀炭疽病菌豆类炭疽菌生物学特性

为有效防治降香黄檀(Dalbergia odorifera)炭疽病,对其病原之一豆类炭疽菌(Colletotrichum truncatum)进行了生物学特性研究。结果表明:该菌菌丝生长的温度范围为10~35℃,最适28℃;产生分生孢子的温度范围为10~35℃,最适温度30℃;分生孢子萌发的温度范围为15~30℃,最适温度28~30℃;在p H 3~12的范围内该菌均能生长,菌丝生长最适p H值为5;分生孢子在水滴中萌发率为96.67%。豆类炭疽菌可利用多种碳氮源,对蔗糖和葡萄糖利用最好,阿拉伯熟胶粉利用最差,但是产孢量却最大;对牛肉膏利用最好,硫酸铵利用效果最差,在蛋白胨和酵母粉培养基上产孢量最大;光照能加速菌丝生长和促进产孢。     

铁皮石斛炭疽病病原鉴定及其生物学特性研究

在云南省瑞丽市铁皮石斛Dendrobium officinale种植基地,发现一种铁皮石斛叶斑病。通过分离培养和接种试验,经传统形态学及ITS序列分析鉴定,采用十字交叉法和血细胞计数板法测定该病原菌的形态学特性及产孢性能。结果表明:该病病原为半知菌亚门腔孢纲黑盘孢目炭疽菌属的胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides。菌丝生长最适温度为15～30℃,其中28℃时菌丝生长量最大,最适pH值为5～6;产孢的最适温度为25～30℃,最适pH为3～4。此菌对碳源要求不严格,能利用多种碳源,但利用能力有差异;硫酸铵、氯化铵作为氮源的培养基明显不利于菌丝生长,其他供试氮源均对该菌菌丝生长有显著促进作用。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.