Multi-spectral radiometry to estimate pasture quality components

Multi-spectral remote sensing of green vegetation provides an opportunity for assessing biophysical and biochemical properties. This technique could play a crucial role in pasture management by providing the means to evaluate pasture quality in situ. In this study, the potential of a 16-channel multi-spectral radiometer (MSR) for predicting pasture quality, crude protein (CP), acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), ash, dietary cation?Canion difference (DCAD), lignin, lipid, metabolisable energy (ME) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) was evaluated. In situ canopy spectral reflectance was acquired from mixed pastures, under commercial farm conditions in New Zealand. The multi-spectral data were evaluated by single wavelength, linear and non-linear renormalized difference vegetation index (RDVI), and stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) models. The selected non-linear, exponential fit, RDVI index models described (0.65????r ²????0.85) of the variation of pasture quality components (CP, DCAD, ME and OMD), while CP, ash, DCAD, lipid, ME and OMD were estimated with moderate accuracy (0.60????r ²????0.80) by the SMLR model. The remaining pasture quality components ADF, NDF and lignin were poorly explained (0.40????r ²????0.58) by the models. This experiment concluded that the MSR has potential to rapidly estimate pasture quality in the field using non-destructive sampling.     

玉米自交系秸秆品质性状鉴定评价及其相关分析

对30份高油和30份普通玉米自交系秸秆的体外干物质消化率(IVDMD)、粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、可溶性糖(WSC)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、酸性木质素(ADL)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)7个品质性状进行了分析评价,比较了普通和高油系秸秆品质差异。结果表明,各品质性状变异较大,各性状自交系间差异均达极显著水平;不同品质性状变异程度不同,其中WSC变异最大,变异系数达33.49%;IVDMD与NDF,ADF,ADL极显著负相关,与WSC,EE极显著正相关,与CP显著正相关。根据青贮玉米育种的要求,筛选出5份IVDMD和WSC含量高、NDF和ADF含量低的自交系。高油系表现为高IVDMD,WSC和低NDF,ADF含量,总体上高油系秸秆品质优于普通玉米。     

Off-nadir hyperspectral measurements in maize to predict dry matter yield,protein content and metabolisable energy in total biomass

Sensor-based methods of analysis to assess dry matter yield and quality constituents of crops are time- and labour-saving, and can facilitate site-specific management. Nevertheless, standard nadir measurements of maize (Zea mays cv. Ambrosius), based on top-of-canopy reflectance, are difficult due to plant heights of more than three metres. This study was conducted to explore the potential of off-nadir field spectral measurements for the non-destructive prediction of dry matter yield (DM), metabolisable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) in total biomass in a maize canopy. Plants were measured at five different heights (0–50, 50–100, 100–50, 150–200 and 200–250 cm above the soil) at three zenith view angles (60°, 75° and 90°, respectively). Modified partial least squares regression was used for analysis of the hyperspectral data (355–2300 nm and 620–1000 nm). Optimum combinations of angle and height as well as an optimum one-sensor-strategy were determined for DM yield, CP and ME in total biomass. Coefficients of determination for off-nadir measurements were compared to nadir measurements; the results showed improved prediction accuracies for DM yield and ME using off-nadir measurements, but not for CP for which nadir measurements were better.     

黄羊食物营养质量的初步研究

研究测定了１４种黄羊主要饲料植物和５１头黄羊瘤胃内食物的粗蛋白质、中性洗涤性纤维、酸性洗涤性纤维、酸性洗涤性木质素、中性洗涤性纤维灰分、酸性洗涤性纤维灰分、纤维素和半纤维素的含量。结果表明,各类饲料植物中营养成分的含量存在显著差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）,而且具有明显的季节性变化：春季粗蛋白质的含量最高,冬季最低。洗涤性纤维和木质的季节变化则相反,春季最低,冬季最高。瘤胃内食物的营养成分季节变化模式与饲料植物相似,同一时期,瘤胃内食物的营养成分要高于饲料植物。中性洗涤性纤维与粗蛋白质呈显著的线性负相关性,与其它营养成分则是显著的线性正相关性。     

近红外漫反射光谱法测定青贮玉米品质性状的研究

【目的】研究利用近红外漫反射光谱法（NIDRS）测定青贮玉米的体外干物质消化率 (IVDMD)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维 (ADF)、粗蛋白（CP）和粗脂肪（EE）含量的可行性。【方法】以普通、高油和超高油玉米全株和秸秆的青贮样为材料，采用光谱的主成分空间技术和偏最小二乘回归法（PLS）。【结果】所建立的IVDMD、NDF、ADF、CP和EE的校正模型的交叉验证决定系数(R2cv)分别为0.9133、0.9764、0.9789、0.9254和0.7294，外部验证决定系数(R2val)分别为0.8879、0.9455、0.9635、0.9387和0.7333，各项误差(RMSEE、RMSECV和RMSEP)为0.24(CP)～2.23(NDF)。【结论】利用近红外漫反射光谱法测定青贮玉米品质性状是完全可行的，该结果可满足畜牧业对青贮饲料品质快速分析的需要，对青贮玉米育种材料的快速鉴定筛选具有重要的意义。     

9个青贮玉米品种灰色关联综合评价

【目的】 筛选并综合评价适合新疆阿拉尔地区栽培的青贮玉米品种。【方法】 采用小区试验,测定9个青贮玉米品种的农艺性状、生产性能和营养成分,对其营养品质进行相对饲用价值RFV评价和灰色关联度综合评价。【结果】 9个青贮玉米品种干草产量、粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、粗灰分(Ash)及淀粉(Str)含量均差异显著(P<0.05);其中新饲玉12号鲜草产量最高为1.19×10⁵kg/hm²,NDF含量最低为51.87%;新沃1号CP含量最高为7.60%,ADF含量最低为28.53%;机玉336EE含量最高为3.16%,Ash最低为6.06%,Str含量最高为30.87%。【结论】 华牧3号、机玉336、新饲玉11号和屯玉168适宜在新疆阿拉尔地区种植。     

Influence of Altitude on Nutritional Compositions of Wild Native Elymus on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China

Wild native Elymus(Elymus dahuricus) is one of the most important and valuable forage grass on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP) pasture of China.It mainly distributes above sea-level of 1 700 to 3 000 m on the QTP.The objective of this study was to investigate how the nutritive composition of Elymus responsed to the changes of altitude in local environments.Two test sites located at Minghe and Huangzhong counties, in which four sampling plots were arranged with sea levels of 1 714, 1 872, 2 097 and 2 185 m in Minhe County, while other four in Huangzhong County were with sea-level of 2 560, 2 613, 2 668 and 2 775 m.The whole plants of Elymus during anthesis stage were collected from all the plots for determining the indexes of crude protein(CP), crude fat(CF), neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF), crude ash(ASH), calcium(Ca) and phosphorus(P).The results showed that the content of CP, crude ash and Ca changed irregularly corresponding to the altitude in the two counties, but significant higher with CP(1.09%), Ash(0.33%) and Ca(0.34%) in the low altitude areas(1 714-2 185 m) than those in the high altitude areas.NDF and ADF in the low altitude areas were significantly lower by 5.35% and 2.61% compared with those in the high altitude areas.There was no significant difference of CF as well as P in plant from different altitudes.Comprehensive evaluation revealed that superior nutritional composition of Elymus dahuricus presented at the sampling plots of altitude of 1 714 m in Minhe County.     

戊聚糖酶处理混合糠对其营养价值的影响

采用自行研制的戊聚糖酶制剂处理混合糠１５ｋｇ，采用气相色谱法分析其酶处理效果，并用２头回直肠吻合术生长猪和８只５６日龄长沙黄肉仔鸡进行消化代谢试验。结果表明：混合糠经酶制剂处理后，戊聚糖降解率平均达５０％左右，且ＮＤＦ下降了１．１９％，ＡＤＦ和ＡＤＬ分别提高了２．７７％和０．６０％。生长猪消化试验结果表明，酶处理混合糠后，其ＤＭＤ、ＮＤＦＤ、ＡＤＦＤ分别提高了４．３６％、２．１４％、１３．３３％（Ｐ＜０．０１）和６．０９％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。肉鸡代谢试验结果表明，酶处理混合糠后，其ＤＭＤ、ＮＤＦＤ、ＡＤＦＤ和ＡＤＬＤ分别提高了１．１６％、３．１７％、２１．１４％（Ｐ＜０．０１）和７．２９％（Ｐ＜０．０５）；但可消化能（猪）和表现代谢能（鸡）却分别下降了０．４２ＭＪ／ｋｇ和０．８４ＭＪ／ｋ     

小麦秸秆饲料营养价值特性的研究

 本研究为了考查在正常生长发育条件下，从植株生长期到枯萎时小麦秸秆各主要形态部分的化学成分和体外有机物质消化率的变化特性。分别测定了干物质（DM）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、细胞可溶性物质（NDS）、纤维素、半纤维素、木质素和总灰分以及体外有机物质消化率（IVOMD）等营养学指标。同时，在小麦成熟期，采集16个不同品种的麦秆，测定上述营养指标，以比较分析。结果证明，随着植株的逐渐成熟，NDF、纤维素和木质素的含量有所增加，而NDS和半纤维素则有所下降。植株开花期，是秸秆营养物质变化的关键（临界）期，此时植株营养物质从茎秆迅速转运到籽实中去。植株三形态部分的NDS的积累和代谢特性与IVOMD和细胞可溶性物质消化率（NDSD）有关，茎秆和叶鞘的IVOMD值与NDSD的下降呈极显著相关（Y=1.29X，r=0.99），同时叶片的IVOMD值与NDSD的下降也呈极显著相关（Y=1.06X-6.6，r=0.98）。研究认为，遗传、环境和管理诸因素，通过对（1）NDS的积累和细胞璧的质和量；（2）IVOMD值的变化；（3）茎秆与叶片的比例，极大地影响着秸秆的营养价值。     

种植密度对春大豆茎杆饲用营养价值的影响

[目的]为提高北疆高产春大豆的综合利用价值提供理论依据。[方法]对3种种植密度下春大豆的茎杆饲用营养价值进行了分析。[结果]种植密度从30.0万株/hm2增加到60.0万株/hm2时,茎杆产量增加26.57%,粗蛋白质、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤木质素、酸不溶性灰分、纤维素和半纤维素含量分别降低71.28%、3.19%、3.26%、7.54%、9.21%、1.91%和3.43%,粗蛋白质单位面积产量降低63.65%,酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维、纤维素、半纤维素、酸性洗涤木质素和酸不溶性灰分产量分别增加22.53%、22.44%、24.15%、22.24%、17.03%和14.89%。[结论]综合考虑北疆高产春大豆的籽粒产量、饲用营养成分含量和产量,最能利用其优势的种植密度为45.0万株/hm2。     

Yield and quality of maize stover: Variation among cultivars and effects of N fertilization

Biomass yields and concentrations of crude protein(CP), ether extract(EE), neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF), and crude fiber(CF) were analyzed for five cultivars of summer-sown maize(Zea mays L.) stover grown in field trials at three rates of N fertilization, and sampled immediately after grain harvest.The results revealed differences in yields and concentrations of nutrients according to stalk height and hence harvest portion among the cultivars.N application greatly increased biomass yield and CP, especially in upper stalks and to a lesser extent, EE.Concentrations of NDF and ADF decreased as N rate increased.The results show that stovers from all local popular maize cultivars are suitable as animal fodder and that moderate N application improves feed quality of stover.     

精料水平与秸秆氨化对绵羊日粮消化、氮存留与进食量的影响

应用2个4×4拉丁方绵羊消化与氮平衡试验研究发现,随日粮精料水平的提高,绵羊氨化与未氨化麦秸日粮 NDF,ADF 表观消化率均下降,而 DM,OM,CP 表观消化率与 NR 均提高,当日粮精料比例从20%提高到60%时,2种日粮 ADF 表观消化率均没有显著下降(P>0.05),而 DM,OM,CP 表观消化率与 NR 均显著提高(P<0.01,P<0.05)。秸秆氨化提高了日粮 NDF,ADF,DM,OM,CP 表观消化率与 NR,提高日粮精料水平与秸秆氮化,均可提高日粮 DMI。     

不同类型草地物种多样性、生产力与牧草品质和体外消化率的关系

以青藏高原东北缘祁连县境内围封8 a的荒漠草原(DR)、高山草原(AST)、草甸草原(MS)、沼泽草甸(SM)、高寒草甸(AM)和高寒灌丛(ASH)为对象,研究6种类型草地的物种多样性、生产力与牧草品质和体外消化率的相互关系。结果表明：不同类型草地群落物种丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数均在AM和MS中显著高于ASH、AST、SM和DR。可食牧草地上生物量在AM中最高,在MS中最低,而不可食牧草地上生物量在各类草地中为AM>SM>DR>ASH>AST>MS;牧草中粗蛋白(CP)和粗脂肪(EE)含量在ASH中最高,在DR中最低,而酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的变化正好相反,体外干物质消化率(DMD)、中性洗涤纤维消化率(NDFD)和酸性洗涤纤维消化率(ADFD)在SM和ASH中最高,而在AST和DR等低海拔的草地中最低;牧草中CP、EE、DMD、NDFD和ADFD均随海拔的升高而增大,而牧草中的NDF、ADF含量和粗蛋白消化率(CPD)随海拔的升高而减少。牧草饲用价值作为评价牧草营养品质的综合性指数,在不同草地间的变化规律与CP和EE等指标基本一...     

Effects of Cultivar and Maturity Stage on Chemical Composition and Ruminal Digestibility of Oat and Barley Hay Using Rumen Fluid or Faecal Liquor as the Inoculum

Smallgrains,suchasbarley,oat,wheatandryeplayasignificantroleasaforagesourceforlivestock.Smallgrainforageislushwithhighproteinandlowfiberwhenthevegetativepartsarestillgreen.OatandbarleyarewidelyusedinwesternCanadaforforageinadditiontograinproduction.Duetoagreatprogressinplantbreeding,manynewcultivarsareproducedannuallyandmanyhavebeenselectedasforagetypes.Itisimperativetomorefullycharacterizetheforage-producingpotentialofnewcultivarsinordertoproducetopqualityforageinfeedindustry.Manystudieshave…     

Effect of oilseeds rich in linoleic and linolenic acids on milk production and milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows

Nine multiparous cows averaging 93±13 days in milk production (DIM) were used in a triple 3×3 Latin square design to determine the effects of feeding them whole roasted flaxseed, cracked roasted soybean and fresh alfalfa in the diet on milk production, milk fatty acid profiles and the digestibility of nutrients. Each experimental period lasted 30 d and a sample collection was performed during the last 7 d. The cows were fed on the control basal diet (CON) or diets containing whole roasted flaxseed (FLA) or cracked roasted soybean (SOY). All diets were fed as a total mixed ration (TMR) and had similar concentrations of crude protein (CP), Net Energy Lactation (NEL), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF). The dry matter intake (DMI) was not significantly different (P>0.05), but tended to increase in FLA and SOY diets compared with the control (P>0.05). Cows in all treatments had a similar milk yield, although 4% fat corrected milk (FCM) yield was higher on the FLA and SOY diets than on the CON diet. Milk fat percentage (3.45%) increased in the FLA diet compared with the control (3.31%) and SOY diets (3.39%). Milk protein percentages were similar among the diets (P>0.05). There were similar digestibilities of DM, CP and ADF among the treatments and lower digestibilities of NDF and ether extract in the SOY diet compared with the CON diet. Feeding various oilseeds significantly increased the concentrations of C_18:1, C_18:3 and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The FLA diet decreased the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty-acids in the milk, which would improve the nutritive value of the milk.     

干燥条件对苜蓿品质的影响

通过单因素试验研究了节能型牧草四重滚筒干燥机各参数在烘干过程中对苜蓿干燥速率及品质的影响;以粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、可消化干物质(DDM)、干物质采食量(DMI)、相对饲喂价值(RFV)、感官评价等作为品质检测指标确定干燥过程中各参数范围。使用SAS数据分析软件对试验数据进行分析。结果表明,喂入量、滚筒转速、热风流量均对降水速率和苜蓿品质有显著影响。通过对干燥速率、干草品质以及感官评价的分析,确定了单因素较优水平:喂入量35 kg.min-1,滚筒转速12 r.min-1,风机流量60%。     

氮肥与密度对青贮玉米产量和品质的影响

以渝单8号为材料,采用田间试验比较研究了100 kg/hm2、200 kg/hm2、300 kg/hm2和400 kg/hm2 4个氮肥(纯氮)水平及1 hm260 000 株、75 000 株、 90 000 株、105 000 株和120 000 株 5个种植密度对青贮玉米的产量和品质的影响.结果表明,蜡熟期单位面积地上部干物质产量随施氮量和密度的增加而增加;但果穗率在施氮量适中时即200 kg/hm2和300 kg/hm2时大于处理100 kg/hm2和400 kg/hm2.地上部干物质中粗蛋白含量随施氮量的增加而增加,但随密度增加有下降的趋势;单位面积粗蛋白产量在氮肥水平300 kg/hm2和1 hm290 000 株时最大.地上部干物质中中性洗涤纤维含量随施氮量的增加略有降低,但各施氮处理间差异不显著(P>0.05);酸性洗涤纤维含量随密度的增加呈上升趋势.综合氮肥与密度处理对青贮玉米地上部干物质产量及饲用品质的影响,施纯氮300 kg/hm2、密度1 hm290 000 株为南京地区渝单8号青贮栽培利用的适宜组合.     

万寿菊粉的营养价值评定

选取两种不同来源的万寿菊粉,测定其营养成分及在绵羊瘤胃中干物质(DM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的消失率,旨在评定万寿菊粉营养价值。结果表明,万寿菊粉的粗蛋白含量、总能为10.07%和18.91 MJ.kg-1,明显高于玉米秸和豆秸,与青贮玉米和羊草相当;万寿菊粉的DM、NDF和ADF的24 h和48 h瘤胃消失率分别为38.04%、22.60%、23.26%和46.80%、29.34%、31.16%。总之,万寿菊粉中粗蛋白、钙、铁、铜、锰、锌等含量较高,有害元素含量低,NDF、ADF瘤胃消失率较高,具备成为新型饲料资源的必要条件。     

草甸草原区不同植物群落牧草的青贮效果

【目的】探讨草甸草原区16个不同植物群落天然牧草青贮效果及可行性。【方法】以草甸草原区16个站点牧草为试验材料,将鲜草切短装入聚乙烯袋中,然后用真空包装机抽真空并封口,贮藏60d后进行青贮料发酵品质（pH值,氨态氮（NH3-N）,乳酸（LA）,乙酸（AA）,丙酸（PA）,丁酸（BA）,总酸（TA））和营养成分分析（缓冲能值（BC）,干物质（DM）,粗蛋白（CP）,可溶性碳水化合物（WSC）,中性洗涤纤维（NDF）,酸性洗涤纤维（ADF））评定。【结果】大部分原料干物质和可溶性碳水化合物含量较高,缓冲能较低,适合调制青贮。与原料相比,青贮后各站点材料干物质含量,可溶性碳水化合物,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量均不同程度地降低,除站点5和14,而粗蛋白含量降低和提高的约各占一半。16份青贮料间pH、氨态氮占总氮比值,4种有机酸和总酸含量及主要养分（DM、CP、WSC、NDF和ADF）均存在显著差异（P＜0.05）。青贮料pH为4.56—5.69,氨态氮占总氮比例较低。【结论】本试验青贮饲料发酵品质的评定等级可分为优（1、8、9、13、14、15）,良（2、10、12）,中（5,16）和劣（3、4、6、7、11）。     

不同保存方法对玉米秸营养价值的影响

本试验研究了玉米秸在不同保存方法 (露天保存、棚舍保存、青贮和氨化 )下 ,营养成分的变化情况 ,并选用 2头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的去势本地黄牛来研究不同保存方法对瘤胃降解率的影响。结果表明 :不同保存方法对玉米秸 (粗蛋白 )CP、NDF (中性洗涤纤维 )、ADF (酸性洗涤纤维 )和WSC (水溶性碳水化合物 )含量影响差异极显著 (P <0 0 1) ,对OM含量影响差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 ) ;对DM和OM瘤胃降解率的影响差异显著 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而对NDF和ADF降解率的影响不显著 (P >0 0 5 ) ,烘干和棚舍阴干DM、OM降解率显著高于露天晒干 (P<0 0 1)。