陆地棉四室铃、五室铃棉铃性状及其种子性状的相关研究

2014年在一师十团中棉所试验田种植32个棉花品种,研究陆地棉四室铃和五室铃及其种子性状。结果表明,四室铃在经济系数、种子出仁率、衣分率、子指、衣指方面均高于五室铃,而五室铃单铃重、铃壳重和实数种子数高于四室铃。此外,对四室铃与五室铃及其种子性状的相关分析得出,影响2种铃室及其种子性状的不仅有相同因素,还有不同因素:(1)2种铃室的衣分率均受子指、衣指和不孕籽率的影响,且达到显著水平;四室铃衣分率还受到实数种子数和种子出仁率的影响,且达到显著水平;五室铃衣分率还受经济系数的影响,且达到显著水平。(2)2种铃室的子指受种子不孕率的影响达到极显著水平;四室铃不孕籽率还受衣指、实数种子数、种子出仁率和仁壳比的影响,其中,受衣指影响达极显著水平;受实数种子数、种子出仁率和仁壳比的影响达显著水平。(3)2种铃室的单铃重均受到铃壳重和衣指的影响,且达极显著水平。四室单铃重受子指影响达到极显著水平,而五室铃受实数种子数的影响达极显著水平。     

脱绒棉种的特点和播种技术

我县常年棉花种植面积15万亩左右,近几年,在以县为单位实现统一供种的前提下,全面推广应用了脱绒棉种(俗称“光子”)。它是棉花良种加工厂利用泡沫酸脱绒设备对毛籽、剥绒籽进行脱绒加工、分级精选而成的高质量种子。     

陆地棉棉铃组分性状的基因型差异及与产量的关系

为了探明陆地棉不同产量潜力品种棉铃性状的特点,于2008—2009年比较了3个大铃基因型与3个小铃基因型棉铃组分性状的差异。结果表明,大铃基因型的单铃纤维重、单铃种子重及单铃种子数显著高于小铃基因型,单粒种子重和单粒种子纤维重差异不显著。简单相关分析表明,单铃种子数与公顷皮棉产量呈极显著正相关(0.660**),但偏相关系数或直接通径系数较小或为负值(0.179,-0.052);而单株种子数与公顷皮棉产量的简单相关系数、偏相关系数和直接通径系数均为显著或极显著的正值(0.771*,0.650**,0.917**)。因此,单株种子数可作为皮棉产量选择的可靠指标。单粒种子纤维重和铃壳率受基因型效应的显著影响,受年份效应和年份×基因型互作效应的影响均不显著。说明单粒种子纤维重和铃壳率主要受遗传因素的影响,受环境因素的影响较小。     

提高棉种生产和加工质量的关键措施

棉种质量包括两个方面 :一是种子的内在品种特性 ,一般受外界环境条件影响比较小 ,诸如棉纤维色泽、长度、强度 ,棉花株型、铃型、单铃重、丰产性能等。二是种子的播种质量 ,包括发芽率、纯度、净度、水分等 ,这些因素受外界条件影响比较大。近几年轮台县种子站从这两个方面入手狠抓棉种质量 ,取得了一定成绩。第一年加工就在降低棉种破碎率和残酸率上攻克了泡沫酸棉种脱绒的难关 ,生产出的棉种 10 0 %合格。从 1998年春开始 ,轮台种子站生产加工的棉种开始打出本县 ,远销到甘肃和区内哈密、库尔勒、若羌、且末、沙雅、新和、库车、阿克苏、…     

机采棉杂交后代主要株型性状与产量和品质的关系

【目的】从株型、产量及品质众多复杂因素中找出影响机械化生产较大的因素并进行遗传改良,选育适宜机械化生产的高产优质品种,提高棉花育种的效率。【方法】以陆地棉Z571与中棉所49杂交的F2:3群体为研究对象,应用统计软件SAS V8等分析其农艺性状的变异、方差和相关性。【结果】F2:3群体株系材料间农艺性状发生了显著分离,且后代中出现了许多超亲个体,在田间进行选择时要注意农艺性状之间复杂的关系;株高、单株果枝数与单位面积籽棉产量呈极显著正相关;单株果枝数与纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度呈极显著负相关,与马克隆值呈现正相关;单株营养枝数与纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度呈极显著正相关,与马克隆值呈现显著负相关;产量构成因素中的单位面积铃数与纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度呈极显著正相关,与马克隆值呈极显著负相关,铃重和品质性状的相关性与单位面积铃数相反。【结论】株型性状与产量和品质之间均存在显著或极显著的遗传相关;高产高品质的株型特征为单株营养枝数较多;选育高产优质的棉花新品种时要选择铃数较多、铃重较小的材料。     

大豆硬实种子发芽试验

2004年7月中旬至9月中旬，在双鸭山市及周边部分地区，大豆良种繁殖田旱害严重，大豆生长发育期没有有效的降雨。大豆良种收割后，单位面积产量下降明显，百粒重下降幅度大，并且有的地块的种子出现了大量的种子硬实(俗称实豆)现象。良种繁殖田单位面积产量由2000kg/hm^2，下降到1500kg/hm^2，种子百粒重20～21g的品种下降到了15～17g，而有的种子批的硬实率则达到17％。硬实的种子能否发芽，发芽的潜力有多大，笔者为此做了如下试验。     

棉花单一群体创“150”产量构成及其贡献率分析

单位面积铃数、单铃重和衣分是构成棉花产量的三个重要因素。单位面积铃数对创“１５０”（公顷２２５０ｋｇ,后同）产量的贡献率最大,单铃重和衣分次之。偏相关分析表明,单位面积铃数与单铃重和衣分呈极显著的负相关。增加单位面积铃数与提高单铃重和衣分是创“１５０”高产的不同主攻方向。主攻单位面积铃数时,实收密度不得低于４．６５万株·ｈｍ－２。选用高铃重高衣分优良品种,创高产的风险性较小。创高产群体要求生物学产量稳定在１５ｔ·ｈｍ－２以上,子棉经济系数稳定在０．３８３以上。     

棉花产量结构模式的研究及其在育种上应用的意义

本文是应用多元回归分析方法,研究两个棉花有限总体的三个产量结构模式。分析结果表明,这三个模式是符合棉花本身实际情况的;在构成产量的诸因素中,以铃数所起的作用最大,其次为单铃重和衣份率;在高产育种工作中,应把选择重点放在铃数上,但由于铃数、铃重和衣份率之间存在着明显的负相关关系,故对铃数的选择必须有适当尺度,至     

短季棉霜前皮棉产量及其相关性状的关联度分析

对短季棉霜前皮棉产量及其相关性状的关联度分析,可知霜前花率和衣分对霜前皮棉产量的影响较大,单株铃数和单株果枝数次之,铃重、果枝始生节位、株高、子指和生育期等对霜前皮棉产量的影响较小.选育过程中要分清主次,抓主要性状的改良,改进霜前花率和衣分并与其它性状相协调,提高霜前皮棉产量.     

苜蓿雄性不育系杂交制种产量灰色关联度分析

利用灰色关联度法和相关分析法,对7份苜蓿雄性不育材料的单株种子产量及其与7个主要产量性状的关系进行了分析.结果表明:单株种子产量与各产量性状关联度的大小顺序为:生殖枝数>花序数/枝>株高>种子数/荚>千粒重>小花数/花>荚果数/花序.其中对苜蓿雄性不育杂交制种产量影响最大的因素是单株的生殖枝数,其次是花序数/枝和株高,这为提高雄性不育系的种子产量提供了理论依据.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.