甜菊糖甙在断奶仔猪中的应用研究

试验选用216头21 d杜长大断奶仔猪,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,饲喂基础日粮和添加0、70、100 g/t和200 g/t甜菊糖甙的日粮,研究其对仔猪生产性能、饲料消化率和健康状况的影响。试验期为30 d。结果表明:(1)日粮中添加甜菊糖甙可显著提高断奶仔猪的日采食量、日增重和偏嗜指数(P<0.05),而各添加水平间差异不显著(P>0.05)。(2)100 g/t甜菊糖甙组仔猪腹泻指数较对照组和70 g/t组显著降低(P<0.05)。(3)100 g/t和200 g/t组能量、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、钙和磷表观利用率较对照组有升高的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。综合考虑到生产成本,本试验条件下甜菊糖甙在断奶仔猪日粮中的适宜添加量为100 g/t。     

肌醇对断奶仔猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响

文章旨在研究肌醇对断奶仔猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响。试验采用随机区组设计,选择21日龄健康杜长大三元杂交断奶仔猪250头,平均体重为(6.2±0.11)kg,按体重相近、公母各半的原则,随机分为对照组、200 g/t肌醇组、400 g/t肌醇组、600 g/t肌醇组、1 000 g/t肌醇组。每组5个重复,每个重复10头仔猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,200、400、600、1 000 g/t肌醇组分别在基础饲粮中添加肌醇200、400、600、1 000 g/t。试验期28 d。结果表明:1)各处理组间0~14 d、15~28 d和0~28 d的日增重和日采食量差异不显著(P0.05);2)0~14 d对照组和600 g/t肌醇组的料重比显著低于200 g/t、400 g/t和1 000 g/t肌醇组(P0.05);3)15~28 d 400 g/t和1 000 g/t肌醇组的料重比显著低于对照组和200 g/t肌醇组(P0.05);4)0~28 d 400 g/t和1 000 g/t肌醇组的料重比显著低于对照组和200 g/t肌醇组(P0.05);5)与对照组相比,添加400 g/t和1 000 g/t肌醇显著提高了氮的消化率(P0.05)。总之,试验结果表明在该试验条件下,断奶仔猪饲粮中添加400 g/t和1 000 g/t肌醇降低了15~28 d、0~28 d料重比,提高了氮的消化率。     

饲料用脂肪酶对哺乳母猪的繁殖性能及仔猪生产性能的影响

试验选择健康、体况良好、经产3～8胎次母猪30头,根据膘情进行随机分组。分为试验1组、试验2组、试验3组共3个处理组,每个处理5个重复,每个重复2头。试验1组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;试验2组饲喂基础日粮+200g/t脂肪酶;试验3组饲喂基础日粮+300g/t脂肪酶。试验周期66d,全程采用盲测,研究哺乳母猪饲料中添加脂肪酶对仔猪断奶重、仔猪14d～21d增重、母猪采食量、母猪返情间隔的影响。结果表明:①在哺乳母猪料中添加不同浓度脂肪酶均可提高仔猪断奶重,差异显著(P<0.05);②可提高仔猪出生后14d～21d阶段增重,差异极显著(P<0.01);③对整个试验阶段母猪采食量无显著影响(P>0.05),300g/t组有提高采食量趋势;④可显著缩短母猪返情间隔(P<0.05)。结论:在哺乳母猪饲料中添加300g/t脂肪酶对母猪和仔猪各指标影响显著,经济效益良好。     

益生菌和低聚木糖在断奶仔猪上的应用研究

试验采用2×2因子设计,选用21日龄、体重(6.3±0.15)kg、公母各半的健康杜长大杂种断奶仔猪240头,按体重随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复10头仔猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,益生菌组饲喂基础饲粮+益生菌500 g/t,低聚木糖组饲喂基础饲粮+低聚木糖200 g/t,低聚木糖+益生菌组饲喂基础饲粮+益生菌500 g/t+低聚木糖200 g/t,试验期共计28 d。结果表明,与对照组相比,低聚木糖组、益生菌组、低聚木糖+益生菌组0~14 d日增重分别提高13.9%(P0.05)、13.0%(P0.05)、26.1%(P0.05),15~28 d日增重分别提高18.3%(P0.05)、12.2%(P0.05)、17.4%(P0.05),全期日增重分别提高16.6%(P0.05)、12.5%(P0.05)、20.5%(P0.05)。第14天饲粮干物质、氮和总能表观消化率显著提高。血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、总蛋白、白蛋白、碱性磷酸酶、葡萄糖、甘油三酯和总胆固醇各组间差异不显著(P0.05);十二指肠、空肠和回肠的绒毛高度、隐窝深度、绒毛高度∶隐窝深度各组间也无显著差异(P0.05)。试验结果说明,饲粮中单独添加益生菌500 g/t或低聚木糖200 g/t可改善断奶仔猪的生长性能和营养成分表观消化率;同时添加益生菌500 g/t和低聚木糖200 g/t无显著的协同效应。     

葡萄糖氧化酶在改善母猪二胎综合征中的作用

为研究饲粮中添加葡萄糖氧化酶(GOD)对二胎母猪综合征的影响,试验选择36头体重、P2背膘厚相近的健康二胎妊娠后期母猪,完全随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复3头猪。其中Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础妊娠和哺乳饲料;Ⅱ组为试验组,饲喂在基础饲粮中添加2 g/kg GOD的饲粮。试验预试期5 d,正式试验从预产期前28 d开始至仔猪28 d断奶时结束,共56 d。结果表明:Ⅱ组妊娠后期日采食量、哺乳7 d日采食量和哺乳期平均日采食量均显著高于Ⅰ组,Ⅱ组的哺乳28 d日采食量比Ⅰ组高6.26%(P0.05);Ⅱ组的母猪产仔数和仔猪28日龄断奶个体重均显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05),Ⅱ组的仔猪初生个体重比Ⅰ组高6.12%;Ⅱ组的分娩时背膘厚、断奶时背膘厚均显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05),Ⅱ组的背膘损失比Ⅰ组高1.45%(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加2 g/kg GOD能够有效改善母猪二胎综合征。     

添加色氨酸、诱食剂对断奶仔猪生产性能和腹泻的影响

试验研究添加色氨酸和诱食剂对早期断奶仔猪生产性能和腹泻的影响。选择(23±1)日龄断奶的初始体重为(6.0±0.5)kg的48头PIC仔猪,随机分为4组(1个对照组、3个试验组)。对照组饲喂对照饲粮,试验1￣3组分别饲喂添加0.05%的色氨酸饲粮、添加0.02%的香味剂饲粮和添加0.02%的甜味剂饲粮,试验期为28d。结果表明:①在整个试验期内,与对照组相比,添加甜味剂显著提高仔猪的日采食量和日增重(P<0.05),显著降低仔猪的料肉比(P<0.05),使腹泻指数降低74.07%。②与对照组相比,添加色氨酸显著提高仔猪的日采食量和日增重(P<0.05);有降低料肉比的趋势(P>0.05),未降低腹泻指数。③与对照组相比,添加香味剂使采食量、日增重显著降低(P<0.05),料肉比显著增加(P<0.05),腹泻指数降低5.56%。④添加甜味剂与添加色氨酸在提高断奶仔猪采食量上差异不显著(P>0.05),但是添加甜味剂组仔猪的日增重显著高于添加色氨酸组的仔猪(P<0.05),并且前者的料肉比显著低于后者(P<0.05)。添加甜味剂组仔猪的腹泻指数比添加色氨酸组仔猪低75.0%。     

核苷酸富集酵母提取物对感染产肠毒素大肠杆菌断奶仔猪生长和健康的影响

文章旨在研究核苷酸富集酵母提取物对断奶仔猪生长性能和大肠杆菌病的影响。试验1选择(18±2)d断奶仔猪168头,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复7头猪,分别饲喂基础日粮,基础日粮+45 mg/kg金霉素,基础日粮+1或2 g/kg酵母提取物,试验共进行28 d。结果显示,各组对仔猪日增重、日采食量和料重比均无显著影响(P 0.05),但1 g/kg酵母提取物组较对照组显著提高了仔猪断奶后28 d的体重(P 0.05)。日粮添加2 g/kg酵母提取物较对照组显著提高了断奶后7～14 d仔猪的采食量(P 0.05)。试验2选择断奶仔猪144头,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复6头组,各组日粮与试验1相同,但对照组仔猪不进行大肠杆菌攻毒,其他组均在断奶后3 d进行攻毒。结果显示,攻毒后第3～28天,与攻毒组相比,1或2 g/kg酵母提取物组日增重显著提高(P 0.05),腹泻率显著降低(P 0.05)。攻毒组和攻毒组+2 g/kg酵母提取物较对照组(未攻毒)有提高仔猪死亡率的趋势(P=0.06)。综上所述,饲粮中添加核苷酸富集酵母提取物可提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,并对大肠杆菌病及相关腹泻的发生具有改善作用。     

包被丁酸钠对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清生化指标、养分表观消化率和粪便微生物菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加包被丁酸钠对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清生化指标、养分表观消化率和粪便微生物菌群的影响。选取128头体重为(6.37±0.11) kg的28日龄健康大白断奶仔猪,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复8头仔猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加500、1 000、1 500 g/t包被丁酸钠。试验期28 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加1 000和1 500 g/t包被丁酸钠显著提高断奶仔猪末重和1～28 d平均日增重(P<0.05),并显著降低1～14 d和1～28 d断奶仔猪料重比(P <0.05)。2)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加1 000、1 500 g/t包被丁酸钠显著提高断奶仔猪血清中总蛋白(TP)、葡萄糖(GLU)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)的含量(P<0.05),显著降低血清中尿素氮(UN)的含量(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加1 000、1 500 g/t包被丁酸钠可显著提高断奶仔猪粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)表观消化率(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加1 000、1 500 g/t包被丁酸钠显著降低断奶仔猪粪便中大肠杆菌数量(P<0.05),显著提高乳酸杆菌数量(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加包被丁酸钠可促进断奶仔猪的生长,提高断奶仔猪的免疫力,提高养分表观消化率,改善肠道菌群平衡状态。在本试验条件下,断奶仔猪饲粮中包被丁酸钠的最适添加量为1 000 g/t。     

中药微生态制剂对保育仔猪生长性能的影响

试验旨在研究中药微生态制剂对保育仔猪生长性能的影响。试验选用断奶后2周龄军牧1号白猪保育仔猪100头,随机分为4组,3个试验组和1个对照组。试验预试期7 d,正试期28 d。3个试验组分别饲喂在对照组日粮的基础上添加300、500、800 g/t中药微生态制剂。试验结果表明:日粮中添加800 g/t中药微生态制剂的试验三组平均日增重极显著高于添加量为300 g/t试验一组和对照组(P0.01),显著高于添加500 g/t的试验二组(0.01P0.05),其余各组之间差异均不显著(P0.05);试验三组的平均料肉比低于对照组和其它两个试验组;3个试验组的平均日采食量均高于对照组。试验证实在日粮中添加800 g/t中药微生态制剂能够提高保育仔猪的日增重。     

山花黄芩提取物对妊娠母猪繁殖性能及哺乳仔猪生长性能的影响

为了研究山花黄芩提取物对妊娠母猪繁殖性能及哺乳仔猪生长性能的影响,试验将320头长白×大白二元杂交母猪随机分为两组,每组80个重复,每个重复2头,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加山花黄芩提取物,其中妊娠期添加150 g/t,哺乳期添加500 g/t,试验期为136 d(其中妊娠期115 d,哺乳期21 d),测定母猪繁殖性能指标(窝均产仔数、窝均健仔数、初生窝重、初生均重、窝均死胎数、窝均木乃伊数、窝均产无效仔数)、哺乳仔猪生长性能指标(窝均断奶仔猪数、窝均断奶成活率、21日龄断奶窝重、21日龄断奶仔猪均重、哺乳期窝均增重)、母猪采食量指标(母猪平均采食量、21日均采食量)、体况指标(母猪分娩背膘厚、母猪断奶背膘厚、背膘损失)、发情指标(断配间隔、断奶7 d发情率)。结果表明：与对照组相比,试验组窝均健仔数显著增加(P<0.05),初生窝重极显著增加(P<0.01),窝均死胎数显著减少(P<0.05);窝均断奶仔猪数极显著增加(P<0.01);母猪平均采食量、21日均采食量、母猪断奶背膘厚均极显著增加(P<0.01),母猪背膘损失显著降低(P&l...     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.