Postponed germination of Puccinia recondita urediospores deposited on wheat seedlings. I. Ripening and longevity of urediospores with postponed germination

Urediospores ofPuccinia recondita f.sp.tritici were applied to wheat seedlings. Inoculated plants were placed in a growth chamber to expose the spores to dry periods from zero to nine days at near-optimal temperatures. The dry period was followed by a wet period varying from 2 to 24 hours for spore germination. Results were subjected to analysis of variance. The effects of dry period, wet period, and temperature on germination were highly significant. The dry period×wet period interaction was significant atP<0.1. The interaction implies that germinability of spores increased (ripening) or decreased (dying) according to the conditions. Postdetachment ripening of urediospores ofP. recondita is a real but erratic phenomenon, which is difficult to predict. The magnitude of the ripening phenomenon varied considerably, but on average it was small. Longevity of urediospores on dry wheat leaves at near-optimal temperatures was at least nine days. The epidemiological relevance of these indoor results is discussed.Samenvatting Uredosporen van de bruine roest van tarwe (Puccinia recondita f.sp.tritici) werden over het eerste blad van tarwekiemplanten verstoven. De aldus geïnoculeerde planten werden in een klimaatkamer geplaatst bij vrijwel optimale temperatuur gedurende nul tot negen dagen, teneinde de sporen aan een droge periode bloot te stellen. Deze werd gevolgd door een natte periode (met bladnat) variërend van 2 tot 24 uur om de sporen te laten kiemen. De kiemingsresultaten werden onderworpen aan een variantieanalyse. De effecten van droge periode, natte periode en temperatuur op de kieming waren zeer significant. De interactie tussen de droge periode en de natte periode was weinig significant (P<0.1). Deze interactie geeft aan dat de kiemkracht van de sporen stijgt (sporenrijping) of daalt (sporendood) al naar gelang de combinatie van uitwendige omstandigheden. Sporenrijping na losmaking uit het sporenhoopje is bij uredosporen van bruine roest een reëel maar grillig verschijnsel, dat zich moeilijk laat meten en voorspellen. De sporenrijping, uitgedrukt als toename van het kiempercentage, wisselt maar is meestal niet omvangrijk. De levensduur van uredosporen, droog en bij ongeveer optimale temperatuur bewaard op tarwebladeren, was ten minste negen dagen. De epidemiologische betekenis van deze resultaten, verkregen uit proeven in klimaatkamers, wordt besproken.     

An advisory model for control of Puccinia recondita in winter wheat

Epidemics ofPuccinia recondita and resulting yield loss of winter wheat were studied in field experiments over three seasons in the Netherlands. Results are reported and used to construct an advisory model for control of brown rust, based on rust monitoring. If the fraction of leaves with rust (I) at a certain development stage is determined, the average number of rust sori per leaf (M) was estimated by: M=EXP(1.84+1.39ln(ln[1/(1-I)]). The final number of sori per leaf (Mf) at early dough was forecast by an exponential growth: Mf=M·EXP(RGR·t). The relative growth rate (RGR) averaged 0.163/day and the forecasting period, t, until early dough, was derived from published data. The forecast number of sori-days per leaf (S, AUDPC-value) was then obtained by: S=(Mf-M)/RGR. Yield loss (kg/ha) by brown rust was 1.15 times the number of sori-days per leaf at low rust intensities. The efficacy of the fungicides used was 85%. The forecast avoidable yield loss (L, kg/ha) was calculated by: L=0.85 (1.15 S). Economic thresholds for brown rust control at different development stages are given for Dutch wheat fields at a cost level of 270 kg/ha for one fungicide application.     

Effect of interrupted leaf wetness periods on pustule development of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici on wheat

In growth chamber experiments, seedlings of a susceptible wheat cultivar (Rubis) were inoculated with urediospores of wheat leaf rust. Inoculated seedlings were incubated in a moist chamber. The period of exposure to leaf wetness varied in duration and progressed with or without one or more interruptions of variable duration. During the interruptions the leaves with germlings were dry. At near-optimal temperature, leaf wetness periods of six h resulted in 60 to 65% of the pustules produced with 12 or 24 h wetness periods. Interruption of a 6 h leaf wetness period by a 1 h dry period was most damaging to the rust germlings at about three to four h after inoculation. The damage became visible as a reduction in the number of resulting pustules and as a prolongation of the median latency period. Epidemiological implications of leaf wetness interruptions are discussed.Kiemplanten van het vatbare tarweras Rubis werden geïnoculeerd met uredosporen van de bruine roest van tarwe. De proeven vonden plaats in klimaatkamers. Geïnoculeerde planten werden geïncubeerd in incubatiehokjes met een zeer hoge luchtvochtigheid, teneinde condensatiedruppels op de bladeren en aldus bladnatperioden te krijgen. De toegediende bladnatperioden varieerden in tijdsduur en zij verliepen met of zonder één of meer onderbrekingen, ook weer van variërende duur. Tijdens de onderbrekingen stonden de planten met roestkiemlingen in het licht; het blad was dan droog. Bij ongeveer optimale temperatuur en bladnatperioden van 6 uur was het aantal verkregen puistjes 60 à 65% van het aantal verkregen puistjes na een bladnatperiode van 12 of 24 uur. Onderbreking van de 6-urige bladnatperiode door een 1-urige droge periode was voor de roestkiemlingen het schadelijkst ongeveer 3 tot 4 uur na inoculatie. De schade kwam tot uitdrukking in het kleinere aantal geproduceerde puistjes en in een verlenging van de mediane latentieperiode. De epidemiologische betekenis van onderbrekingen van de bladnatperiode wordt besproken.     

Studies on the origin,spread, and evolution of an important group ofPuccinia recondita f. sp.tritici pathotypes in Australasia

Wheat brown rust pathotype (pt) 104-2,3,(6),(7), 11 was first detected in Australasia in Victoria during 1984. Although it appeared similar to a pre-existing pathotype, 104-2,3,6,(7), detailed greenhouse test revealed nine pathogenic differences between the two rusts. Six differences involved contrasting virulence/avirulence for the resistance genes/specificitiesLr12, Lr27+Lr31 andLr16, and three uncharacterised genes, present in the wheat cultivars Gaza and Harrier, and in triticale cultivar Lasko. Differences in partial virulence between the pathotypes were found for the genesLr2a, Lr13 andLr26. A comparison of the phenotypes for 13 isozyme systems in the two pathotypes revealed two differences, including aPgm2 allele in pt 104-2,3,(6),(7),11 not found in other contemporary AustralasianPuccinia recondita f. sp.tritici pathotypes. On the basis of these differences, it was concluded that pt 104-2,3,(6),(7),11 was introduced into the Australasian region before or during 1984.Seven variants of pt 104-2,3,(6),(7),11, that differed by single virulences, were detected during 1984–1992. Pt 104-2,3,(6),(7),11 and a derivative pathotype with virulence forLr20 underwent rapid increases in frequency, largely displacing pathotypes which predominated before 1984. Although first detected in eastern Australia, both pathotypes spread to New Zealand, and the derivative pathotype appeared in Western Australia. The rapid spread and increase of these pathotypes could not be explained by host selection. Pt 104-2,3,(6),(7),11 and derivatives may therefore be more aggressive than other contemporary Australasian pathotypes.Abbreviations NSW New South Wales - Prt Puccinia recondita f. sp.tritici - Qld Queensland - SA South Australia - WA Western Australia     

小麦叶锈菌在感病寄主上发育的组织病理学和超微结构研究

 应用荧光显微技术、微分干涉技术和生物电镜技术,系统地研究了小麦叶锈菌在感病寄主上的发育过程及其超微结构特征。小麦叶锈菌在感病品种上的发育过程可分为几个明显的阶段,即孢子的萌发、附着胞的形成、气孔下囊的分化、初生菌丝和次生菌丝的形成和生长、吸器母细胞和吸器的形成、夏孢子床和夏孢子堆的产生以及夏孢子的形成。小麦叶锈菌的胞间菌丝呈丝状,生长和分枝通常沿寄主细胞壁进行。胞间菌丝与寄主细胞的接触诱导了吸器母细胞的分化,吸器母细胞在与寄主细胞壁的接触部位发育形成入侵栓,穿透寄主细胞壁后于细胞内形成吸器。胞间菌丝和吸器母细胞均含有双核,而成熟吸器则含有单核。经常规染色后,胞间菌丝和吸器母细胞的壁与隔膜均可分辨出由多层构成。     

我国小麦秋苗条锈病发生规律及其区间菌源传播关系

全国冬小麦秋苗均可遭受来自西北和西南越夏区条锈菌的侵染与危害, 条锈菌在寄主上进一步繁殖和发展, 引起本地或者外地小麦条锈病流行。不同麦区秋苗条锈病发生时间、发生程度及其菌源传播规律各不相同, 年度间亦存在差异。根据小麦条锈病发生流行频率、病菌越冬和越夏情况、秋季菌源和春季菌源的有无与多少、提供时间及其影响范围与作用, 结合地理生态条件、气候特点、小麦种植区划与栽培模式等, 将中国小麦条锈病发生流行区域划分为8个明显不同的生态区系, 即关中、华北春季流行区; 成都平原、江汉流域冬季繁殖区; 西北、川西北越夏易变区; 云贵高原越夏冬繁区; 新疆冬春麦常发区; 西藏高原青稞、小麦常发区; 南方晚播冬麦偶发区; 内蒙古、东北春麦偶发区。通过病害实地调查、病菌群体遗传多样性和高空气流轨迹分析, 进一步揭示了区间菌源传播关系。陇南、陇中、陇东、宁南、海东、陕西宝鸡以及川西北和云贵高原等地区离越夏区较近, 冬小麦播种较早, 秋苗条锈病发生早、发病重, 秋季随西北气流传播到平原冬麦区和海拔较低的冬麦区侵染危害秋播麦苗, 其菌源数量对全国小麦条锈病发生流行程度起着至关重要的作用, 是中国小麦条锈病的秋季菌源基地, 面积约67万hm2; 成都平原、江汉流域、陕南、豫南、云贵坝区等麦区, 离条锈菌越夏区相对较远, 小麦播种期也较晚, 秋苗发病较晚较轻, 但冬季气候温和, 雨露条件充沛, 条锈菌在冬季可以不断侵染和繁殖, 在早春可积累大量菌源, 然后向北部和西部广大麦区扩散传播, 引起小麦条锈菌春季侵染, 是中国小麦条锈病的春季菌源基地, 面积约200万hm2。云贵高原越夏冬繁区可为我国广大麦区特别是长江中下游麦区提供部分菌源, 荆州等鄂东南地区是云贵菌源向长江下游麦区传播的中转站。云南与甘肃之间存在大量的基因流, 推测云南可能是中国小麦条锈菌重要的起源中心。西南和西北秋季菌源对长江流域麦区的相对重要性有待进一步研究明确。     

小麦条锈病越夏过程的模拟研究

 以小麦条锈病大区流行模型PANCRIN为基础,按小麦成熟期和地理位置分区,加上有关越夏的各种参量,用于越夏过程的模拟。模拟试验结果确认和深化了如下认识:除周年麦外,任何单一成熟期的麦区都不能起越夏作用,必须生育末期植株和自生苗有交叠的双区组合才能实现越夏作用。春麦在越夏上直接作用不大;越夏作用大小主要取决于双区面积、成熟期交叠情况、当地流行速率和距承受其菌源的地区的远近。只要夏季最热一旬旬均温<22℃,上述交叠时期越早,越夏率就越高;完整的越夏过程包括菌源准备-越夏-后继增殖,陇东早播冬麦区的后继增殖对黄淮江汉冬麦发病可能有重要作用;越夏区停种的大区防治效果要受多种因素影响,欲获得良好效果,停种率要达95%以上。越夏区的分布和面积需要进一步查清,特别要注意允许条锈菌越夏的海拔下限是会随年份夏季气候变化而上下浮动的。在更全面地澄清了这些问题的基础上再设计和试行停种试验,是较为稳妥的。     

Effect of host genotype on leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) lesion development and urediniospore production in wheat seedlings

Experiments were performed in controlled conditions to compare several aggressiveness components of an isolate of Puccinia triticina on different wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) genotypes. Latency period, urediniospore production per lesion and per unit of sporulating surface, lesion size, and nitrogen and carbon content of the spores were measured on four host genotypes. Three of the host cultivars (Soissons, Altria and Isengrain) were susceptible and the fourth (Trémie) was resistant to the isolate used in the experiments, producing a mesothetic infection type. In all the analyses, lesion density was used as a covariable. The latent period was identical on the susceptible host cultivars, and there were no marked differences in the urediniospore production capacity when related to the sporulating surface area. In cv. Isengrain, differences in lesion size relative to the other susceptible cultivars resulted in lower urediniospore production per lesion. Urediniospore production per lesion and lesion size were density dependent and decreased exponentially with increasing lesion density. Urediniospore production per unit of sporulating surface was either independent of lesion density or marginally dependent (decreased linearly with a limited rate). On the resistant cultivar, Trémie, the latent period was longer and of a much greater variance compared with the susceptible cultivars. Urediniospore production per lesion was considerably reduced, but this reduction was fully accounted for by a reduction in lesion size, the urediniospore production capacity of the diseased tissue remaining equivalent to that observed in the susceptible cultivars. In all cultivars the C and N contents of the urediniospores were considered unchanged, even if minor differences were detected.     

襄阳地区小麦条锈菌越冬潜伏菌源量与病情的关系研究

 在小麦条锈病菌(Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici,PST)越冬区的湖北襄阳、宜城和枣阳3个地区同一时间定点(GPS定位)采样,应用双重real-time PCR定量测定方法进行潜育侵染测定,并于春季在相应取样点进行病情调查。取样区域按照镇/区划分成不同的区域。每个区域的分子病情指数(MDI)和病情指数(DI)由该区域内所有样品和调查点数据取平均值得到。由MDI转换成风险指数(RI),并做RI与春季病情指数的相关性分析。同时,也通过坐标数据进行了空间分析。结果显示,PST潜伏侵染量与春季病情呈显著相关,并且两者均与其分布区域距汉江水系的距离相关。     

小麦条锈病跨区域全周期绿色防控技术体系的构建与应用

小麦条锈病是我国小麦生产上一种跨区域流行的重大病害。1949年以来, 我国小麦条锈病研究, 治理能力明显提升, 发病面积、流行程度、流行频率明显降低, 但由于条锈菌Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici新毒性小种不断产生和气候异常变化等因素的影响, 近年来其流行规律和成灾机制出现了新的变化, 发生危害加重, 严重威胁小麦生产和国家粮食安全。基于“十二五”以来我国在小麦条锈病菌毒性新小种产生、有性生殖、侵染循环和大区流行规律等方面的最新研究成果, 作者在学习和实践以往病害治理经验的基础上, 坚持长短结合、标本兼治、分区治理、综合防治的指导思想, 制定了“以绿色防控为基础, 以全周期管理为重点, 以跨区域联防联控为保障”的防控策略, 提出了精准监测预报、毒性小种变异监测、早期菌源控制、抗病品种合理布局和应急防控等关键技术, 集成构建了全国小麦条锈病跨区域全周期绿色防控技术体系, 制定了越夏易变区、冬季繁殖区(越冬区)和春季流行区分区防控技术体系。经在小麦条锈病主要流行区大面积试验示范, 取得了防控效果85%以上, 化学农药用量减少10%以上, 小麦单产提高5%以上的成效。2022年-2023年在全国小麦主产区大范围组织推广应用, 有效控制了小麦条锈病严重流行势头, 全国病害发生面积出现了新低, 有效减轻了灾害损失, 保障了国家粮食安全。     

Relationships and genetics of wheat effects on infection frequency and colony extension of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici

Wheat cvs Aquileja and Xian Nong 4, previously reported to possess quantitative resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), were crossed to assess resistance associated with infection frequency and colony extension of Pst. The parents, F ₁, F ₂, F ₃, F ₄, backcrossed to Aquileja, and backcrossed to Xian Nong 4 were sown in the field. Experimental plants were inoculated with a single-spore derived isolate of Pst. Penetration frequency, colony size and disease severity were quantified. Comparison between the parents indicated that Aquileja was better at limiting infection frequency of Pst, whereas Xian Nong 4 was better at restricting colony extension. Penetration frequency and colony size were controlled by different genes. It was estimated that three or four genes, and three genes, controlling penetration frequency and colony size respectively, segregated in the cross Aquileja × Xian Nong 4, and were transmitted with moderately high heritability in additive fashion with no detectable dominant and epistatic effects. The two traits were correlated with disease severity. Colony size and penetration frequency explained, respectively, up to 33 and 8% of the genotypic variation of disease severity. These results will be helpful in understanding quantitative resistance and breeding for enhanced resistance to Pst.