安徽省查湾天然常绿阔叶林结构特点

对安徽省祁门查湾自然保护区亚热带常绿阔叶林成熟林分的结构特点进行了调查分析。结果表明:该林分在600 m2的样地内出现树种数(D≥3.0 cm)为11个,多样性指数为1.94,均匀度指数为0.81,低于我国东部中亚热带其他地区常绿阔叶林。但林下植被树种(D≤3.0 cm)多样性较高,出现树种数达21种,表明森林植被干扰后树种多样性得到了较好恢复。     

湖南熊峰山国家森林公园植物多样性与林分空间结构特征分析

通过对湖南熊峰山国家森林公园11个典型树种模式样方进行野外调查,运用重要值、Margalef丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数以及Pielou均匀度指数等植物多样性指数和混交度、大小比数、开敞度等林分空间结构参数,分析其植物多样性与空间结构特征。结果表明：调查区植物较丰富,样地内共出现71种植物,其中乔木植物24种、灌木植物20种、草本植物27种;乔木层中的杉木、樟树、枫香、木荷在调查区占有明显优势,其重要值大于8%。各林层植物的Margalef丰富度指数排序为乔木层﹥灌木层﹥草本层,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数以及Pielou均匀度指数排序均为灌木层﹥乔木层﹥草本层,Simpson优势度指数排序为草本层﹥灌木层﹥乔木层。样地林分平均混交度为0.375 2,属弱度-中度混交范围,样地林分平均大小比数为0.528 8,属中庸等级,样地林分的平均开敞度为0.240 2,林木生长空间处于不足状态。总体上熊峰山国家森林公园的植物多样性较丰富,但林木生长空间处于不足状态,应采取间伐、补植相结合的措施,营造异龄复层混交林模式,进行森林质量精准提升...     

黔中山地喀斯特次生林乔木层植物多样性对土壤养分的响应

为了探讨喀斯特次生林自然恢复过程中乔木层植物多样性与土壤养分的关系,在黔中开阳试验区调查了55个森林样地。样地按乔木层重要值划分为马尾松、杉木、马尾松-枫香、针阔和阔叶混交林5个类型。物种丰富度Margalef指数和信息多样性Shannon-Wiener指数呈阔叶混交林针阔混交林其它森林类型、生态优势度Simpson指数的变化趋势相反,均匀度Pielou指数呈混交林单优势种纯林的趋势。土壤A层水解氮量和有机质量呈混交林单优势种纯林双优势种混交林,pH值和速效钾量呈混交林双优势种混交林单优势种纯林,有效磷量呈单优势种纯林混交林双优势种混交林。研究表明不同土层水解氮量同Margalef和Shannon-Wiener指数的正相关达显著水平、同Simpson指数的负相关达显著水平,增加乔木层物种数和多样性可提高土壤氮的有效性;不同土层有效磷量和速效钾量同乔木层植物多样性指数的单相关性不显著,乔木层植物多样性对土壤磷和钾的有效性影响无规律性。C层土壤有机质量同Margalef和Shan-non-Wiener指数的正相关达显著水平、同Simpson和Pielou指数的负相关达显著水平,B和C层土壤pH值同Margalef和Shannon-Wiener指数的正相关达显著水平、同Simpson指数的负相关达显著水平,这与乔木层植物根系对B和C层土壤的改良作用有关。     

封山育林对林木生长的影响及其生态效益分析

为了探讨封山育林对林木生长的影响和封山育林后林分树种组成及林地土壤的变化,在4种不同封禁年限的林分内,分别设置样地和小样方进行调查和分析.结果表明:封山育林能保证幼树较高的成活率,显著提高林分的生长量;随着封山育林时间的延长,在乔木层和幼树层中,亚热带常绿阔叶树种种类和数量明显增加,物种多样性增加,林分的组成和结构朝着更稳定的方向发展,森林的生态效益得到更充分的发挥;封山育林能明显改善林地土壤的物理性质,提高土壤中有机质、全N和速效K的含量,增加腐殖质层厚度,使土壤肥力得到提高.     

天然林林分经营迫切性评价方法及其应用

运用系统结构决定功能的原理,以培育健康稳定的森林为目标,从林分的空间结构和非空间结构特征2个方面选择了8个指标,提出了林分经营的迫切性指数(Mu)的概念、评价方法及评价标准,并应用于贵州黎平2个阔叶混交林和2个针阔混交林分的评价,结果表明:4个林分的经营迫切性不同,2008年初的低温雨雪冰冻灾害对4个研究林分(样地A、B、C和D)的林木个体破坏严重,常绿阔叶混交林(样地A和B)的树种组成、针阔混交林(样地C和D)的林木分布格局、成层性以及直径分布等不合理;此外,样地B的树种多样性和样地C的顶极树种优势度较低,4个林分都需要从提高林木个体的健康水平制定相应的经营措施,常绿阔叶混交林还需要调整树种组成,提高树种多样性;针阔混交林则还需要调整林木分布格局、直径分布及成层性,优化空间配置.     

三峡库区天然林可燃物种类划分初探

对三峡库区有代表性的53个样地进行标准地调查和多样性调查,通过乔木层的多样性分析,得到试验区天然林主要组成树种的重要值。利用重要值大于1.5%的树种作为林分的优势树种的标准,将53个样地共归并为16个典型林型,再根据针叶树和阔叶树在林分中的重要值划分为易燃、缓慢燃烧、难燃三大系列。     

龙王山区落叶阔叶林林分结构特征研究

为全面掌握龙王山自然保护区落叶阔叶林的林分结构特征,设置了3个100m×100m样地,对其中的6个30m×30m样方,进行群落和林分调查。经统计分析,结果表明龙王山落叶阔叶林中树种种类多,优势树种为小叶白辛树和锐齿槲栎,林分树种组成具有一定的复杂性和多样性。林分株数密度平均为1511株/hm2,林分样地间差异不明显。胸径分布呈典型的倒"J"型;树高主要集中在4-9m的树高级,分布则呈偏左的正态分布。林分结构总体上具有多树种复层异龄的基本特征,具有良好的生物多样性保护和植物种质资源保存作用。     

海南霸王岭陆均松天然更新林分特征

以海南霸王岭陆均松(Dacrydium pierrei Hickel)天然林为对象,在有陆均松更新幼苗幼树的林分中共设置调查样地35块,样地面积400m~2,调查陆均松幼苗幼树胸径(地径)、树高,胸径5cm以上的全部立木的胸径、树高,林分郁闭度、灌木盖度、草本盖度、枯落物厚度、经纬度、海拔、坡度、坡向等因子。分析陆均松天然更新林分的组成、结构、分布及变化特征,结果表明:(1)陆均松天然更新林分的树种多样性丰富,Simpson指数均超过0.8;均匀度高,Pielou指数均大于0.4;随陆均松幼苗幼树高生长,丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数均呈逐渐增大的趋势。(2)林分优势树种组明显,断面积最多的5个树种是陆均松、岭南青冈、细刺锥、米椎和红绸,占总断面积的38.2%。(3)随着陆均松幼苗幼树的生长,乔木郁闭度和枯落物厚度呈增加趋势,林下植被盖度呈先增加后减少的趋势,林分断面积呈先减少后增加的趋势。(4)陆均松幼苗幼树主要集中分布在距陆均松母树10~30 m范围以内。(5)陆均松幼苗幼树在海拔1 140~1 180m、坡度为0~15°和西南坡向区域分布最多。     

云南德宏州西南桦天然林物种组成及多样性研究

[目的 ]研究西南桦天然林物种组成和多样性特征,为西南桦天然林生物多样性保护及西南桦人工林近自然经营提供科学依据。[方法 ]在云南省德宏州瑞丽派罗山1958年皆伐后形成的天然次生林(PLS)和芒市桦桃岭刀耕火种1967年丢荒地形成的天然次生林(HTL)内分别设置总面积为10 000 m2和5 000 m2的样地开展物种多样性调查。运用Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数,分析乔木层、灌木层和草本层物种组成和多样性,并对林分整体及重要值 5.00%的乔木层主要树种绘制径级分布图。[结果 ]PLS林分内无绝对优势种,树种润楠的重要值最大(14.76%),其次为西南桦(9.55%);HTL林分,树种西南桦的重要值最大(26.47%),在林分内占据绝对优势。PLS林分各林层物种丰富度(草本层除外)、Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均高于HTL,但物种优势度低于HTL,物种分布更均匀。不同林层间Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均以灌木层最高,而物种丰富度则乔木层最高。2种林分的径级结构均呈倒J形分布,重要值 5.00%的主要树种除西南桦分布在中大径级外,均集中分布在中小径级。[结论 ]PLS林分较HTL更接近演替后期,二者均属于稳定的群落类型。研究结果为西南桦天然林保护以及人工纯林近自然化改造和经营提供理论依据和技术参考。     

林分密度对华北落叶松天然次生林林下植被和土壤呼吸的影响

为实现“碳中和”背景下的森林高质量经营,探索林分密度调控对森林生态系统土壤呼吸和林下植被物种多样性的影响具有非常重要的意义。以山西五台山林区华北落叶松（Larix principis-rupprechtii）天然次生林为研究对象,设置不同林分密度样地,调查林下植被物种多样性并测定土壤呼吸速率,分析林分密度对林下植被物种多样性和土壤呼吸速率的影响以及物种多样性和土壤呼吸速率的耦合关系。结果表明,喜光植物的重要值随林分密度增加而逐渐降低,在高密度林分中变成偶见种或消失,耐荫植物的重要值随林分密度增加而升高,在高密度林分中成为代表性种。林下植被物种多样性和土壤呼吸速率均随林分密度增加均呈先上升后下降的趋势;香农-威纳指数、辛普森指数、基于香农-威纳指数的均匀度指数、基于辛普森指数的均匀度指数和物种丰富度指数均在中密度下达到峰值,土壤呼吸速率也在中密度下达到峰值;植被种类、林下植被物种多样性指数与土壤呼吸速率的相关性极强,其中物种丰富度指数对土壤呼吸速率的影响最显著。     

Structure and species diversity of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in northern Okinawa Island, Japan

The structure and tree species diversity of a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in northern Okinawa Island, Japan, were studied. Enumeration of the six sampling plots revealed an average density of 5,580 individuals with DBH≧3.0 cm/ha, having an average basal area of 55 m². The large-size trees of DBH≧20 cm contributed 10% of the total individuals, and 49% of the total basal area. The forest showed a high diversity of tree species, which is comparable to some tropical rain forests. A total of 54 over-story species of 24 families and a total of 63 understory species of 26 families were identified in the six sampling plots. Fagaceae and Theaceae were the most important families;Castanopsis sieboldii, Schima wallichii andDistylium racemosum were the most important species. The diversity index and equitability index of species were 4.15 and 0.72 for the overstory plots, and 4.72 and 0.79 for the understory subplots, respectively. The diversity index for the overstory was significantly correlated to the total basal area of trees over 20 cm DBH (p<0.05) and the importance value ofC. sieboldii (p<0.001), while for understory, the diversity index was not correlated to the structural parameters (allp>0.16). The size distribution pattern and age structure indicated differences in regeneration strategies for canopy dominants. In population dynamics of the succession process,C. sieboldii andD. racemosum were self-maintaining types, andS. wallichii was a gap- or opening-dependent type. This study was made possible by support from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Sciences, Sports and Culture, which provided a Monbusho scholarship to X.N. Xu.     

Stand structure and establishment process of an old-growth stand in the mixed deciduous broadleaf/conifer forest of Mt. Moiwa Forest Reserve, central Hokkaido, Northern Japan

Stand structure of an old-growth forest was studied by tree (≥4.0 cm in DBH) census in a main plot of 1.3 ha and 8 additional plots (0.525 ha in total) located in the Mt. Moiwa Forest Reserve, central Hokkaido, northern Japan. Major tree species with ≥1.0% of the relative basal area and of relative number of trees (Acer mono, A. mono var.mayrii, Kalopanax pictus, Magnolia kobus var.borealis, M. obovata, Prunus ssiori, Tilia japonica, andUlmus laciniata) have positive values of skewness in DBH, which shows the abundance of smaller-sized stems. All stems over 1.3 m high in the main plot were mapped to clarify the relationship between stem densities and canopy states. Although advances from sapling (>1.3 m tall and <4.0 cm DBH) to small tree (10.0 cm ≤ DBH <25 cm) for all major component species, exceptP. ssiori andU. laciniata, were independent of canopy states, those ofP. ssiori andU. laciniata depended on canopy gaps.Betula spp. was the most abundant gap makers, butT. japonica andA. mono (including var.mayrii) were dominant species in the main plot. This suggests the shift of dominant species in the forest of the study site. Historical records of disturbance demonstrated that selective cuttings of conifers during the late 19th century were responsible for the dominance ofBetula spp. and the subsequent shift of dominant species. This fact suggests that artificial disturbance plays an important role in the establishment ofTilia japonica-Acer mono forest considered to be a climax of the mixed deciduous broadleaf/conifer forests.     

Sprouting characteristics of a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest following clear-cutting in Okinawa,Japan

This study explores the sprouting characteristics of an evergreen broad-leaved forest after clear-cutting based on a survey of 1,893 stumps of 62 tree species in Okinawa, Japan. The sprouting capabilities of the stumps varied among tree species. The stumps of 60 species could produce sprouts, while those of the other two species could not. In 10 of the sprouting species, the mean sprout-stem number was higher than 4.0 stems per stump; nine sprouting species showed low sprouting capabilities. Additionally, Castanopsis sieboldii and Schima wallichii, the dominant species, exhibited high sprouting capabilities. Further, the sprouting capabilities varied with stump diameter at breast height (DBH). Stumps with a larger DBH tended to have a higher mean number of sprout stems per stump, higher DBH, and higher tree height than the smaller stumps. The forest stands regenerated by sprouting might recover into a tree community similar to that before clear-cutting.     

Floristic diversity and carbon stocks in the periphery of Deng–Deng National Park,Eastern Cameroon

Carbon is continuously being removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis and stored in carbon pools(live,dead,and soil carbon)of forest ecosystems.However,carbon stock in dead wood and of trees with diameters at breast height(dbh)between 5 and 10 cm is often not considered in many studies carried out in the Congo Basin Forest.The relationship between tree diversity,life-forms and carbon stocks has received little attention.This study was carried out on the outskirts of Deng Deng National Park(DDNP)to determine tree diversity(dominant families,species richness and Shannon index),assess carbon stocks in the five carbon compartments(living tree,understory,fine roots,dead wood and litter)as well as to analyze the relationship between(1)carbon stocks and tree diversity;and,(2)between carbon stock and life-forms.The Shannon index of trees≥10 cm dbh ranged from 2.6 in riparian forest to 4.3 in secondary forest;and for the tree between 5 and 10 cm,it ranged to 1.56 in riparian forest to 3.68 in the secondary forest.The study site housed 16 species,7 genera and 3 families which are only found in trees of dbh between 5 and 10 cm.The average total carbon stock of the five compartments varied from 200.1 t ha-1 in forest residues to 439.1 t ha-1 in secondary forest.Dead wood carbon stock varied from 1.2 t ha-1 in riparian forests to 12.51t ha-1 in agroforests.The above ground carbon stocks for trees with diameter between 5 and 10 cm varied from 0.7 t ha-1 in young fallow fields to 5.02 t ha-1 in old secondary forests.This study reveals a low but positive correlation between species richness and total carbon stocks,as well as a significant positive relationship between life-forms and total carbon stocks.The findings highlight the need for more data concerning carbon content of dead wood,carbon of trees≥5 cm<10 cm dbh and the relationship between carbon stocks and tree diversity from other areas of the Congo Basin for a good understanding of the contribution of tropical forests to climate change mitigation.     

Secondary forest floristic composition, structure, and spatial pattern in subtropical China

Secondary evergreen broadleaved forests are precious remnants for biodiversity conservation and templates for sustainable management of natural forests in subtropical China. Floristic composition, size structure, and spatial pattern of dominant tree species have been investigated for a subtropical secondary evergreen broadleaved forest in the Huitong Yingzuijie National Forest Reserve, Hunan, China. The location of all trees greater than 4 cm in diameter at breast height (DBH) were mapped within a 0.96-ha plot in which species, DBH, and total tree height were recorded. Ripley’s K(t) function was used to analyze spatial patterns and associations. The secondary forest consisted of 74 tree species and 1,596 stems per hectare. A reverse-J shaped DBH classes distribution was observed for all stems and trees of later seral species whereas trees of earlier successional species were distributed irregularly. Significant aggregated spatial patterns were observed for all trees within the forest and for conspecific trees of each dominant species. This result, and a repulsive spatial pattern for interspecific trees of Choerospondias axillaries and Cyclobalanopsis glauca against other dominant tree species, support segregation hypothesis. Contributions of seed dispersal, topographic heterogeneity, and competition to spatial patterns of conspecific trees vary depending on tree species. Attractive spatial pattern among interspecific trees of Liquidambar fortunei, Liquidambar formosana, and Pinus massoniana reflects stochastic colonization of pioneer tree species and a facilitation relationship. Although deciduous species are long-lived and persist over long successional processes, they will eventually be replaced by late seral evergreen species within the secondary forest if no disturbance events occur.     

Tree species diversity and stand structure along major community types in lowland primary and secondary moist deciduous forests in Tripura, Northeast India

Tree species diversity and population structure at different community types were described and analyzed for primary and secondary lowland moist deciduous forests in Tripura.Overall 10,957 individual trees belonging to 46 family,103 genera and 144 species were counted at ≥30 cm DBH(diameter at breast height) using 28 permanent belt transects with a size of 1 ha(10 m × 1000 m).Four different tree communities were identified.The primary forests was dominated by Shorea robusta(mean density 464.77 trees ha-1,105 species) and Schima wallichii(336.25 trees ha-1,82 species),while the secondary forests was dominated by Tectona grandis(333.88 trees ha-1,105 species) and Hevea brasiliensis(299.67 trees ha-1,82 species).Overall mean basal area in this study was 18.01m 2 ·ha-1 ;the maximum value was recorded in primary Shorea forest(26.21 m 2 ·ha-1).Mean density and diversity indices were differed significantly within four different communities.No significant differences were observed in number of species,genera,family and tree basal cover area.Significant relationships were found between the species richness and different tree population groups across the communities.Results revealed that species diversity and density were increased in those forests due to past disturbances which resulted in slow accumulation of native oligarchic small tree species.Seventeen species were recorded with <2 individuals of which Saraca asoka(Roxb.) de Wilde and Entada phaseoloides(L.) Merr.etc.extensively used in local ethno-medicinal formulations.The present S.robusta Gaertn dominated forest was recorded richer(105 species) than other reported studies.Moraceae was found more speciose family instead of Papilionaceae and Euphorbiaceae than other Indian moist deciduous forests.Seasonal phenological gap in such moist deciduous forests influenced the population of Trachypithecus pileatus and capped langur.The analysis of FIV suggested a slow trend of shifting the population of Lamiaceae group by Moraceae species in secondary T.grandis L.dominated community.     

Woody species composition and structure of Kuandisha afromontane forest fragment in northwestern Ethiopia

To investigate the woody species composition,diversity and structure of Kuandisha Afromontane forest,vegetation and environmental data were collected from 53 plots of 10 m 9 50 m for trees and shrubs and 265 subplots of 2 m 9 4 m for seedlings were laid along eight transect lines. The local name, scientific name, abundance,DBH, height and percentage foliage cover of species were recorded. Environmental variables, namely altitude, latitude and longitude as well as disturbance levels were also recorded in each plot. Structure, basal area, importance value index(IVI) and species prioritization were analyzed using spreadsheet programs. Correlation coefficients, frequency, relative frequency, Shannon diversity index,Shannon evenness and vegetation classification were analyzed using an R package. Sixty-six species belonging to40 families were recorded. Fabaceae was the most diverse family consisting of seven species, followed by Euphorbiaceae and Asteraceae. In terms of habit, 29 species were trees, 28 were shrubs, and 9 were lianas. The overall Shannon diversity index was 2.5. The frequency and relative frequency of woody species with DBH C2.5 cm ranged from 1.9 to 92.5 and 0.1 to 5, respectively. Seedling density varied among species ranging from five to 9938 individuals ha-1. The total basal area of woody species having DBH C2.5 cm is 15.3 m2ha-1. The IVI of species ranged from 0.13 for Solanum giganteum Jacq. to 28.4 for Croton macrostachyus Del. The woody vegetation was classified into five community types. Species richness,diversity and evenness of communities were strongly positively correlated. On the other hand, the correlation between disturbance and seedling density, and species richness was strongly negative. Thus, among the recorded woody species, a significant portion was either lacking regeneration or selectively removed for various purposes.The lack of seedlings of those species is mainly attributed to anthropogenic disturbances particularly free grazing. As a result, 14 tree, seven shrub and one liana species were prioritized for conservation and management interventions.     

南岭小坑木荷群落地上生物量

森林生物量是评价森林生态系统生产力、研究森林生态系统结构与功能的重要指标,也是深入了解森林生态系统变化规律的重要途径和评估森林碳收支的重要参数(吴仲民等,1998)。亚热带常绿阔叶林是我国面积最大的森林类型,它在世界森林植     

Spatial partitioning of biomass and diversity in a lowland Bolivian forest: Linking field and remote sensing measurements

Large-scale inventories of forest biomass and structure are necessary for both understanding carbon dynamics and conserving biodiversity. High-resolution satellite imagery is starting to enable structural analysis of tropical forests over large areas, but we lack an understanding of how tropical forest biomass links to remote sensing. We quantified the spatial distribution of biomass and tree species diversity over 4 ha in a Bolivian lowland moist tropical forest, and then linked our field measurements to high-resolution Quickbird satellite imagery. Our field measurements showed that emergent and canopy dominant trees, being those directly visible from nadir remote sensors, comprised the highest diversity of tree species, represented 86% of all tree species found in our study plots, and contained the majority of forest biomass. Emergent trees obscured 1–15 trees with trunk diameters (at 1.3 m, diameter at breast height (DBH)) ≥20 cm, thus hiding 30–50% of forest biomass from nadir viewing. Allometric equations were developed to link remotely visible crown features to stand parameters, showing that the maximum tree crown length explains 50–70% of the individual tree biomass. We then developed correction equations to derive aboveground forest biomass, basal area, and tree density from tree crowns visible to nadir satellites. We applied an automated tree crown delineation procedure to a high-resolution panchromatic Quickbird image of our study area, which showed promise for identification of forest biomass at community scales, but which also highlighted the difficulties of remotely sensing forest structure at the individual tree level.     

三种人工林的结构特征及林分改造对策

对广东省大岭山桉树、马尾松、马占相思三种人工林进行样方调查,分析了林分结构特征并提出林分改造对策。三种人工林的立木密度分别为1 268,2 232,1 524株/hm2,随着径级的增大,立木数减少。群落种群的频度级分布均为A〉B〉C〉D=E=0。垂直结构明显,层间植物种类多,林下植被丰富。除草本层外乔木层、灌木层和层间植物这三个的Shannon-Weiner多样性指数和均匀度比较接近,而且和自然条件下的广东亚热常绿阔叶林的群落组成结构基本相符。林分结构特征表明三种人工林受到的人为干扰少,林分改造效果较明显,从演替的角度看,这三种林分有向南亚热带常绿阔叶林发展的趋势。