鲻鱼亲鱼活体运输试验

本文比较了运输鲻鱼亲鱼的几种方法。试验结果表明，用活鱼运输车进行循环洒水运输，运输量大，操作简单，运输效果最好，是较为实用的一种方法。     

Risk efficient juvenile haddock production systems: An ex‐ante recursive stochastic approach

Abstract

The risk efficient live feed system for juvenile haddock production is derived through recursive ex‐ante stochastic cost estimation. Four alternative feeding technologies are simulated to capture the economic costs associated with live feed and juvenile production and scale economies are investigated by simulating three production levels. Using Monte Carlo simulation techniques, multivariate stochastic cost functions are derived in a time‐dependent recursive production model. With the current technologies and price levels, land‐based juvenile haddock production is viable. The marginal impact, in terms of cost‐savings, to additional research on optimal feeding periods will be minimal. On the other hand, the high opportunity cost of capital used in aquaculture production, due to numerous perceived risk premia, may pose a more immediate constraint for capital formation and industry development.     

活海鲜流通产业化的运输方法和技术

本文阐述了海水活鱼的运输方法、运输技术、运输典例及运输效益,指出在海水网箱养殖业快速发展的今天,活海鲜的流通具有非常广阔的发展前景.随着科学技术水平的不断提高,南鱼北运北鱼南调已不是梦想,活海鲜的流通正在初步形成产业化.     

10万吨级养殖工船快速性及动力系统配置分析

针对养殖工船特定作业需求,探索一种便捷的船舶快速性研究方法,研发经济高效的动力系统,对降低养殖成本、提高养殖安全、推动产业发展具有重要意义。通过模型试验对比验证计算流体力学(CFD)叠模法静水阻力计算的准确性;基于叠模法对船体快速性进行多目标优化,获取理想的船体低阻力型线;从养殖工船功率需求、初始建造成本及动力系统故障失效对比角度,分析养殖工船动力系统的合理配置,获取动力系统基础方案。结果显示,在9~11 kn及低傅氏数情况下,通过优化线型而降低静水阻力不明显;在伴流不均匀度下降到一定程度以后,继续降低阻力,会大幅提升,不利于整体快速性能的提高;结合系泊养殖实际使用需求,采用电力推进技术可有效减少初始建造投资、降低后期维护及运营成本,提高养殖工况动力系统可靠性。根据养殖作业动力系统配置需求,反推养殖工船的快速性特征是研究该类问题行之有效的方法。     

养殖鱼类的动物福利与产品品质

以动物福利和人类福利的关联性为出发点,探讨我国水产养殖产业的潜在升级驱动力,目标是探索从终端品质倒推我国水产养殖产业从量到质升级的切实可行性。本文以养殖鱼类为焦点,从动物福利视角探索我国水产品形象与品质的提升空间,从以下几个方面进行了系统回顾。第一,基于对陆生脊椎动物福利的五项自由原则和三大范畴的系统回顾,对比动物福利在家畜家禽业的研究发展历程,对鱼类福利的发展历程与现状进行了脉络梳理;第二,针对鱼类福利的量化评估问题,从生理应激、行为应激以及心理应激三大应激响应机制,对与鱼类福利评价体系相关的研究进展进行了回顾,重点针对评价指标及评价方法进行了归纳总结;第三,针对养殖鱼类产业,重点对养殖过程、离水捕捞以及致死处置三个主要环节的鱼类福利特点及研究利用现状进行了分析讨论。最后,分析指出我国渔后动物福利存在盲区,提出了品质易逝期动物福利方案的思路。提出基于品质易逝期动物福利原则以实现锁鲜调控的展望：①为最大限度保持原料天然属性,突破“活而不鲜”的困局;②为改变初级水产品销售现状,减少渔后损失实行渔后的产业化;③为降低水产品供应链碳排放;④为实现水产动物福利等,提供一揽子解决方案的研究与实践范式。总之,科学解读渔后动物福利对于终端品质升级提供具有靶向性指导,同时通过优质产品形象为我国渔业产业赋予人文内涵。     

CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE OF LOCALLY GROWN FOOD: THE CASE OF INDIANA AQUACULTURE PRODUCTS

Many Indiana small- and medium-sized farm and ranch operators are looking at aquaculture to diversify their operations, but the underlying thought for most of these potential aquaculturists is the feasibility of raising fish, and whether consumers will be interested in Indiana aquaculture products. The study used an ordered probit model to examine Indiana consumers' interests in Indiana farm-raised aquaculture products. The model did not predict any non-interest but predicted 18% probability of consumers that are somewhat interested, 58% for consumers that are interested and 24% for consumers that are strongly interested. Factors that positively affected interest in Indiana aquaculture products were previous purchase of farm-raised aquaculture products, frequent at-home seafood consumption—once per week, and being at least 36 years of age. While consumers in the household income $20,000–$59,999 group showed interest, households with higher incomes were less interested. Prices that consumers are willing to pay for Indiana seafood products are within the range of market seafood prices in Indiana. However, consumers will not be interested in Indiana aquaculture products as premiums for the products increase.     

CERTIFICATION OF SHRIMP AND SALMON FOR BEST AQUACULTURE PRACTICES: ASSESSING CONSUMER PREFERENCES IN RHODE ISLAND

This study uses a conjoint experiment to evaluate seafood consumers’ preferences for wild versus farmed seafood in Rhode Island, while providing an option for farmed products to be certified for best aquaculture practices, focusing upon salmon and shrimp. The definition for best aquaculture practices provided to respondents in the survey is broadly based upon standards currently in use by aquaculture certification groups, highlighting sustainability of fish feed, and control of antibiotic use, water quality and stocking density. Using data from an in-person intercept survey, a conditional logit model shows that a sample of 250 seafood consumers in Rhode Island choose wild products over farmed even when farmed products are certified, and by an entity preferred by the consumer. Results warrant both further study of consumer preferences for certified aquaculture products across a broader population, and study of the effect of different explanations of ‘best aquaculture practices’ upon preferences.     

DEMAND FOR AQUACULTURE PRODUCTS IN TAIWAN: AN APPLICATION OF THE GENERALIZED MODEL

ABSTRACT

Policy decisions on what aquaculture products to develop require information on consumer demand for cultured species. However, information on the structure of demand for aquaculture products is limited and what few studies there are in Taiwan, where aquaculture is a major industry, suffer from methodological problems. To clear up some of these problems, we used modified nonnested testing techniques and performance forecasting to determine which generalized models could best estimate the demand for Taiwanese aquaculture products. The results of modified nonnested testing of the aquaculture demand system showed that prices predetermined and quantities predetermined could be used to estimate demand. The generalized ordinary demand model was able to better forecast performance than the generalized inverse demand model. We used the likelihood ratio test to discriminate among the four competing models for the generalized ordinary model; the AIDS model could be more suitably applied to the data. A more general model that is able to incorporate different dynamic structures (partial adjustment, first autoregressive, and static). This general framework is applied to the AIDS model. The first autoregressive AIDS model we used to calculate the own and cross-price elasticities for milkfish, tilapia, shrimp, shellfish, and carps found that price elasticities varied across fish type, that some products had high long-run own price elasticities, and that the demand for aquaculture products was largely determined by inertia.     

转变增长方式是我国水产养殖持续发展的必由之路

水产养殖业是渔业中的重要产业之一,已经成为我国水产品市场供给的主要来源。在回顾我国水产养殖业取得伟大成就的同时,也认识到水产养殖业的发展面临着诸如水资源严重缺乏、耕地资源不断被压缩、水产养殖良种覆盖率水平不高、饲料原料短缺、劳动力不足、水产疫苗和药物发展滞后、质量安全和水产品品质安全等问题。认为唯有转变水产养殖的增长方式才是我国水产养殖持续发展的必由之路,如通过转变现有养殖模式,提高单位水体的产量;转变饲料投喂模式,普及高效环保饲料,开发替代鱼粉的新蛋白源;提高优良品种选育与普及水平;加强疫苗创制能力,扩大其应用范围;转变消费习惯,提升加工与流通领域发展水平等措施。水产养殖产品是我国乃至全世界经济社会可持续发展的刚性需求,政府应从战略高度认识到通过转变增长方式实现我国水产养殖业可持续发展的重要意义。     

Optimizing Tilapia, Oreochromis sp., Marketing Strategies in Nicaragua: A Mixed-integer Transshipment Model Analysis

Tilapia, Oreochromis sp., production has increased in the Central American region in recent years. Yet, commercial tilapia aquaculture has not developed in Nicaragua on the scale that it has in other neighboring countries. Although demand for tilapia products exists, lack of thorough understanding of domestic markets and coordinated production and marketing efforts have hampered the development of a domestic market. The objectives of this study were to quantify domestic marketing costs for tilapia produced in Nicaragua and develop a mixed-integer transshipment mathematical programming model to identify the most profitable marketing alternatives for tilapia farmers. Results suggested targeting primarily outlets with higher sales prices such as restaurants with supplemental production delivered to local supermarkets. The model chooses cities with weekly restaurant demand capable of absorbing the farm's production with excess product sold to alternative outlets. Supply of farm-raised tilapia production in most regions of Nicaragua was insufficient and created problems associated with frequent and dependable deliveries required by higher paying outlets (restaurants and supermarkets). Larger farms will generate greater returns with regular consistent deliveries to higher priced restaurant outlets. Smaller farms with limited production volumes were not able to meet weekly delivery requirements. Biannual deliveries reduced transportation cost and sales price and were not profitable. However, sustaining markets with infrequent deliveries may not be feasible. This analysis provides guidelines for targeting those specific markets that optimize returns to specific farm sizes in specific regions.     

Optimising Atlantic salmon smolt survival by use of hydropower simulation modelling in a regulated river

Studies on downstream passage of diadromous fishes in northern Europe are rare, and in Norway, the problem is strongly linked to demands for efficient hydropower production. The current study explored mitigating measures using a hydropower simulation model for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., smolt migration. Migration pattern and route choice at a hydropower intake for 22 years were described for a river in southern Norway, based on simulated data for discharge and water temperature. Subsequently, the potential for controlling the migration pattern and smolt routing past the intake by altering release patterns from the reservoirs was tested. Modelling of a general annual increase in bypass discharge from 3 to 15 m³ s^?1 increased average bypass migration from 30 to 43% at the cost of 14 € per fish. Individual release schedules from reservoirs for selected years indicated that bypass rates could be increased to 80% at an average cost of 4.5 € per fish and 2.2 € in the best years. Mitigating measures presumably depend on the specific site, but the methods developed in this study represent a general technique for evaluating increased smolt survival past hydropower intakes.     

土臭素影响水产品品质分析及控制策略研究进展

水产品味道鲜美,营养丰富,是人类摄取食物蛋白的重要来源。但以土腥味为代表的特殊异味在淡水养殖的水产品中经常出现,不但影响水产品的风味,更是降低了消费者的消费意愿,制约着水产品养殖行业的稳定发展。而科学控制和预防水产品中的土腥味是保障水产品质量的重要手段,对满足产业需求具有重要意义,仍需深入研究。本文综述了水产品中以土腥味为典型代表的特殊异味,探讨了土臭素为代表的异味物质在水产品中造成土腥味的机理,结合目前控制土腥味的常用方法,对未来水产品异味防控发展趋势进行展望,以期解决水产品中的异味物质问题尤其是淡水养殖的水产品存在的土腥味问题。     

噬菌体在水产养殖业中的研究进展

随着水产养殖业的发展,养殖密度越来越高,细菌性疾病暴发频繁。现如今主流抗菌手段是抗生素,但其大规模且不规范的使用使得细菌耐药性问题越发严重。为了有效防治水产细菌性疾病,加快推进水产养殖业绿色发展,促进产业转型升级,人们亟需寻求新的抗菌手段来缓解当今的局面。噬菌体是一种感染细菌和古细菌的病毒,具有专一性强、不易产生抗性、代谢快、易开发及成本低等优点。在国内外被广泛研究,同时也被应用于多种疾病的防控,其相关产品也获得认可,但其本身存在的限制也不容忽视。本文首先综合介绍了噬菌体治疗的原理和优势,然后对噬菌体治疗在水产养殖动物细菌性疾病中的研究进展进行综述,并对噬菌体治疗现存的困难和应对策略进行讨论,最后在此基础上作出展望,期望能够为后续噬菌体在水产上的应用研究提供参考。     

水产养殖中鱼类投喂策略研究综述

水产养殖中的饲料成本占养殖总成本的比例较大,有效的投喂策略是减少水产养殖生产成本的重要途径,投饲装备投喂过程中,既要满足鱼群生长的营养需求,也要避免过多投饲,从而降低对环境的污染。当前国内水产养殖投饲装备智能化水平较低,投饲策略主要依据人工经验定量投饲,每一次喂料的偏差累积影响整期渔获经济效益。因此,科学的投喂策略能有效减少养殖成本,提高养殖效益。重点介绍了基于人工经验及生物能流的鱼群生长摄食模型、基于机器视觉及机器声学感知鱼群摄食活动的技术手段和智能投喂控制系统的发展状况,并提出投喂策略的具体实现方法。本研究可为水产养殖投饲装备从自动化升级到智能化提供参考。     

Current status of the giant freshwater prawn ( Macrobrachium rosenbergii) industry in China,with special reference to live transportation

The giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii was first introduced into mainland China by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences from Japan in 1976. It was cultured at the Guangdong Province Fishery Institute (now as Pearl River Fishery Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences). Following these early efforts, giant freshwater prawn culture has gradually spread to northern and inland areas. At this time (2011), China has become the largest producer of giant freshwater prawn in the world. Due to a preference of cooking with fresh aquatic products, Chinese retail markets have developed which have special live‐holding counters. From small rural shops to urban supermarkets and specialty restaurants, live seafoods are commonly available whereby customers pick out the products they wish to purchase and consume. Giant freshwater prawns are produced in over 35 countries throughout the world. They are usually sold either fresh, on‐ice, or frozen. What makes the Chinese prawn industry unique is its focus on a live transportation and marketing model. As a result, numerous innovative live‐transport technologies have been developed which have been key to the success of this expanding domestic industry. In this article, we would like to give a general overview of the giant freshwater prawn industry, its status in China, and the special role live‐transportation has for expanding production of giant freshwater prawns.     

浅析我国观赏鱼产业发展及鱼种变化(上)

目前我国水产业以养殖为主,捕捞为辅。在2022年的水产品产量中,淡水养殖占47.91%,海水养殖占33.15%,捕捞占18.94%。在水产养殖中,鱼类养殖产量占52.16%,呈现出举足轻重的地位。“良种良养良销”是水产业中三个重要的组成部分,“良种”是水产业的龙头,“良养”是水产业的保障,加工、销售等“良销”环节是拉动水产业发展的重要动力。20世纪50年代以来,我国水产业取得了长足发展,为广大人民提供了丰富的水产品,解决了“吃鱼难”的问题。然而,目前我国水产业中有种无业、有业无种等现象还比较严重,没有从根本上解决“吃好鱼”及“吃放心鱼”的问题,为了加快我国水产业的发展,作者认为很有必要建立和实施“良种良养良销”体系,以推动我国水产业高质量发展。

     

三沙湾生态环境及水产品卫生质量的研究

海域良好的水质、底质环境是水产养殖生物生存的必要条件，海域环境质量直接影响到养殖生物的健康生长和水产品的食用安全。开展港湾海域的水质、底质环境质量监测调查，对促进环境保护，发展健康水产养殖业具有重要意义。本文依据2003年福建三沙湾海区的监测资料与历史资料对照，分析并评价该海区的环境质量和水产品的食用安全，为研究三沙湾海域的养殖生物的卫生状况和食用安全提供依据。     

Land suitability evaluation for brackish water aquaculture development in coastal area of Hormozgan,Iran

Land suitability analysis is a prerequisite for successful aquaculture, and site selection affects both the success and sustainability of any aquaculture development. There is an urgent need for appropriate methodology to assist planners for site selection in aquaculture development. Site selection can be viewed as a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is a proven, effective method used to solve problem of site selection. This paper applied geographic information systems (GIS), the AHP method, and MCDM to identify areas that are suitable for shrimp aquaculture development in coastal area of Hormozgan, Iran. To create models, combination of layers was carried out through Boolean operators and weighted linear combination (WLC) method. After performing the combination models, the results are presented and compared. Evaluation of the results shows that the most of the areas classified suitable in WLC model coincide with the existing shrimp farms and this indicates the validity of the GIS-based WLC model. The areas with the highest priorities are situated in eastern part of the study area. Since existing shrimp farms cover a small extent in the study area, further expansion of shrimp farming to other areas is possible.     

池塘养殖水体中土著反硝化细菌的分离与初步鉴定

池塘养殖水体水质恶化问题日益突出,尽管已有各种商品化微生态制剂,但水质净化修复效果始终未得到有效提高。通过采用定向分离、筛选、扩繁来自原生境的土著有益菌的方法进行生物修复,从而提高养殖废水的净化修复效果;该方法具有针对性强、效果佳、安全性高、成本低以及持续活性时间长、无二次污染等优点。2016年9月,从山西省运城黄河滩涂水产养殖主产区养殖中后期的池塘水体中定向分离筛选得到1株土著反硝化细菌,命名为YJ-1,使用奈氏试剂和格利斯试剂对其反硝化能力进行检测。结果显示,奈氏试剂显示黄色,格利斯试剂显示绛红色,说明在细菌培养24h后发酵液中产生了少部分的铵离子和较多的亚硝酸盐,菌落具有反硝化功能。经16SrDNA序列扩增与测定,片段长度为1 441bp。无根系统发育树分析显示,YJ-1与产酸克雷伯氏杆菌(Klebsiella oxytoca)的同源性最高,YJ-1的分离打破了现有微生态制剂成分大多数为各种商品菌的局势;在水产微生态制剂制备过程中定向加入土著反硝化细菌,可有效降低养殖水体中氨氮与亚硝酸盐含量、减少鱼体发病率;反硝化细菌在水产养殖水质净化、城市污水处理中具有较大的应用前景,本研究为其他土著有益菌的分离、筛选、鉴定及应用提供了可借鉴的思路。     

Evaluation of antimicrobial products used in tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) and whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) aquaculture

Despite the importance of aquaculture increases for feeding the growing world population, professional farm management and proper use of aquaculture products or drugs are needed. It is important to know the quality of commercial antimicrobial products on the market while there is wide use of antimicrobials to treat fish diseases. The most commonly used antimicrobial products were identified from a previous survey, included amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, sulphadiazine, sulphamonomethoxine and sulphadimidine. Eight local chemical supply shops were randomly sampled in representative aquaculture areas in Maoming and Zhanjiang districts of south China in 2013. In this study, only eight products contained active substances within ±10% of the concentration declared on the product label among the 30 different most used commercial products; while six products did not contain any of the declared antimicrobials. Three products without labels were sold as ‘pure antimicrobial’ and had high concentrations of active antimicrobials. Furthermore, most products only provided ambiguous information on the packages on both antimicrobial usage and dosage; and only one product stated how to prepare medicated feed which is important for efficient usage. The results of this study showed that the aquaculture antimicrobial products sold on the market were of low quality and thus compromised effective fish disease treatment. Moreover, insufficient information on products’ labels would provide limited instruction on correct antimicrobial usage. Inspection and supervision by both private companies and the government's sector require strengthening.