Safety issues and sustainable development of European aquaculture: new tools for environmentally sound aquaculture

Sustainable and long-term growth of the aquaculture industry should involve both ecologically sound practices and appropriate resource management. The increasing economic dimension of Mediterranean aquaculture is opening new economic niches and may be a valid support to reduce the pressure of traditional fisheries. Aquaculture practices can also lead to modifications of coastal habitats through the impact of wastes of land-based and open-sea mariculture facilities. In addition to these aspects which place a direct pressure on aquatic ecosystems and wild fishery resources, a wide range of environmental contaminants, such as chemicals used in farming operations, can accumulate in farmed organisms and put fish health and quality at risk. Thus, as aquaculture makes its transition to a major food-producing sector, proper assessment and control of environmental impacts and food safety awareness are becoming increasingly important. The development of simple tools able to monitor the extent of environmental and biological impacts associated with farming operations at various levels of biological complexity from the ecosystem to the organism level is required. Although a number of techniques for assessing the environmental and biological impact of pollutants in natural ecosystems are available, the development of practical and validated tools is sorely needed in aquaculture.     

白洋淀水产养殖污染分析及可持续发展建议

阐述了白洋淀水产养殖对水体造成的污染。其中,饵料的投放、添加剂和药剂的使用、鱼类的排泄以及底质释放等是造成水体中氮、磷含量偏高及水体富营养化的主要原因。本文就水产养殖对水体及周边生态环境的影响和渔业生产存在的问题作了综述,从发展健康养殖和改善管理水平方面,提出了白洋淀水产养殖可持续发展的对策。     

渔业资源衰退原因和可持续发展对策

从人为因素出发,分析指出过度捕捞,管理不善,污染严重是渔业资源衰退的主要原因。并从提高公众意识,明确资源产权,发展科学技术等方面展开探讨,以实现渔业资源的可持续发展。     

广西海水养殖业可持续发展思考

近年来海水养殖业发展迅猛,其在渔业经济中的地位日显突出,但随着社会经济的发展,养殖环境和条件也随之发生变化,出现了许多妨碍海水养殖业发展的新情况、新问题。文章就广西海水养殖业的发展状况与存在问题,从加强养殖环境整治和养殖容量研究、实施良种工程和科技兴渔战略、建设病害防治体系、严格规范养殖行为等方面,提出几点有针对性的对策。     

Aquaculture development in India: An economic overview with special reference to coastal aquaculture

Abstract

Coastal aquaculture emerged as a sunrise sector in India during the 1990s. It was identified as a sector full of promise for expanding exports and for adding to foreign exchange. The sector has more than fulfilled its promise and has more in store. This paper gives an overview of the role and development of fisheries in general and aquaculture in particular in India. Growth, sources of growth, contribution to national gross domestic product, impact on rural economy, socio‐economic impacts, generation of backward linkages, and export growth of coastal aquaculture in terms of composition, direction and penetration are reviewed. The paper concludes on an optimistic note for development of coastal aquaculture in the country with the streamlining of policy measures for production and marketing.     

水产养殖容量研究进展及应用

近30年来,全球水产养殖产量以接近9%的年增长率持续增长。快速发展的水产养殖业在保障世界粮食供应的同时,也带来环境污染和生物多样性下降等一系列生态环境问题,引起国际社会的广泛关注。水产养殖的资源和环境承载力,即养殖容量与生态容量问题,已成为水产养殖业可持续发展中迫切需要解决的问题。本文概述了水产养殖容量和环境容量概念的起源及其发展,例举了养殖容量研究的代表性成果,分析了养殖容量的估算方法及养殖容量模型的发展历程,并探讨了其存在问题以及在水产养殖管理中的应用前景,以期推动以养殖容量评估为基础的水产养殖区规划。水产养殖容量的科学评估与综合应用,可在一定程度上解决制约水产养殖业可持续发展的生态环境问题,并为建立基于生态系统的水产养殖管理与空间规划提供科学依据。     

水产养殖业可持续发展及管理的研究进展

全球水产养殖业在过去的几十年内得到了迅速发展,但同时也带来了诸多的环境、经济和社会问题,因此可持续发展水产养殖理念的提出得到了国内外众多学者的认可。本文简单介绍了全球水产养殖业近年的发展情况及可持续发展水产养殖业的理念发展进程,重点分析了可持续发展水产养殖管理涉及的六大步骤,介绍了水产养殖指标体系构建及评估的研究成果,以期为我国水产养殖可持续发展提供借鉴。     

藻类在养殖水体中的作用

目前国内外开展了藻类对污水净化的研究.国外利用某些藻类治理水体富营养化的研究取得一定进展[1-2],如日本科学家经过广泛的调查发现水网藻的繁殖能力比形成水华的蓝、绿藻更强,在其生长过程中可以大量吸收水体中的N和P,使N、P含量恢复至正常水平.     

面向海洋渔业可持续发展的海洋渔业服务模型库系统

海洋渔业服务模型库系统对海洋渔业领域的模型进行分类和维护,支持模型的生成、存储、查询、运行和分析应用,完成海渔况速预报、渔业资源量的评估与预报以及渔政管理等功能。作为国家８６３高技术研究发展计划的技术与示范试验８１８－０７海洋渔业遥感信息服务系统专题成果的一部分,本文对模型库系统的概念、组成与基本功能进行了比较系统的论述,提出了海洋渔业服务模型库系统的总体框架和软件实现,探讨了系统在海洋渔业生产和管理中的应用。     

Aquaculture and its role in Integrated Coastal Zone Management

The workshop, Aquaculture and its role inIntegrated Coastal Zone Management held inOstende, Belgium in April 2001, aimed to provideinformation to help develop recommendations forwise management of aquaculture in coastal andmarine environments. This paper focuses on thetwo main objectives of the workshop, 1) to aidthe development of stronger interdisciplinarycommunication between the natural and socialsciences and to improve the utility ofavailable scientific information and knowledge;and 2) to promote new perspectives on thesustainable use of coastal areas and naturalresources. The paper also summarizes thedebates following each of the three workshopthematic sessions: aquaculture and ICZM;socio-economic and political dimensions;developing sustainable production systems; andidentifies the key recommendations that may beapplied to the formulation of policy onintegrated aquaculture management in coastaland marine environments.     

埃及水产养殖概况--赴埃及参加水产养殖培训考察报告

2007年9月～12月,笔者赴埃及参加了由埃及国际农业中心举办的水产养殖发展(Fish Culture Development)培训班.本文根据此次参加培训了解到的情况,对埃及的水产养殖情况作一介绍.     

福建省霞浦县大弹涂鱼养殖可持续发展策略

福建省霞浦县大弹涂鱼养殖发展迅速，已成为该县的一项特色产业，目前全县大弹涂鱼养殖面积已突破1333ha，并取得了明显的经济效益。然而，随着大弹涂鱼养殖业的发展，也出现了一些需要解决的问题，本文就如何使霞浦县大弹涂鱼养殖能够保持可持续发展提出一些看法。     

南海海洋生态安全及渔业可持续发展研究

随着环南海地区的经济发展及我国向南海进军步伐的不断加快,不合理的人类涉海活动,导致一系列难以逆转的海洋生态安全问题随之而来,制约着南海渔业的健康发展。依据相关文献资料,在已有研究成果的基础上,阐述海洋生态安全的概念,探讨南海海洋生态安全与渔业可持续发展的关系,分析南海海洋生态安全问题的深层原因,提出提升公民的海洋生态安全意识及治理能力、健全海洋生态安全管理制度、完善海洋生态安全法律体系和建立海洋生态安全多元化投融资体系等保护南海海洋生态安全的对策,以实现南海渔业可持续发展。     

江苏省海涂养殖现状及可持续发展研究

根据江苏省海涂养殖的现状及目前海涂养殖生产中存在的主要问题,提出了今后江苏省海涂养殖可持续发展相应的对策.     

转变增长方式是我国水产养殖持续发展的必由之路

水产养殖业是渔业中的重要产业之一,已经成为我国水产品市场供给的主要来源。在回顾我国水产养殖业取得伟大成就的同时,也认识到水产养殖业的发展面临着诸如水资源严重缺乏、耕地资源不断被压缩、水产养殖良种覆盖率水平不高、饲料原料短缺、劳动力不足、水产疫苗和药物发展滞后、质量安全和水产品品质安全等问题。认为唯有转变水产养殖的增长方式才是我国水产养殖持续发展的必由之路,如通过转变现有养殖模式,提高单位水体的产量;转变饲料投喂模式,普及高效环保饲料,开发替代鱼粉的新蛋白源;提高优良品种选育与普及水平;加强疫苗创制能力,扩大其应用范围;转变消费习惯,提升加工与流通领域发展水平等措施。水产养殖产品是我国乃至全世界经济社会可持续发展的刚性需求,政府应从战略高度认识到通过转变增长方式实现我国水产养殖业可持续发展的重要意义。     

沿海水产业生态附加值与产业竞争优势

沿海水产业是以海洋生物为资源基础的产业。在目前资源和环境的双重约束和消费者生态意识提高的情况下,沿海水产业的可持续发展更依赖于海陆自然生态系统的平衡。文章从经济学角度出发,提出了生态附加值的概念和理论框架,并初步探讨要提高沿海水产业的生态附加值不仅要从各个产业层次出发,通过生态投入的优化配置实现生态附加值的提高,而且要从整个产业出发,加强各个产业间联系,加快生态附加值的交换和循环,从而实现沿海水产业生态附加值和产业竞争优势的提高。     

世界有机渔业发展动态

本文记述处于起步阶段的有机渔业发展概况,旨在为我国有机渔业发展先驱提供参考。     

Shrimp farming in Latin America: Current status,opportunities, challenges and strategies for sustainable development

Abstract

Shrimp farming in Latin America and the Caribbean (hereinafter, LA&C) is a complex, diverse and dynamic activity, occurring in 22 out of 36 countries, producing 231,000 tons, valued at US$ 1.2 billion in 2002¹. Farmed shrimp represents 52% of all shrimp volumes produced regionally, and almost 18% of all shrimp and prawn (S&P, hereinafter) cultivated worldwide. Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) constitutes 91% of all shrimp farmed in LA&C and five nations, led by Brazil ‐formerly by Ecuador‐, comprise 82% of farmed production. Over 90% of LA&C shrimp production is exported (230,000 tons of end products from both aquaculture and wild origin valued at US$ 1.36 billion), generating a trade surplus of US$ 1.28 billion (2002).

Farmed shrimp could easily surpass 513,000 tons by 2030, more than doubling current regional figures (2.9% annual growth rate, compounded). However, competition with Asian countries, anti‐dumping accusations and other factors might limit the expansion process, which is increasingly determined by strategically important matters rather than by physical production constraints. Here, a ‘production‐driven’ process of past decades is being replaced by a ‘demand‐led’ situation, where market and marketing issues will increasingly influence the outcome of shrimp farming.

Growing market competition will continue to press prices down and industry will be forced into a permanent process to improve competitiveness. Here, development strategies include actions by governments and producer associations, promotional and marketing campaigns and the application of good management practices across the production and distribution chains.     

养殖渔业的传统技术与科技创新

我国养殖渔业的主体是池塘养鱼，长期的生长技术经验积累形成了一套经济合理的生态养鱼法，它与多种经营相关甚密，是农业复合生态结构中的重要组合，当前，来自资源，环境和市场需求等方面的压力对传统养殖淦业提出了挑战，节水，环保，高值水产品养殖等要求越来越迫切，随着工业化养鱼的兴起，与养殖有关的各种现代科技必须加以应用，如生物工程，微生态，动物营养及饲料，健康养殖以及病害防治等，从而使我国的养殖渔业尽快实现现代化。     

Research with a farming systems perspective needed for the development of small-scale aquaculture in non-industrialized countries

The global rise in the production of farmed fish and shellfish in non-industrialized countries has been supported by aquaculture research aiming most often to solve problems for factory-like production of highly valued aquatic species. It can be observed however, that research at the small-scale aquafarmers' level is lagging behind. Research with the holistic farming systems perspective and farmers' participation offers a chance to support aquaculture production at the small-scale farmers' level in non-industrialized countries.