Application of RFLP analysis of recA, gyrA and rpoS gene fragments for rapid differentiation of Erwinia amylovora from Erwinia strains isolated in Korea and Japan

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the PCR amplified fragments of recA, gyrA and rpoS genes was applied for the characterization of Erwinia amylovora and Erwinia strains, which cause fire blight and Asian pear blight in orchards. Primers, constructed on the basis of the published recA, gyrA and rpoS gene sequences of Erwinia carotovora, allowed us to amplify DNA fragments for RFLP differentiation of E. amylovora and E. pyrifoliae and finally to distinguish strains within these species and relate them to pear pathogens from Japan. Three to seven restriction endonucleases were applied for RFLP analysis of each gene fragment. The electrophoretic patterns generated after PCR–RFLP for each of the tested genes, were characteristic and specific for each species and allowed their differentiation. The data show that PCR–RFLP analysis of the recA, gyrA and rpoS gene fragments may be considered as a useful tool for the identification and differentiation of E. amylovora and E. pyrifoliae. Almost identical restriction patterns of the analyzed gene fragments indicated a high relationship of E. pyrifoliae strains from Korea and pear pathogens from Japan and a divergence to E. amylovora. For quick and effective differentiation of E. amylovora strains from Erwinia strains from Asia without nucleotide sequencing we recommend the amplification of recA and rpoS gene fragments and digestion of each of them with restriction endonuclease Hin6I.     

Extract of Hedera helix induces resistance on apple rootstock M26 similar to Acibenzolar-S-methyl against Fire Blight (Erwinia amylovora)

The potential of acibenzolar-S-methyl (Benzo [1,2,3]thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid-S-methyl ester, ASM; Bion 50 WG) and of an extract of Hedera helix, to protect M26 apple rootstocks against fire blight was determined under controlled conditions. Marked differences were observed in the rate and extent of multiplication as well as in pathogen cell viability between control and ASM and H. helix-treated rootstocks. Although the pathogen multiplied abundantly in the plant tissue of water-treated rootstocks and showed severe damage, ASM and the plant extract of H. helix applied prior to inoculation with the causal agent of fire blight, E. amylovora (strain 7/74), suppressed disease development and bacterial multiplication. Physiological observations of ASM and plant extract-treated rootstocks indicated that restriction of pathogen colonization in plant tissue was correlated with a pronounced increase of peroxidase (POX) and chitinase activity. Furthermore, physiological changes caused by these treatments in host cells were characterized by POX labeling methods with SDS-Page electrophoresis. Differences in expression of the POX and protein bands were observed in tissues of plants treated with different inducers. POX activity was determined by the presence of three strong bands in plant extract-treated leaves, two strong bands and one very weak band of about 20.1 and 43 kDa were visible in ASM-treated leaves. Evidence is provided that ASM, as well as extract of H. helix are equally capable of inducing of resistance responses in M26 apple rootstock, which result in an increased resistance to E. amylovora—the fire blight pathogen. These findings demonstrate that both treatments have the ability to induce the activation of defense genes leading to the accumulation of structural and biochemical activities at strategic sites, and these can be associated with induction of resistance against fire-blight.     

基于MaxEnt模型预测梨火疫病菌的潜在地理分布

为探究梨火疫病菌解淀粉欧文氏菌Erwinia amylovora在全球的潜在地理分布,基于其全球分布数据和筛选得到的环境变量,利用MaxEnt模型对其在当前气候和未来气候条件下的潜在地理分布进行预测,并利用刀切法和皮尔逊相关性分析法筛选对梨火疫病菌分布有重要影响的环境变量。结果显示,对梨火疫病菌分布有重要影响的环境变量包括2月平均最高温度、1月平均降水量、7月平均最低温度、温度变化方差、昼夜温差月均值和7月平均降水量,表明春季和夏季的温度和降水对梨火疫病菌的分布有较大影响。在当前气候条件下,梨火疫病菌在全球的适生区分布较广,适生区总面积达到5.58×10⁷ km²,且高适生区主要分布在北美洲沿海地区、地中海沿岸和亚洲中部及东部的部分地区;梨火疫病菌在我国的适生区总面积为7.36×10⁶ km²,占全国陆地总面积的76.70%;在未来气候SSP126和SSP585情景下,梨火疫病菌在全球的适生区总面积分别为5.52×10⁷ km²和5.24×10⁷ km²。表明梨火疫病菌对我国大部分地区有潜在威胁,应加强监测与防控。     

Molecular cloning of an endo-pectate lyase gene from Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica

We report the construction of a clone library of the Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica genome and the isolation of a gene for endo-pectate lyase. The library, inserted into the PstI site of plasmid pBR322, contains approximately 1700 clones. Five of these produce pectolytic enzymes as detected by a plate screening assay. Using a cloned endo-pectate lyase gene from the related bacterium, E. carotovora subsp. carotovora, as a probe, we found that one pectolytic E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica clone had strong homology to the probe. We characterized that clone by restriction endonuclease mapping and studied its pectolytic protein product. The purified enzyme is an endo-pectate lyase with a cofactor preference for Co²⁺. The molecular weight of the protein is 31 000 and it has an isoelectric focusing point of 9·2, corresponding to an endo-pectate lyase produced by E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica, but not to the protein product of the E. carotovora subsp. carotovora probe DNA, which has a pI of 9·5. Restriction endonuclease site polymorphisms in the two cloned endo-pectate lyase genes suggest substantial sequence divergence between these two loci.     

Erwinia isolates from the bacterial shoot blight of pear in Japan are closely related to Erwinia pyrifoliae based on phylogenetic analyses of gyrB and rpoD genes

The phylogenetic relationships among Erwinia amylovora biovar 4 (the pathogen of bacterial shoot blight of pear in Japan), other biovars of E. amylovora, and Erwinia pyrifoliae were investigated using the sequences of 16S rRNA, gyrB, and rpoD genes. The tested isolates formed two distinct monophyletic groups in the phylogenetic trees constructed based on the gyrB gene, rpoD gene, or a combination of the three genes: group 1 contained E. amylovora biovars 1, 2, and 3; group 2 contained E. amylovora bv. 4 and E. pyrifoliae. This phylogenetic analysis showed that E. amylovora bv. 4 was more closely related to E. pyrifoliae than to other biovars of E. amylovora. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under the accession numbers AB242876 to AB242925.     

水稻细菌性基腐病菌再侵染和潜伏侵染

水稻细菌性基腐病(Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae)近年来在我国局部地区发病加重。有关病菌生物学特性和侵染规律有过一些研究和报道,但病害后期表现症状及病菌的再侵染和潜伏侵染现象等,均未见报道,笔者对此进行了研究。 1 材料与方法 1.1 供试水稻品种和试验菌株感病品种:特籼13;利富平抗性基腐病菌株:REch7。 1.2 种子萌发与病菌侵染     

Simultaneous and selective detection of two major soft rot pathogens of potato: Pectobacterium atrosepticum (Erwinia carotovora subsp. atrosepticum) and Dickeya spp. (Erwinia chrysanthemi)

Dickeya spp. and Pectobacterium atrosepticum are major pathogens of potato. Current methods to detect these soft-rotting bacteria require separate identification steps. Here we describe a simple method allowing simultaneous detection of both pathogens based on multiplex PCR. The sensitivity of the primer sets was first examined on purified genomic DNA of the type strains Dickeya chrysanthemi 2048^T and P. atrosepticum 1526^T. The specificity and detection limits of the primer sets were successfully tested on 61 strains belonging to various Dickeya and Pectobacterium species, on artificially inoculated and on naturally contaminated potato plants. This new method provides a gain in time and materials, the main advantages for large-scale processes such as pathogen-free seed certification.     

Pectate lyases of Erwinia chrysanthemi: Pel E-like polypeptides and pelE homologous sequences in strains isolated from different plants

Pel E, one of the four major pectate lyases produced by Erwinia chrysanthemi (Echr) strain EC16, was purified to homogeneity and was found to have an apparent molecular weight of 47 500 and a pI of 10. Antibodies produced against this preparation inhibited Pel E activity, but did not affect Pel A, Pel B or Pel C activities. Immunotitration revealed that Pel E accounted for a major fraction of the total extracellular Pel activity ranging from 40–60% in culture and potato tuber tissue. Isoelectric focusing of the extracellular Pels produced by various Echr strains indicated that while the Pel profiles of strains isolated from various hosts were different, the profiles of strains isolated from the same host were very similar. A significant proportion (ranging from 39 to 74%) of the Pel activity of these strains was inhibited by the anti-Pel E antibodies. DNA hybridization under stringent conditions indicated the presence of pelE homologous sequences in the genomes of E. chrysanthemi strains. We conclude that a Pel E-like enzyme occurs in all E. chrysanthemi strains examined.     

Molecular typing of Japanese strains of Ralstonia solanacearum in relation to the ability to induce a hypersensitive reaction in tobacco

The genetic diversity of 120 Ralstonia solanacearum strains isolated from a variety of host plants across Japan was assessed on the basis of hypersensitive response (HR) in tobacco leaves and phylogenetic analyses of endoglucanase gene egl, hrpB, and gyrB. Phylogenetic analysis of egl revealed that only three strains belonged to phylotype IV, and 117 strains belonged to phylotype I. Partial sequences of HrpB were identical among phylotype I strains except for one strain. Analyses using the partial nucleotide sequences of the gyrB and egl gene fragments grouped phylotype I strains into 11 gyrB and 8 egl types, respectively, whereas analyses using the partial amino acid sequences of GyrB and Egl grouped phylotype I strains into 4 GyrB and 5 Egl types, respectively. Using multilocus sequence typing of GyrB and Egl, we identified 10 unique sequence types within the Japanese phylotype I strains. Strains belonging to the GyrB42 or GyrB66 type caused wilt in tobacco, and strains belonging to GyrB2 or GyrB9 type elicited HR, demonstrating that HR induction in tobacco is genetically differentiated in the Japanese strains of R. solanacearum.     

Harpin-elicited hypersensitive cell death and pathogen resistance require the NDR1 and EDS1 genes

Plants sprayed with harpin, a bacterial protein that induces hypersensitive cell death (HCD), develop systemic acquired resistance (SAR) without macroscopic necrosis. HCD sometimes accompanies the development of resistance conferred by resistance (R) genes. In Arabidopsis, some R genes require one or both of the signalling components NDR1 and EDS1 for function. This study addresses whether HCD, NDR1 and EDS1 are required for induction of SAR by harpin. When Arabidopsis and tobacco leaves were sprayed with harpin, microscopic hypersensitive response (micro-HR) lesions developed. Systemic expression of PR genes and the development of resistance were accompanied by micro-HR, except in the ndr1-1 mutant, in which harpin induced micro-HR without the development of resistance or expression of the PR-1 gene. Cell death and resistance did not occur following treatment with harpin in plants that could not accumulate salicylic acid. Harpin also failed to induce resistance in Arabidopsis eds1-1 mutants. Therefore, harpin-induced resistance seems to develop concomitantly with cell death and resistance requires NDR1 and EDS1.     

水稻种子携带恶苗病菌种类及其致病性研究

水稻恶苗病是水稻上的一种重要病害,每年给我国的水稻生产造成严重的经济损失.本文旨在探究我国主要稻作区水稻种子携带恶苗病菌的种类及其致病性情况.采用洗涤法和平板培养法对收集我国主要稻作区的66份水稻种子样本进行恶苗病病菌分离,共获得111株病菌分离物,并从中选取24株代表性分离物,采用翻译延伸因子TEF-1α序列、形态学...     

FpStuA参与假禾谷镰孢的产孢和致病性

 假禾谷镰孢是一种土传真菌,其引起的小麦茎基腐病已成为威胁我国小麦生产的重要病害。APSES蛋白是真菌中保守存在的一类转录因子,参与多种细胞生理过程。本研究,我们在假禾谷镰孢中鉴定到StuA同源蛋白FpStuA。qRT-PCR分析发现FpStuA在假禾谷镰孢分生孢子和侵染阶段诱导表达。通过PEG介导的原生质体转化方法获得3个FpStuA基因缺失的突变体。与假禾谷镰孢野生型菌株相比,Δfpstua突变体的生长速度明显减慢,气生菌丝减少;分生孢子的产生比野生型减少70%,且Δfpstua突变体分生孢子变短、分隔减少;Δfpstua突变体对大麦叶片、小麦胚芽鞘和小麦根的致病性均显著降低,脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)合成明显减少。综上结果,转录因子FpStuA对假禾谷镰孢的生长、产孢和致病性都非常重要。     

十字花科黑腐病菌中一个假定蛋白基因XC_3605与致病相关

十字花科黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc)是全球范围内能引起十字花科植物黑腐病的重要植物病原细菌,也是研究植物病原细菌与植物互作机制的模式细菌。利用自杀质粒pK18mobsacB诱变十字花科黑腐病菌Xcc 8004的XC_3605基因,获得缺失突变体D3605。表型分析发现D3605胞外多糖合成能力、游动能力及致病力显著降低,积聚形成生物被膜的能力增强。用带有全长XC_3605基因序列的pLAFRJ对D3605进行功能互补,其胞外多糖产量、游动性、致病力和生物被膜均得到恢复。研究结果表明,XC_3605基因在十字花科黑腐病菌致病过程中发挥作用。     

水稻细菌性基腐病的侵染规律和病理解剖学研究

 水稻细菌性基腐病是近年来发现并日趋严重的水稻病害.经鉴定,病原菌的细菌学性状与菊欧氏杆菌玉米致病变种(Erwinia chrysanthemi PV.Zeal)相似。本文通过接种实验和扫描电镜观察,证明基腐病细菌可从叶片上的水孔、伤口、受伤的叶鞘和根系侵入,引起不同类型的症状,而以根系侵入为主.首次报导该病原菌侵入后主要在根、茎的气腔中作系统侵染.     

梨黑斑病菌遗传操作体系的建立与RFP标记转化子的致病性分析

由链格孢(Alternaria alternata)引起的梨黑斑病是我国梨生产上的主要病害之一,导致梨叶与果实产生黑斑症状及早期落叶,对我国梨产业的健康发展构成严重威胁。本实验在前期获得强致病性梨黑斑病菌菌株HN-5基础上,建立该病菌的遗传转化体系。通过优化原生质体制备过程以及转化体系发现梨黑斑病菌HN-5原生质体制备的最优条件为:菌丝在M R液体培养基中培养36 h;以0.7 M NaCl+0.8 M Mannitol为稳渗剂,配置复合细胞壁裂解酶(1%崩溃酶+1%裂解酶+1%纤维素酶+1%蜗牛酶),酶解菌丝3 h,原生质体的产量可达0.5×10~7个·mL~(-1)。通过PEG介导的原生质体遗传转化体系,将含有RFP基因的质粒p KD7转入链格孢菌HN-5中,转化效率为6个·μg~(-1)DNA。PCR检测和转化子荧光观察均表明RFP基因整合到了HN-5基因组中并成功表达。致病性分析发现RFP (Red Fluorescent Protein)标记转化子致病性未发生变化。本研究成功建立了PEG (Polyethylene glycol)介导的梨黑斑病菌遗传转化体系,构建了RFP标记菌株,为研究该病菌的致病机理奠定基础。     

草地贪夜蛾病原微孢子虫的鉴定及其致病力分析

为明确从田间采集草地贪夜蛾 Spodoptera frugiperda幼虫体内发现的一种微孢子虫的分类地位和致病性,利用传统形态学观察和分子生物学技术对该微孢子虫进行鉴定,同时采用室内生物活性测定法对其致病性进行分析。结果显示,该微孢子虫的形态学特征与家蚕微孢子虫 Nosemabombycis相近,具有典型微孢子虫超微组成结构,孢子壁厚度为195.00~205.15 nm,极丝盘旋于孢子后极内侧10~12圈;其基因组的基因间隔区（intergenic spacer, ITS）和小亚基核糖体RNA（smallsubunit ribosomal RNA, SSU）序列与已报道的家蚕微孢子虫相关序列的相似度分别达94.34%和99.50%,系统发育树显示该微孢子虫属于微孢子虫属 Nosema,与家蚕微孢子虫亲缘关系最近。该微孢子虫侵染草地贪夜蛾1龄和2龄幼虫5 d时的LC50分别为2.51×10⁷孢子/mL和2.48×10⁷孢子/mL;侵染3龄幼虫10 d时的LC₅₀为3.79×10⁷孢子/mL;侵染4龄幼虫15 d时的LC50为3.98×10⁷孢子/mL;且当微孢子虫浓度为1.0×10⁸孢子/mL时,草地贪夜蛾1至4龄幼虫的LT₅₀分别为3.04、 3.86、 7.47和10.43 d。表明该微孢子虫隶属微孢子虫属,对草地贪夜蛾不同龄期幼虫均有较强的致病力,具有良好的开发应用潜力。     

一株对桃蚜有高致病性球孢白僵菌的分离、筛选与鉴定

为筛选出对桃蚜Myzus persicae具有高致病性的生防真菌,以从陕西省秦岭原始森林采集到的鳞翅目僵虫虫体中分离获得的5株真菌为研究对象,测定其对桃蚜的致病性并筛选出高致病性菌株表现最佳杀蚜活性时的孢子悬浮液浓度,同时结合形态学及18S rDNA和ITS-rDNA序列分析对致病性最高的病原菌进行鉴定。结果显示,从5株菌株中初步筛选出1株高致病性菌株BQ-63,处理7 d后桃蚜的死亡率为80.33%,校正死亡率为81.58%,僵虫率也达到最高,为80.78%;当菌株BQ-63的孢子浓度为108个/mL时,对桃蚜的致病性达到最高,处理7 d后死亡率为89.53%,校正死亡率为90.10%,僵虫率为89.84%;通过形态学和分子生物学鉴定,确定菌株BQ-63为球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana。表明菌株BQ-63对桃蚜具有高致病性,可作为生防真菌进行进一步的研究。     

利用Gateway技术筛选Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus致病相关基因研究

柑橘黄龙病是危害全球柑橘产业健康发展的最严重病害之一,病原为韧皮部限制性细菌,我国的柑橘黄龙病由亚洲种(Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus,CaLas)引起。由于该病原菌难以获得离体纯培养,从而限制了其致病分子机制的研究。本试验根据已经报道的植物病原细菌致病相关基因特点,从黄龙病菌亚洲种Psy62菌株全基因组序列(Psy62:NC_012985.1)中选取3个假定致病相关基因,分别标记为PalCa _(Las)、MotCa _(Las)和HlyCa _(Las),利用Gateway技术的同源重组原理,将3个基因通过BP反应和LR反应,分别构建到植物表达载体psk103中,接种本生烟(Nicotiana benthamiana)后,通过瞬时表达筛选可诱导_(N.)benthamiana产生过敏性坏死反应的功能基因。经过PCR克隆和测序验证,PalCa _(Las),、MotCa _(Las)和HlyCa _(Las)基因均成功构建至植物表达载体上。本生烟瞬时表达试验证实:当含有目的基因的根癌农杆菌菌悬液OD600值介于_(0.)6_(~0.)~(8,)测试本生烟苗龄6周左右,PalCa _(Las)基因在接种4 dpi时可引发明显的HR(hypersensitive reaction)反应,12 dpi时HR反应更为强烈。同等条件下MotCa _(Las)和HlyCa _(Las)均不能引发类似反应。由此证实,Gateway技术可成功用于筛选CaLas致病相关基因,PalCa _(Las)基因可能在CaLas致病过程中发挥重要作用。该报道为国内首次采用Gateway技术进行CaLas致病相关基因功能研究,为后续开展CaLas病原寄主互作分子机制研究奠定了基础。