藏羊营养缓释技术的研究

对 3类营养缓释弹丸进行体外耐受性试验 ,结果表明 :A型弹丸具有良好的耐酸、耐碱、耐水、耐磨、耐压功能 ,B、C型次之。将A型弹丸每 2枚分为 1组 ,共分 8组 ,分别称重后 ,经瘤胃瘘管或直接灌服的方法 ,投服给 8只供试羊 ,并且在其降解的第 2 ,8,1 5,30 ,45 ,60 ,75和 90d分别收集被降解后弹丸 ,阴干后称重。结果表明 :A型反刍家畜营养缓释弹丸在羊瘤胃中第 2 ,8,1 5 ,30 ,45 ,60 ,75和 90d的降解率分别为 0 97% ,5 2 9% ,1 6 1 7% ,31 63 % ,34 2 6% ,41 47% ,43 76 %和 49 73 %。据此得出A型弹丸的有效降解率方程符合抛物线模型 :P =-0 0 0 0 9t2 +0 1 63 1t - 0 0 0 52 8,其中P为降解量 ,t为降解天数。由此方程可确定该缓释弹丸的有效降解天数为 60d。 60d内弹丸的降解量方程为P =0 1 0 91t +0 2 875 ,弹丸的降解量与降解天数呈强直线相关 (r=0 9698)。     

藏羊复合微量元素缓释技术的研究

以可溶性玻璃为基质,研制了3种营养缓释弹丸(A、B、C型),经体外耐受性试验,选择具有良好耐水、耐酸、耐碱、耐压、耐磨性能的1种A型缓释玻璃弹丸16枚,分8组,分别称重后投喂给8只供试羊,并在其2、8、15、30、45、60、75、90d收集被降解弹丸,阴干后称重,并测定瘤胃内容物微量元素释放量。结果表明,A型缓释玻璃弹丸在第2、8、15、30、45、60、75、90d的降解率分别为0.97%、5.29%、16.17%、31.63%、34.26%、41.47%、43.76%、49.73%;瘤胃内容物中Cu、Co、Se释放量比投喂弹丸前分别提高229.62%、299.96%和252.22%。其制作工艺技术可行,3种微量元素释放量能满足藏羊的营养需要。     

家畜营养缓释弹丸的研制及其在家畜瘤胃中的降解曲线

利用几种缓释试剂加上几种赋形剂，按不同的处方进行合理配方，在弹丸模具中通过磨碎，混合，挤压等工艺成型为家畜营养缓释弹丸。将此弹丸每2枚分为一组，共分8组，分别称重后，经瘤胃瘘管投服给8只供试羊只，并且在其降职 解的第2，8，15，30，45，60，75和90天分别收集被降解后弹丸，置于65℃干烘箱内烘2h，室温放置12h后逐个称重；用直接投服的方法，将弹丸投服给另外6只供试羊只，分别在投饲后第60天和第90天时各屠宰3只供试羊收集弹丸。结果表明；家畜营养缓释玻璃弹丸在羊瘤胃中的降解率分别为0.97%,12.9%,16.17%,31.63%,34.26%,41.47%,43.76%和49.73%；采用直接投服的方法，在第60天，第90天屠宰时弹丸重量分别为15.98g和13.80g，且弹丸形状基本完好。     

家畜营养缓释弹丸的研制及其在家畜瘤胃中的降解曲线

利用几缓释试剂加上几种赋形剂和微量矿物元素，按不同的处方进行合理配方，在弹丸模具中通过磨碎、混合、霁压等工艺成型为家畜营养缓释弹丸。将此弹丸每2枚分为一组，共分8组，分别称重后，经瘤胃瘘管投服给8只供试羊只，并且左右其降解的2.8，15,30,45,60,75和90d分别收集被降解后弹丸，置于65℃干烘箱内烘2h，室温放置12h后逐个称重；用直接投服的方法，将弹丸投服给另外6只供试羊只，分别在投饲后第60d和第90d时各屠宰3只供试羊收集弹丸。结果表明：家畜营养缓释弹丸在羊瘤胃中的降解率分别为0.97%，5.29%，16.17%，31.63%，34.26%，41.47%，43.76%和49.73%；采用直接投服的方法，在第60d、第90d屠宰时弹丸重量分别为 15.98克和13.80克。     

微量元素缓释丸对山羊脱毛症的防制研究

对内蒙古鄂尔多斯地区山羊脱毛症的病羊投服微量元素缓释丸,进行防制试验,结果表明:投服矿物质缓释丸对山羊脱毛症具有较好的防制效果.应用微量元素缓释丸,可使血清中微量元素和生化指标含量在投服后60d时达到最高值,并在投服后180d仍保持在较高的水平,有效期超过了6个月.     

定量控释剂投服后对肉鸡血清SOD的影响

将饲养8日龄150只艾维因肉鸡(雌雄各半)随机分成3组,每组50只,Ⅰ、Ⅱ为试验组,每只鸡投服定量控释制剂1丸,Ⅲ为对照组。分别于试验后第15、30、45 d对试验及对照鸡翅静脉采血,测定血清T-SOD、Cu Zn-SOD及Mn-SOD。结果表明,肉鸡投服控释剂后第15 d血清中的SOD开始升高,试验鸡三种SOD和对照组相比差异显著(p0.05),试验后第30、45 d试验组和对照组相比,三种SOD差异极显著(p0.01)。结论:定量控释剂能显著提高肉鸡SOD的活力水平,增强机体的抗氧化能力。     

微量元素缓释丸对萨福克羊的应用效果

在产前1个月,把体况接近的40只萨福克母羊随机分成试验组和对照组。将微量元素缓释丸投喂于试验组羊的瘤胃内,让其缓慢释放。结果表明,投服缓释丸后37d,试验组羊被毛和血清中锌(Zn)、锰(Mn)、硒(Se)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),并且试验组羊所产的羔羊45日龄时被毛和血清中锌(Zn)、锰(Mn)、硒(Se)含量也显著高于同时期对照组羔羊(P<0.05)。试验表明:该缓释丸对提高萨福克羊体内微量元素含量效果明显。     

半胱胺盐酸盐对奶牛营养物质消化率、血清生化及抗氧化指标的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮中添加半胱胺盐酸盐(Cysteamine hydrochloride,CSH)对中国荷斯坦奶牛营养物质表观消化率、血清生化及抗氧化指标的影响。选择40头胎次为(1.33±0.56)胎、泌乳天数为(155±26)d、平均日产奶量为(30.44±4.42)kg的健康荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为5组,每组8头,分别在饲粮中添加0(对照组)、15、30、75和150g的CSH,预试期2周,正试期8周,测定奶牛血清生化、酶和抗氧化指标的浓度。结果表明,15g处理组的CP、Ca、P、NDF和GE表观消化率均高于对照组,但差异不显著(P0.05),而在75~150g处理组呈一定降低趋势,且150g处理组的消化率最低;当饲粮中CSH添加量为15g时,奶牛血清中球蛋白(GLOB)水平显著高于150g组(P0.05);添加150g CSH组的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)水平显著高于对照组、15和30g CSH处理组(P0.05);随着CSH添加量的增加,血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平有下降趋势(0.05P0.10);CSH添加量为15g时,血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活性显著高于对照组和150g处理组(P0.05);30~150g处理组丙二醛(MDA)水平高于对照组和15g处理组。由此可见,饲粮中半胱胺盐酸盐安全添加量为30g以内。     

“生命元”对波尔山羊血清微量元素水平及抗氧化能力的影响

选用24只3月龄、体重(13.0±1.0)kg的雄性波尔山羊,随机分为4组,每组6只。试验期为60 d。其中Ⅰ组为对照组,饲料添加微量元素;Ⅱ组(低剂量组)、Ⅲ组(中剂量组)、Ⅳ组(高剂量组)分别按0.5、1.0、2.0 mL/kg肌肉注射"生命元"。试验前1 d、试验后15、30、45、60 d分别测定波尔山羊血清微量元素、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等指标。结果显示:"生命元"能明显提高血清微量元素铜、锌含量,30 d时试验组铜、锌含量均显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);45 d时,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组铜、锌含量显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。"生命元"能通过提高波尔山羊GSH-PX与SOD活力来增强机体抗氧化的能力,30、45和60 d时Ⅲ组GSH-PX、SOD活性显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);60 d时,Ⅳ组GSH-PX、SOD活性显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。结论:复方微量元素注射液"生命元"能提高波尔山羊血清微量元素铜、锌含量,提升GSH-PX与SOD活力,增强机体抗氧化能力,其中以1.0 mL/kg肌肉注射效果最佳。     

紫锥菊提取物菊苣酸对高寒放牧牦牛抗氧化能力的影响

旨在研究菊苣酸对高寒放牧牦牛抗氧化能力的影响。选取年龄、胎次和体重接近的40头健康牦牛,随机分为4组,对照组自由放牧,1、2、3组每头每天清晨分别投喂100、150和200 mg的菊苣酸胶囊后自由放牧,连续投喂60 d,分别在第0、15、30、45天清晨空腹颈静脉采血。测定血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果表明:投喂紫锥菊提取物显著提高放牧牦牛血清T-AOC能力、GSH-Px活性(P0.05),同时显著降低血清中MDA的含量(P0.05),紫锥菊提取物菊苣酸一定程度上提高放牧牦牛的抗氧化能力。     

葡萄上杀虫、杀菌剂登记和使用现状分析及建议

基于我国农药信息网数据和新修订的《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》（GB 2763 — 2021）中葡萄相关指标,结合葡萄生产实际,对我国葡萄上农药登记的现状及生产中农药的应用情况进行梳理,指出了存在的问题,分析了产生问题的原因,提出了相应建议,以期为我国葡萄的安全生产提供参考。     

Effects of surgical sterilization on canine and feline health and on society

Surgical sterilization of dogs and cats is a well-accepted measure for population control in some countries, but is considered unethical as an elective surgery in other countries. This is a review of what is known regarding positive and negative effects of gonadectomy surgery on individual animals and on societal management of unowned dog and cat populations.     

Effect of egg composition on hatchability and on growth and slaughter characteristics of meat-type chicks

1.?Using the so-called TOBEC (Total Body Electrical Conductivity) method, which allows the determination of egg composition in vivo, correlations between egg composition, hatchability and hatched chicks’ development were studied.

2.?A total of 1500 hen eggs (Ross-308) were measured by TOBEC, and eggs with extremely high (10%, n = 150), extremely low (10%, n = 150) and average (10%, n = 150) electrical conductivity values were chosen for further investigation.

3.?During the incubation period, it was observed that eggs with high electrical conductivity had a significantly higher mortality than eggs with low electrical conductivity.

4.?It was observed that both the increase in electrical conductivity at the same egg weight, and the increase in egg weight at the same electrical conductivity resulted in an increase in the hatching weight.

5.?It was found that the dry matter, protein and fat content of the chicks hatched from eggs with low electrical conductivity was higher at hatching than that of the chicks hatched from eggs with high electrical conductivity.

6.?At 42 d of age the liveweight of cocks and pullets hatched from eggs with low electrical conductivity was 3·2 and 8·2% higher than the liveweight of cocks and pullets hatched from eggs with high electrical conductivity.

7.?Because of the higher liveweight at slaughter, there was a significant superiority of the chicks hatched from eggs with low electrical conductivity in the case of the examined carcase traits at slaughter.

8.?Similar tendencies were found also in the ratios of carcase variables to liveweight, but the between group differences were not statistically significant in this case.

9.?Based on the results it was concluded that TOBEC seems to be a useful method for separating eggs with different composition.

10.?This could be a good starting point for further in vivo investigations in order to clarify the effect of egg composition on hatchability and further development.     

Effect of diet on composition of cecal contents and on excretion and composition of soft and hard feces of rabbits

A total of 260 New Zealand White growing rabbits were used to study the effect of diet on chemical composition of cecal contents and on production and composition of soft and hard feces. Eight diets varying in their acid detergent fiber (9.8% to 32.7%) and starch (13% to 30%) levels were evaluated. The diet affected (P less than .01) all the variables studied, except dry matter (DM) and molar proportions of volatile fatty acids on cecal contents. An increase of dietary crude fiber increased crude fiber level in cecal contents (from 11.58% to 26.53%). However, a relatively lower proportion of fibrous material was found in the cecal contents when rabbits were fed the more fibrous diets. This suggests that dietary fiber has a direct influence on the efficiency of particle separation in the digestive tract. Crude protein and volatile fatty acid concentrations of cecal contents decreased (from 30.14% to 19.65% and from 47.8 to 36.7 mmol/liter, respectively) when dietary crude fiber increased. This could be related to availability of energy to cecal microorganisms. Ammonia concentration of cecal contents was not affected by dietary crude fiber. Daily production of soft feces varied from 14.98 to 29.59 g DM/d, and the contribution of soft feces to total DM and to crude protein intake ranged from 10.6% to 15.0% and from 12.8% to 20.5%, respectively; these values were the smallest and the largest for the least and the most fibrous diets, respectively. From this study we conclude that dietary fiber has a major effect on the digestive processes in the rabbit and that dietary starch level has no influence on any of the variables studied.     

Effect of lasalocid sodium and molasses on performance of fattening lambs and on rumen liquor and blood parameters

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of sugar beet molasses (0, 8 and 16%) with or without lasalocid sodium (33 ppm) on rumen liquor and blood parameters of sheep, and on fattening reared Karagouniko breed lambs. In Expt. 1 six adult Karagouniko fistulated wethers were fed six different pelleted diets. The results showed that lasalocid decreased (P less than 0.01) total VFAs concentration in the rumen (7.1%) by reducing (P less than 0.001) acetic, n-butyric and iso-valeric acids while increased (P less than 0.001) propionic acid concentrations. The same trends were observed in molar proportions of the individual VFAs. The total VFAs production was also depressed by 13.75% when molasses were used at the level of 16%. No interaction among the main treatments was observed with the exception of L X M with 16% molasses where the propionic acid concentration decreased, and those of butyric and iso-valeric acids increased. Lasalocid did not alter the mean values of rumen liquor pH and ammonia nitrogen concentration while molasses increased the later parameter. No significant differences on dietary protein degradability were observed among treatments. Lasalocid reduced the beta-HBA concentration by 13% in the blood while molasses increased it (P less than 0.001). Free fatty acids' concentration was decreased by the molasses inclusion to the diets, while lasalocid didn't alter blood glucose concentration. Finally, the number of protozoa in the rumen liquor was reduced by 49 and 70% at 0 and 5 hours post feeding respectively with the addition of lasalocid to the diets, regardless of the use of molasses. In Expt. 2 utilized 86 weaned male Karagouniko fattening lambs, with initial mean LW 13 kg, for 60 days. They were assigned to six groups and fed ad libitum with diets of the same composition as in Exp 1. Lasalocid increased the growth rate by 8.6%, reduced feed consumption by 4.8% (P less than 0.005) and improved feed conversion by 11.8%. Molasses also improved growth rate by 16-34% and increased feed consumption by 15-22%. The interaction of L X M to feed consumption was significant (P less than 0.001). None of the treatments had an effect on carcass characteristics. Finally lasalocid showed its positive action when it was used in combination with molasses in ruminants' diets.     

血根碱药理及毒理作用的研究进展

血根碱(sanguinarine)作为一种苯菲啶异喹啉类生物碱,具有抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、改善肝功能及诱导细胞凋亡等作用,同时对肝脏、心脏等具有一定的毒性。作者就血根碱对细菌、真菌和癌细胞的药理作用及毒性作一综述,为该药在临床中的有效合理应用奠定基础。     

壳聚糖对罗非鱼营养生理学作用的研究

壳聚糖是甲壳素脱乙酰基后的降解产物,具有抗微生物活性、激活淋巴细胞、提高免疫力、调节脂     

冷、热应激对水禽的影响及营养调控研究进展

应激可通过神经-体液相关激素的基因和蛋白质、肠道微生物群、脂质氧化等,影响水禽的生理状态和生产性能,导致经济损失.水禽常见的应激包括热应激和冷应激.生产上可以通过控制环境温度、在饲粮中添加营养物质缓解水禽冷、热应激.文章以鸭、鹅为水禽代表,对冬、夏季节水禽生产中面临的冷、热应激主要的影响机制及营养调控措施进行综述,旨在...