新疆石河子地区玉米产量及氮素平衡的施氮量阈值研究

【目的】合理施用氮肥不仅会提高肥料利用率,还会降低氮素面源污染的风险。通过2年田间肥料定位试验,研究北疆灰漠土区不同氮肥用量下,土壤无机氮积累量、 氮素平衡和玉米产量间的相互关系,为氮肥合理施用提供依据。【方法】研究采用肥料田间定位试验,小区试验于2011-2012年开展,设计6个氮肥（N）用量水平: 0、 225、 300、 375、 450、 600 kg/hm2,分别以N0、 N225、 N300、 N375、 N450、 N600表示,其中300 kg/hm2为当地玉米农田氮肥推荐用量,磷肥（P2O5）施用量为75 kg/hm2,钾肥（K2O）施用量为37.5 kg/hm2。【结果】 1）施用氮肥增加了土壤硝态氮和铵态氮残留量,硝态氮主要残留于060 cm土层,铵态氮主要分布在020 cm土层深度。2011年试验中,土壤无机氮残留量随氮肥用量增加而显著增加,与对照相比,施氮处理无机氮残留量增幅为12%~102%,与施氮量呈指数增长关系。2012年氮肥用量对土壤无机氮残留量的影响与2011年相似。2）施氮量 225 kg/hm2时,0100 cm土层深度土壤无机氮积累量降低,表现为负积累效应,N0和N225处理下2012年土壤无机氮积累量分别较2011年降低165%和170%; 施氮量高于 300 kg/hm2时,土壤无机氮积累量显著增加,表现为富集现象,其中,N375、 N450和N600处理下2012年土壤无机氮积累量分别较2011年增加17%、 388%、 170%。土壤无机氮积累量与施氮量显著呈二次抛物线关系,2011年回归方程为y=0.0001x2 + 0.1013x－22.537（R2 = 0.9288）,无机氮无积累时施氮量为187 kg/hm2; 2012年为 y = 0.0003x2 + 0.1417x - 52.78（R2 = 0.9583）,无机氮无积累时施氮量为245 kg/hm2。土壤氮素表观损失量和氮素盈余量的增加幅度随氮肥用量增加而显著加大。3）氮肥投入可提高玉米产量,产量与施氮量呈显著的二次抛物线或线性加平台的关系,施氮量高于300 kg/hm2时,玉米产量与最高产量差异不显著; 产量与无机氮积累量呈二次抛物线形关系,当土壤无机氮达到平衡时,玉米产量显著低于最高产量,当玉米产量达到最大时,土壤无机氮有一定积累。氮肥利用率则随氮肥用量增加呈指数关系显著降低。施氮量270 kg/hm2为产量与氮肥利用率的交点,施氮量340 kg/hm2 是土壤无机氮残留量与氮肥利用率的交点。【结论】利用产量效应、 环境效应与肥料效应函数的交点确定氮肥投入阈值,是较为优化的方法。合理的氮肥投入不仅能获得玉米高产,降低氮素面源污染风险,还能获得较高的氮肥利用率。因此,施氮量260340 kg/hm2为本研究区玉米高产与环境友好的氮肥投入阈值。     

太行山山前平原冬小麦-夏玉米推荐施肥指标的修正

采用3种肥料效应模型,分析模拟了太行山山前平原高产区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作制度下的施肥量与作物产量之间的效应关系。结果表明,采用线型＋平台模型拟合,冬小麦和夏玉米生育期的最佳施氮量分别为91 kg/hm^2和39.7 kg/hm^2,在保证作物产量不减的情况下,比当地农民采用的传统二次型施肥模型的施氮量分别减少59%和79.7%。华北平原高产区长期过量施用氮肥,造成土壤中有不同程度的硝态氮积累,故施用基肥时,应特别注重测定田间土壤根层（0～60 cm）的硝态氮含量。通过养分平衡长期定位试验表明,该区磷肥合理施用量为P2O575 kg/hm^2。实行冬小麦秸秆还田情况下,冬小麦季宜施用钾肥K2O 45 kg/hm^2,夏玉米季可以不施钾肥。依据该文推荐的施肥指标可使冬小麦季节省肥料投资407.4元/hm^2,玉米季节省肥料投资503.8元/hm^2,两季作物的施肥利润均显著提高。为中国华北平原粮食高产区合理施用化肥、减少资源浪费、提高经济和生态效益提供了参考依据。     

华北平原夏玉米喷灌施氮制度优化

不合理的氮肥施用和较大的降雨量时空变化特征是限制华北平原夏玉米增产和肥料利用效率提高的关键因素。为探究华北平原夏玉米最优喷灌施肥管理制度,于2020年和2021年在河北省邢台市大曹庄管理区开展试验,以地面灌溉肥料撒施处理为对照,研究了喷灌施肥下3种施氮量确定方法（农户经验值、养分平衡法和改进养分平衡法）和3种氮肥追施方法（不追肥、在大喇叭口-灌浆期内较大降雨后追施1次和追施2次）对土壤水氮分布、作物生长、产量以及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,受降雨影响,夏玉米生育期内0～100 cm土层的土壤含水率始终保持在较高水平。施氮量和氮肥追施次数的增加均提高了夏玉米关键需肥阶段根区的土壤无机氮含量,且喷灌处理的增加量大于对照处理。2 a夏玉米收获后,养分平衡法确定施氮量处理和氮肥全部基施处理的土壤氮素残留量均低于参考盈余水平（50 kg/hm²）。不同处理叶面积指数未出现显著差异,但氮肥追施2次的喷灌处理显著增加了玉米干物质量和植株吸氮量,产量和氮肥偏生产力均分别比对照处理显著提高了20%。考虑氮素盈余的改进养分平衡法和在大喇叭口期-灌浆期内较大降雨后追施2次的施肥方法有助于维持土壤氮库平衡,且具有显著的增产和氮肥利用效率提高作用,可推荐为华北平原夏玉米喷灌施肥制度。研究可为华北平原大型喷灌机的推广应用提供参考价值。     

氮肥对吉林春玉米产量、农学效率和氮养分平衡的影响

为解决东北地区玉米合理施用氮肥问题,于2014年在吉林省中部地区通过田间试验,研究了不同施氮量(0、70、140、210、280 kg/hm2)对玉米产量、氮素吸收利用、土壤无机氮积累变化规律及氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,施氮量在70~210 kg/hm2范围内玉米产量随施氮量的增加而增加,当施氮量增加至280 kg/hm2产量下降,根据玉米产量(y)和施氮量(x)拟合得出线性加平台关系式:y=14.63x+8 734.11(R2=0.924**),得出最佳施氮量为184.0 kg/hm2。氮素利用率、农学利用率和偏生产力随施氮量的增加而下降;氮收获指数随施氮量的增加先增后降,以施氮量210 kg/hm2处理最高,为64.9%。土壤无机氮积累量在玉米整个生育期呈现先快速下降后小幅升高的趋势。玉米成熟期施氮处理各层土壤无机氮积累量均高于不施氮肥处理,且基本随施氮量的增加而增加。玉米收获后土壤无机氮残留量在施氮量70~210 kg/hm2范围内显著增加,施氮量增加至280 kg/hm2不再显著增加;氮表观损失量随施氮量的增加显著增加。玉米氮吸收量、土壤无机氮残留量和氮表观损失量与施氮量呈显著的正向相关性,玉米氮吸收量、土壤无机氮残留量和氮表观损失量分别占增加氮量的21.84%、41.19%和36.97%。综上所述,在本试验条件下,最佳施氮范围为184~210 kg/hm2。     

不同氮肥管理对吉林春玉米生长发育和养分吸收的影响

针对吉林春玉米氮肥施用中存在氮肥用量偏大,且具盲目性的现状,采用田间试验研究农民习惯施氮量和推荐施氮量下氮肥不同施用方式对春玉米干物质积累、子粒产量、氮素吸收和利用效率的影响。结果表明,推荐施氮量下,苗期和灌浆期春玉米干物质积累量显著高于习惯施肥,有机无机配合提高了春玉米干物质积累速率。施氮处理与不施氮相比均显著增加玉米子粒产量,增产11.2%～16.8%; 推荐施氮量下玉米子粒产量与习惯施氮量相当,但显著提高氮素的偏因子生产力和农学效率。在氮磷钾用量一致的基础上,用30%有机肥氮替代化肥氮与100%化肥氮处理的产量相当,对氮素利用效率也没有影响,并降低收获期土壤无机氮含量。说明合理施用氮肥不但能够维持玉米产量,还可减少氮肥投入,提高氮肥利用效率;有机肥部分替代化肥氮是吉林春玉米氮素管理的有效途径之一。     

东北春玉米氮肥推荐施肥模型研究

  【目的】  比较不同肥料效应函数模型对东北地区玉米施肥量和产量的拟合效果，以期找出拟合效果最好的效应函数模型，为东北春玉米推荐施肥提供理论依据。  【方法】  用二次项模型、线性加平台模型、指数模型和球模型4种函数效应模型对东北地区2010年以来开展的测土配方施肥项目“3414”田间试验，包括棕壤、白浆土、草甸土、黑钙土、风沙土、黑土和新积土7种不同典型土壤类型，按相对产量小于80%、80%～90%和大于90%分为低、中和高肥力水平的417个田间试验进行拟合，分析比较4种函数效应模型下的推荐施肥量、目标产量和决定系数 (R2)，找出拟合效果最好的模型。  【结果】  综合考虑肥料效应函数的拟合度、推荐施肥量、和目标产量后，在低肥力棕壤、黑钙土、风沙土、黑土和新积土上，拟合效果为线性加平台模型>球模型>二次项模型>指数模型，选用线性加平台模型较球模型、二次项模型和指数模型分别节省N 60～93、73～95和84～114 kg/hm2；在低肥力白浆土和草甸土上，拟合效果为线性加平台模型>球模型>指数模型>二次项模型，选用线性加平台模型较球模型、二次项模型和指数模型分别节省N 68～73、84～87和89～91 kg/hm2。在中等肥力棕壤、黑钙土、黑土和风沙土上，拟合效果为线性加平台模型>球模型>二次项模型>指数模型，选用线性加平台模型较球模型、二次项模型和指数模型分别节省N 72～93、75～103和89～113 kg/hm2；在中等肥力白浆土、草甸土和新积土上，拟合效果为线性加平台模型>球模型>指数模型>二次项模型，选用线性加平台模型较球模型、二次项模型和指数模型分别节省N 78～100、97～103和85～126 kg/hm2。在高等肥力白浆土和黑土上，拟合效果为线性加平台模型>二次项模型>球模型>指数模型，选用线性加平台模型较球模型、二次项模型和指数模型分别节省N 105～118、121～134和165～168 kg/hm2；在高等肥力黑钙土上，拟合效果为线性加平台模型>球模型>二次项模型>指数模型，选用线性加平台模型较球模型、二次项模型和指数模型分别节省N 154、154和155 kg/hm2。  【结论】  综合考虑肥料效应函数的拟合度、推荐施肥量和目标产量，发现4种肥料效应函数模型在7种不同土壤类型和不同肥力水平上均表现为线性加平台的拟合效果最好，而其他3种肥料效应函数在不同土壤类型和不同肥力水平土壤上拟合效果不同。     

春玉米产量和施氮量对氮素利用率的影响

提高氮素利用率是提高氮素收益、降低氮肥施用所带来的环境风险的重要途径。采用同一品种春玉米丰田6号,以无灌溉黑土为供试土壤,采用“3414”试验设计,经3年试验,对春玉米氮素利用效率与玉米产量和施氮量之间的关系进行了探讨。结果表明,氮肥利用率与产量呈显著的正相关,而与施氮量呈显著负相关。当玉米产量大于11 t/hm2,施氮水平控制在当地推荐施肥量时,氮肥利用率可高达45%以上;超过当地推荐施肥量,氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加急剧下降。当玉米产量低于6 t/hm2时,氮肥利用率徘徊在17%左右,并且随着施氮量的增加变化不明显。     

日光温室白萝卜生产系统的氮素利用与平衡研究

在日光温室条件下,研究了不同氮素供应水平对白萝卜（Raphanus sativus L．）氮素利用和土壤硝态氮累积动态,并对土壤-作物体系的氮素表观平衡进行了评估。结果表明,随氮肥用量的增加,白萝卜产量和干物质累积量均没有显著升高,但根块内富集的硝酸盐含量显著增加。增施氮肥对白萝卜维生素C（Vc）,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量没有显著影响;随施氮量增加白萝卜根块氮素吸收量显著增加,当季氮肥利用率降低;当氮肥用量低于推荐施氮量（有机肥＋200kg urea—N·hm^-2）时,整个白萝卜生长期,根层（0～60cm）土壤硝态氮均处于耗竭状态。当施氮量高于推荐施氮量时,根层硝态氮下降幅度减小,并在播种30d以后呈上升趋势;土壤一作物体系中播前无机氮（Nmin）和氮肥投入是主要输入项,输出项中以土壤无机氮残留和作物吸收为主。随施氮量的增加,氮素表观平衡值和土壤残留Nmin明显增加。系统氮素盈余量随施氮量的增加而增加。结合当地地力条件,在有机肥和磷钾肥配施的基础上,秋冬季白萝卜施氮量应控制在200kg·hm^-2以内。     

糜子氮、磷、钾肥的效应及优化研究

为揭示糜子氮、 磷、 钾肥效应,并提出最优推荐施肥量组合,本试验采用3414不完全正交回归设计,对糜子氮、 磷、 钾肥合理配比施肥效应进行研究,同时对糜子产量进行肥效模型拟合,得出最优经济效益氮、 磷、 钾推荐施肥量。结果表明, 施用氮、 磷、 钾肥, 糜子增产效果显著,最高增产率可达52.31%,缺氮和高氮处理增产率最低,说明适宜的氮肥施用量是影响糜子产量的关键因子。氮、 磷、 钾肥间存在明显的交互作用,配合施用能提高肥效,三因素对糜子产量的影响大小顺序为氮＞磷＞钾,任一因素过量施用均会导致产量显著降低。根据一元二次肥效模型得出糜子氮（N）、 磷（P2O5）、 钾（K2O）的最优推荐施肥量分别为121.61、 78.09、 24.23 kg/hm2,适宜的氮、 磷、 钾施肥比例为1∶0.64∶0.20。     

二元非结构肥效模型构建及其田间试验验证

二次多项式肥效模型假设单位养分增产量与施肥量之间为线性模型,结果导致最高施肥量之前和最高施肥量之后的施肥效应是对称关系。这种模型设定偏误以及模型存在的强烈多重共线性和异方差是建模成功率明显偏低的重要原因。本研究研发二元非结构肥效模型,旨在提高二元肥效模型的适用性。在一元非结构肥效模型基础上,根据植物营养元素功能不可相互替代原理,构建二元非结构肥效模型,并通过氮、磷、钾二元组合的田间肥效试验结果检验新模型的拟合效果和推荐施肥量的可靠性。结果表明,在水稻、花生、马铃薯、毛豆、冬小麦和夏玉米的17个氮磷、氮钾、磷钾二因素肥效田间试验结果中,二元二次多项式肥效模型均能通过统计显著性检验,但典型肥效模型仅占试验点总数的58.8%,模型一次项系数或二次项系数代数符号不合理以及推荐施肥量属于外推的非典型式占41.2%。基于二元非结构肥效模型拟合上述试验结果,同样均能通过统计显著性检验,典型肥效模型的比例占试验点总数的88.2%,非典型式模型(均属于推荐施肥量外推)比例仅占11.8%,建模成功率较二元二次多项式肥效模型提高了29.4个百分点。两种模型的最高产量施肥量之间、经济产量施肥量之间存在显著的线性正相关,但线性回归方程的一次项系数分别仅有0.9153和0.9161,表明当二元二次多项式模型推荐的最高施肥量或经济施肥量每增加1 kg时,二元非结构肥效模型的相应推荐施肥分别仅增加0.915 3 kg和0.916 1 kg,较好地克服了二次多项式模型推荐施肥量偏高的问题。分析表明,二元二次多项式肥效模型是二元非结构肥效模型的简化式和特例,新模型具有更广的适用范围。     

Influence of crop residue management, cropping system and N fertilizer on soil N and C dynamics and sustainable wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production

Management of N is the key for sustainable and profitable wheat production in a low N soil. We report results of irrigated crop rotation experiment, conducted in the North West Frontier Province (NWFP), Pakistan, during 1999–2002 to evaluate effects of residue retention, fertilizer N application and mung bean (Vigna radiata) on crop and N yields of wheat and soil organic fertility in a mung bean–wheat sequence. Treatments were (a) crop residue retained (+residue) or (b) removed (−residue), (c) 120 kg N ha⁻¹ applied to wheat, (d) 160 kg N ha⁻¹ to maize or (e) no nitrogen applied. The cropping system was rotation of wheat with maize or wheat with mung bean. The experiment was laid out in a spit plot design. Postharvest incorporation of crop residues significantly (p < 0.05) increased the grain and straw yields of wheat during both years. On average, crop residues incorporation increased the wheat grain yield by 1.31 times and straw yield by 1.39 times. The wheat crop also responded strongly to the previous legume (mung bean) in terms of enhanced grain yield by 2.09 times and straw yield by 2.16 times over the previous cereal (maize) treatment. Application of fertilizer N to previous maize exerted strong carry over effect on grain (1.32 times) and straw yield (1.38 times) of the following wheat. Application of N fertilizer to current wheat produced on average 1.59 times more grain and 1.77 times more straw yield over the 0 N kg ha⁻¹ treatment. The N uptake in wheat grain and straw was increased 1.31 and 1.64 times by residues treatment, 2.08 and 2.49 times by mung bean and 1.71 and 1.86 times by fertilizer N applied to wheat, respectively. The soil mineral N was increased 1.23 times by residues, 1.34 times by mung bean and 2.49 times by the application of fertilizer N to wheat. Similarly, the soil organic C was increased 1.04-fold by residues, 1.08 times by mung bean and 1.00 times by the application of fertilizer N. We concluded that retention of residues, application of fertilizer N and involvement of legumes in crop rotation greatly improves the N economy of the cropping system and enhances crop productivity in low N soils.     

Comparison of statistical models for predicting cost effective nitrogen rate at rice–wheat cropping systems

Due to increased economic and environmental concerns, developing statistical models of crop yield has become one of the most important steps in determination of the cost effective rates (CERs) of nitrogen (N) fertilization. Although quadratic models are commonly used to describe wheat and paddy rice yield response to fertilizer rates in the Taihu Lake region of China, few studies have investigated why this model is selected over others. This study evaluated quadratic, exponential and square root models describing the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield response to N fertilizer when determining the CERs, while also considering the environmental costs of N losses. All models fit the data almost equally well when evaluated using the variability and standard error statistics. However, there were marked discrepancies among models when calculating the CER of fertilization and the economic returns form Z-test. The quadratic model had a greater CER value (194?kg N ha^–1 for rice and 185?kg N ha^–1 for wheat) averaged over all sites than the exponential and square root models. The residuals obtained from the quadratic models were closer to a normal distribution than those of the other two models, indicating a less systematic bias. The mean economic uncertainties resulting from the quadratic model were more dependable than the other two models evaluated. These results show that the quadratic model best describes the rice and wheat yield responses and tends to indicate the optimal rates of fertilization while considering the environmental and economic effects of over fertilization for rice and wheat in the Taihu Lake region.     

Some alternative functional forms for estimating economically optimal nitrogen fertilizer rates

Abstract

Estimation of economically optimal nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates involves fitting some production functions to crop yield data obtained at different N fertilizer rates. Most common production functions that have been used in previous N fertilizer response studies are quadratic and square root. In this paper, we employ two alternative production functions, namely Cobb‐Douglas and transcendental, for estimating economically optimal N fertilizer rates. Although these production functions are quite popular in production economics literature, they have not been used in N fertilizer response studies. The two functions were used to estimate economically efficient N fertilizer rates for corn (Zea mays L.). Estimation involves corn yield data obtained from six site‐years in New Jersey during the period 1992–1995. Each site‐year had 10 rates of fertilizer N applied as sidedress. The results obtained by the two functions were compared with those obtained for quadratic and square root models. Economically optimal mean rate for each model was computed assuming that average profits are maximized over observed site‐years. Mean economically optimal N rates for the four models at a common fertilizer‐to‐corn price ratio ranged from 184 kg N ha^‐1 for the transcendental to 344 kg N ha^‐1 for the Cobb‐Douglas functions. Statistical analyses indicate that the transcendental model is a better predictor of economically optimal N fertilizer rates than the other three models.     

Influence of Long-term Tillage,Straw, and N Fertilizer Management on Crop Yield,N Uptake,and N Balance Sheet in Two Contrasting Soil Types

Field experiments (established in autumn 1979, with monoculture barley from 1980 to 1990 and barley/wheat–canola–triticale–pea rotation from 1991 to 2008) were conducted on two contrasting soil types (Gray Luvisol [Typic Haplocryalf] loam soil at Breton; Black Chernozem [Albic Agricryoll] silty clay loam soil at Ellerslie) in north-central Alberta, Canada, to determine the influence of tillage (zero tillage and conventional tillage), straw management (straw removed [S_Rem] and straw retained [S_Ret]), and N fertilizer rate (0, 50 and 100 kg N ha^?1in S_Ret, and only 0 kg N ha^?1in S_Rem plots) on seed yield, straw yield, total N uptake in seed + straw (1991–2008), and N balance sheet (1980–2008). The N fertilizer urea was midrow-banded under both tillage systems in the 1991 to 2008 period. There was a considerable increase in seed yield, straw yield, and total N uptake in seed + straw with increasing N rate up to 100 kg N ha^?1 under both tillage systems. On the average, conventional tillage produced greater seed yield (by 279 kg ha^?1), straw yield (by 252 kg ha^?1), and total N uptake in seed + straw (by 6.0 kg N ha^?1) than zero tillage, but the differences were greater at Breton than Ellerslie. Compared to straw removal treatment, seed yield, straw yield, and total N uptake in seed + straw tended to be greater with straw retained at the zero-N rate used in the study. The amounts of applied N unaccounted for over the 1980 to 2008 period ranged from 1114 to 1846 kg N ha^?1 at Breton and 845 to 1665 kg N ha^?1 at Ellerslie, suggesting a great potential for N loss from the soil-plant system through denitrification, and N immobilization from the soil mineral N pool. In conclusion, crop yield and N uptake were lower under zero tillage than conventional, and long-term retention of straw suggests some gradual improvement in soil productivity.     

Relationships between nitrogen rate,plant nitrogen concentration,yield and residual soil nitrate‐nitrogen in silage corn

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is a key factor of yield increase but also an environmental pollution hazard. The sustainable agriculture system should have an acceptable level of productivity and profitability and an adequate environmental protection. The objectives of this study were to determine the relationships between N rate, DM yield, plant N concentration (NC) and residual soil nitrate‐nitrogen in order to improve the predicted N rate in corn (Zea mays L.) silage. The experiment was conducted over a period of three years in the province of Quebec on three soil series in a continuous corn crop sequence. Treatments consisted of six rates of N: O, 40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 kg N ha^‐1 as ammonium nitrate applied at planting: broadcast and side banded. Four optimum N rates were calculated using different models: (i) economic rate base on fertilizer and corn price using the quadratic model (E); (ii) economic rate based on fertilizer and corn price using the quadratic‐plus‐plateau model (QP); (iii) critical rate based on linear‐plus‐plateau model (P); (iv) lower than maximum rate (L) corresponding to 95% of maximum yield. The optimum plant NC at all growing stages and the N uptake at harvest were calculated depending on these N rates and yields.

The NC of whole plant at 8‐leaf stage (25–30 cm plant height) of ear leaf at tasselling and of whole plant at harvest stage, the N rate, the N uptake at harvest and the DM yield were all significantly intercorrelated and affected by soils and years, but not affected by N fertilizer application method. The DM yield was linearly and significantly related to NC of whole plant at 8‐leaf stage (rv = 0.932**). At this stage, the average NC corresponding to the optimum N rate and yield was of 3.71, 3.68, and 3.66% as calculated with E, L, and P model, respectively. Our data suggest that the NC of whole plant at 8‐leaf stage may be used to evaluate the N nutrition status of plant and the required optimum N fertilizer rate. The NC of ear leaf at tassel stage was also significantly correlated to corn yield (r = 0.994**). It may be used as an indicator to evaluate the near‐optimum N rate in the subsequent years.

The N uptake by whole above‐ground plant at harvest was quadratically related to corn yield. Data show that at high fertilizer N rate, the N uptake still increased without significantly increasing yield. The N uptake was of 176.5, 163.0, and 155.0 kg N ha^‐1 using the E, L and P rates of 146, 126, and 115 kg N applied ha^‐1, respectively. The optimum N rate and yield were affected by soil type and year, but not by the method of N fertilizer application. The yield increased rapidly up to a N rate of about 120 kg N ha^‐1 and then quite slightly to a maximum N rate of 192 kg N ha^‐1. The optimum N rate was of 115 and 126 kg N ha^‐1 using the P and L model respectively and as high as 146.8 kg N ha^‐1 using the E model. The L model, using a much smaller N rate, gave a reasonably high yield compared to E rate (12.2 and 12.5 Mg ha^‐1, respectively). The data show that a relatively much lower N rate than maximum did not proportionally diminish the yield. Thus, for a difference of 40.4% between maximum N rate and P rate a difference of only 7.4% in yield was observed. Using the L model the differences in rate and yield were of 34.4% and 4.7%, respectively. The QP model gave no significant difference compared to E model.

At harvest the residual soil NO₃‐N increased significantly with increasing N fertilizer rate in whole of the 100 cm soil profile, but mainly in the top 40 cm soil layer. The total NO₃‐N found in 0–100 cm profile at rate of 0, 120 and 200 kg applied N ha^‐1 at planting was as high as 33.7, 60.5, and 74.5 kg N ha^‐1 respectively in a light soil and 37.5, 97.5, and 145.5 kg N ha^‐1 in a heavy clay soil. The difference in NO₃‐N content in the 60–100 cm layer between different applied N rate suggests that at harvest, part of fertilizer N applied at planting was already leached below the 100 cm soil layer. Results, thus, show that reasonably high corn yields can be obtained using more adequate N fertilizer rates which avoid the overfertilization and are likely to reduce the air and ground water pollution.     

Using Soil Potassium Adsorption and Yield Response Models to Determine Potassium Fertilizer Rates for Potato Crop on a Calcareous Soil in Pakistan

Ustochrept soil was collected from a major potato-growing area in Pakistan for a potassium (K) adsorption isotherm experiment. Adsorption data were fitted to Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models. Results showed that the Freundlich model (R²?=?0.96**) fit the data better than did the Langmuir model. Fertilizer rates were calculated based on the Freundlich model and targeted solution K levels at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, and 27 mg K L^?1. A field experiment was then conducted on the soil to assess the effect of various soil solution K levels (0–27 mg L^?1, with K fertilizer rates at 0, 24, 49, 75, 101, 128, 155, 182, 210, and 237 kg ha^?1), on tuber yield and quality along with 300 kg N and 250 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 as basal doses. Yield response models (linear plus plateau, quadratic, square root, quadratic plus plateau, and exponential) were used to calculate the optimal fertilizer rate for potato crop. Linear plus plateau model fit the data with less bias than the other models. There was a significant effect of K use on the yield and quality of potatoes. Potassium fertilizer application at 130 kg K ha^?1, which is equivalent to a soil solution level of 12 mg K L^?1, maximized the tuber yield of potato. However, for the improvement in tuber dry matter, reducing sugars, protein contents, and starch contents, the soil solution K level required was as high as14.62 mg L^?1 (157 kg ha^?1). Even greater rate of K, 17.74 mg L^?1 (190 kg ha^?1), was needed to maximize vitamin C content in potato.     

Estimation of Optimum Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates in Winter Wheat in Humid Mediterranean Conditions,I: Selection of Yield and Protein Response Models

Nitrogen (N) fertilization management directly affects yield and grain protein content of soft red winter wheat, so there is a need to estimate the optimum N fertilizer dose needed to obtain the greatest yield and the desired protein content under a humid Mediterranean climate. The objective of this work was to select the best response models of wheat yield and protein content to applied N fertilizer. To fulfil this objective, 13 experiments were conducted in the years 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004 in northern Spain where 0, 100, 140, 180, and 220 kg N ha^–1 were applied. The quadratic plateau model best described yield response to N fertilizer, with 182 kg N ha^–1 producing the maximum yield. The quadratic model was chosen for modeling protein response to N fertilization, and 176 kg N ha^–1 was the rate required for achieving protein contents greater than 125 g kg^–1.     

Impact of organic residues and mineral fertilizer application on soil–crop systems I: yield and nutrients content

A five-season experiment was initiated to study the effects of the recycling of some organic residues on a soil–crop system of a guar–wheat rotation in a sandy clay loam soil located in the semi-arid tropics of Sudan. Treatments included: incorporation of crop residues alone after harvest (Cr⁺), with (FCr⁺) or without (FCr^?) inorganic fertilizer, sewage sludge (SS) and humentos (H). Grain yield of wheat in FCr⁺ and Cr⁺ treatments was significantly higher than that obtained in FCr^? and control plots by ～22?62% and 116?119%, respectively. When crop residues were incorporated with inorganic fertilizer, the priming effect of crop residues on straw yield (106%) was almost double that of the priming effect of inorganic fertilizer (56%). The sustainable yield index of wheat straw dry matter for the control, crop residue, humentos, inorganic fertilizer, combined fertilizer and crop residue and sewage sludge was 28, 27, 8, 35, 21 and 38%, respectively. In general, N, P and K of straw dry matter (SDM) was in the order of FCr⁺ > FCr^? > SS > Cr⁺> H > C. The findings suggest that repeated incorporation of crop residues with inorganic fertilizer and applications of SS could both sustain wheat performance in the dryland ecosystems.     

Residue Decomposition and Fate of Nitrogen‐15 in a Wheat Crop under Different Previous Crops and Tillage Systems

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) management may be improved by a thorough understanding of the nutrient dynamics during previous‐crop residue decomposition and its impact on fertilizer N fate in the soil–plant system. An experiment was conducted in the Argentine Pampas to evaluate the effect of maize and soybean as previouscrops and plow‐till and no‐till methods on N dynamics and ¹⁵N‐labeled fertilizer uptake during a wheat growing season. Maize and soybean residues released N under both tillage treatments, but N release was faster from soybean residues and when residues were buried by tillage. Net immobilization of N on decomposing residues was not detected. A regression model that accounted for 92% of remaining N variability included time, previous crop, and tillage treatment as independent variables. The rapid residue decomposition with N release was attributed to the high temperatures of the agroecosystem. The recovery of ¹⁵N‐labeled fertilizer in the wheat crop, soil organic matter, and decomposing residues was not statistically different between previous crop treatments or tillage systems. Crop uptake of fertilizer N averaged 52% across treatments. Forty percent of fertilizer N was removed in grains. Immobilization of labeled N on soil organic matter was substantial, averaging 34% of the ¹⁵N‐labeled fertilizer retained, but was very small on decomposing residues, averaging 0.2–3.0%. Fertilizer N not accounted for at harvest in the soil–plant system was 12% and was ascribed to losses. Previous crop or tillage system had no impact on wheat yield, but when soybean was the previous crop, N content of grain and straw+roots increased. Discussion is presented on the potential availability of N retained in wheat straw, roots, and soil organic matter for future crops.     

稻草覆盖对坡地红壤培肥及作物增产的效果

研究了坡地红壤连续5年采用稻草覆盖措施对土壤肥力和作物产量的影响。结果表明,“稻草+化肥氮磷”(“Straw+NP”)处理的土壤有机碳和全氮、磷分别比不施肥(CK)的提高42.9%和17.4%、44.2%,有机碳和全氮的增幅约是纯化肥(NPK)处理的2倍。与CK和NPK处理的相比,“Straw+NP”处理能明显提高微生物生物量碳、氮、磷和溶解性有机碳、氮以及Olsen-P含量,差异达到显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)水平。在等养分施用量的条件下,“Straw+NP”处理能显著提高油菜和甘薯的产量。因此,稻草易地覆盖是一种有效培肥坡地红壤和增加作物产量的途径。