3种标准发芽试验方法对玉米种子发芽的影响

以郑单958种子为材料,在种子发芽期间采取补水和干旱2种水分管理模式,对国内外广泛采用的BP-纸间法、S-沙床法和先锋BP-纸间法3种发芽试验方法检测结果的准确性、操作过程的标准化及幼苗形态指标进行了分析比较。结果表明：在相同温度下,水分是影响种子发芽试验结果的关键性因素,国内普遍采用的BP-纸间法和S-沙床法,在补水处理下发芽率为93%和92%,变异系数为2.82%和5.82%;在干旱处理下,发芽率较低,分别为92%和89%,且重复间差异较大,变异系数为4.71%和6.43%;先锋BP-纸间法发芽率为96%,重复间差异较小,变异系数仅为1.00%;3种试验方法在不同处理下,幼苗苗长、根长及鲜重差异均极显著。认为,先锋BP-纸间法操作标准化、管理规范,是一种快捷、准确、值得推广的玉米发芽试验方法。     

白菜基可食性蔬菜纸的研究

研究了增稠剂添加量、甘油添加量和工艺条件对白菜纸性能的影响,通过优化试验,确定白菜纸的最佳配方和工艺。结果表明,海藻酸钠、玉米变性淀粉、明胶、CMC和甘油的最佳添加量分别为1.2%,3.0%,0.4%,0.4%,2%。最佳工艺参数为:干燥温度60℃,时间6h。以抗拉强度高为优选原则,得到最优的因素水平组合为:CMC添加量为0.4%,玉米变性淀粉添加量为1%,明胶添加量为0.2%,海藻酸钠添加量为1.6%。在此条件下,白菜纸的抗拉强度为5.98MPa。     

可食用火龙果纸制备技术的研究

以火龙果为主要原料,以海藻酸钠、羧甲基纤维素钠、琼脂、可溶性淀粉为黏合剂,制备火龙果果纸,通过正交试验设计和感官评价确定火龙果纸黏合剂的配方。同时,研究了最适宜的铺料厚度对成型的影响,不同比例甘油作为调味剂对火龙果纸脆性口感程度的影响。结果表明,黏合剂的最佳配比为海藻酸钠添加量0.3%,羧甲基纤维素钠添加量0.5%,琼脂添加量0.6%,可溶性淀粉添加量4%,铺料厚度1~3mm,调味剂甘油的最佳添加量0.3%。     

蔬菜纸的加工技术研究

以山野菜蕨菜为原料,从蕨菜糊调配的黏合剂选择、成型支撑载体、平衡水分等方面对蕨菜蔬菜纸质地进行了探讨研究。试验结果表明,蕨菜纸最适宜加工条件为黏合剂复配0.3%黄原胶+0.3%卡拉胶+2%甘油,在玻璃板上成型,在60℃下干燥,所得蔬菜纸含水率9.56%～14.45%,易从玻璃板上揭下;若在纱布上成型,含水率7.82%～14.35%,易从纱布上揭下,不影响产品的品质。所得蕨菜纸色泽为绿色,有光泽,组织状态均匀一致,具有较好的韧性及蕨菜特有的风味。     

香菇纸加工工艺研究

以香菇为主要原料,从风味、影响成膜因素和包装材料几个方面对香菇纸的加工工艺进行研究,并探讨了包装材料对产品颜色和水分含量的影响。实验结果表明：盐和糖的添加量分别为0.6%和0.2%,魔芋粉的添加量为0.1%,CMC的添加量为0.3%,菌柄与菌盖分别占20%和80%,干燥温度80 ℃,干燥时间3 h,铺膜厚度为3.0 mm,成膜效果最好,质地、颜色、口感和风味最佳,香菇纸含水量12%。产品采用BOPA6/LDPE复合袋包装,能较好地保持产品的水分含量。     

蔬菜可食性包装纸加工方法的研究

以芹菜、卷心菜及冬瓜为原料,探讨了蔬菜包装纸的制作工艺条件。结果表明,采用CMC作为增稠剂,平板玻璃为成型载体,经热风干燥成型后用质量分数为3%的甘油浸渍,所得蔬菜纸性能最佳,最终水分含量为10%,厚度为0.1mm。     

胡萝卜-菠菜复合蔬菜纸的研制

以胡萝卜和菠菜为原料,海藻酸钠、明胶、淀粉为增稠剂,制备胡萝卜-菠菜复合蔬菜纸。结果表明,该蔬菜纸的最佳配制方案为胡萝卜浆(胡萝卜∶水=2∶1)与菠菜浆(菠菜∶水=4∶1)的质量比为4∶3,增稠剂海藻酸钠、明胶、淀粉添加量分别为0.6%,0.5%和6.0%,铺料厚度为3 mm,在70℃条件下干燥4 h。     

扁桃在豫东地区引种适应性分析

以‘石头’、‘纸皮’、‘双软’扁桃(Amygdalus communis L.)品种为试验材料,观测不同品种物候期、光合特性、果实品质,综合评价各个品种在豫东地区的适应性,以期筛选出适合豫东地区栽培推广的扁桃品种。研究结果发现3个扁桃品种在豫东地区均能够完成整个生长发育周期,且正常结实,能较好地适应豫东地区气候条件,表现出较好的光合特性和果实性状,其中‘纸皮’的出仁率最高,为62.50%;果实品质存在一定差异,‘纸皮’的维生素C、淀粉及可溶性糖含量显著最高,分别为1.13 mg/100 g FW、2.29%、3.39%,3个扁桃品种的可溶性蛋白含量不存在显著性差异,但仍以‘纸皮’最高,达到51.84 mg/g。综合评价扁桃的生长特性、果实经济性状及品质等各项指标,‘纸皮’可作为豫东地区种植扁桃的主栽品种,但由于环境影响,在种植时应选择地势较高,通风向阳的地块。     

可食性纸型食品包装的开发应用

目前,以蔬菜为主要原料制成的绿色可食性包装产品由于其营养价值高,便于贮藏与运输,且是一种很好的休闲食品与高级食品包装材料,因此有很大的市场需求与开发前景.蔬菜纸最早由日本研制开发,也称纸菜.蔬菜食品的共同特点是富含多种纤维素及矿物质,其中膳食纤维在生产加工中相当稳定,故加工出的纸菜产品营养损失少,产品含水量小(约10%),便于运输与贮藏.这不仅提高了蔬菜的附加值,更重要的是解决了蔬菜易腐烂、不易贮藏的问题.     

辅材参数对酯类香料在卷烟中转移行为的研究

为研究卷烟辅材参数对酯类香料在卷烟中转移行为,采用同时蒸馏萃取及气相色谱仪对酯类香料进行分析,通过改变辅材参数研究酯类香料在烟丝及烟气中分布影响。结果表明,①影响酯类散失率各因素的主次关系为接装纸打孔排数>接装纸打孔个数>成形纸透气度>接装纸打孔距离>接装纸透气度;②影响酯类香料转移率各因素的主次关系为接装纸打孔排数>接装纸透气度>成形纸透气度>接装纸打孔距离>接装纸打孔个数;③综合酯类物质在卷烟中分布情况,接装纸打孔排数2排,接装纸透气度200 CU,接装纸打孔个数8个,成型纸透气度6 000 CU,接装纸打孔距离18 mm,为外加酯类香料卷烟最佳辅材工艺参数。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.