华山松大小蠹及大小蠹属的研究概述

简述了大小蠹属的分类研究,以及几种美洲大小蠹的研究情况。并着重概述了过去有关华山松大小蠹的研究和防治工作,及目前生产中存在的问题。就如何控制华山松大小蠹的危害,提出了几点建议。     

大小蠹植物引诱剂对红脂大小蠹诱引效果试验

2000年至2001年，在山西省榆次区庆城林场应用加拿大生产的大小蠹类植物引诱剂对红脂大小蠹（dendroctonux valens LeConte)成虫发生期进行了监测。并开展了大量诱杀试验。结果表明，该引诱剂对红脂大小蠹成虫有较强的引诱作用，60个诱捕器在成虫扬飞期共诱到大小蠹成虫7119头。应用诱捕器后，林地红脂大小蠹被害主下降54.5%，平均侵入孔数下降58.7%。可用于红脂大小蠹的监测和防治。     

华山松大小蠹的研究进展

对华山松大小蠹的生物学特性、危害特性、机理及防治措施等方面进行了综述,并讨论了运用信息素监测、防治的前景.     

杨树大小行距育苗法

澧县苗圃原来采用传统的等行距（5厘米×30厘米）培育杨树苗，合格苗出圃率仅50—60％，且苗木质量不高，造林成活率较低。后来改用大小行距培育杨树苗，即大行距70厘米．小行距40厘米，株距27．3厘米，苗木质量明显提高，合格苗平均提高11．2％，单位面积合格苗数量增加497株，且造林成活率提高11．7％。通过合理间作，使苗圃地的土壤肥力状况大为改善，同时单位面积增加产值800元以上．加上合格前增加的收入亩净增产值在千元以上。具体作法是：苗床准备苗圃深耕25厘米，结合整地每667平方米施优质农家肥1500公斤、复合肥50公斤作基肥。整…     

华山松大小蠹的防治措施

通过对华山松大小蠹的生物学特性和生态学特性的研究分析,从森林生态结构调控、生物防治、检疫措施、行为调控策略等方面探讨了华山松大小蠹可持续控制的策略和方法。     

红脂大小蠹防治要点

红脂大小蠢是继松材线虫病后松树的又一高度危害森林的有害生物,属国家级工程治理范畴。 红脂大小蠢主要危害20—30年以上的健康油松,一般以雌虫在一米以下主干部位蛀入韧皮部和形成层,并向下蛀食边材,形成母坑道,同时向外散发性激素,引诱雄成虫进入母坑道交尾。从树干基部注入的     

红脂大小蠹防治技术

红脂大小蠹主要危害油松,同时还危害白皮松、华山松、樟子松等。该虫以成虫或幼虫在寄主树干基部或根部蛀食韧皮部危害,严重者可造成寄主大面积死亡。该虫初羽化时头部为浅褐色、褐色,个别个体为黑褐色。红脂大小蠹在山西一年发生1代到2代,或2年3代,育历期不整齐,世代重叠。卵历期10天-13天,幼虫历期40在-50天,蛹历期10天-12天,成虫活动期长达几个月。主要以成虫、二龄以上幼虫及老熟幼虫在主,侧根的虫道内或土层中的干基部越冬,偶见以卵、初孵幼虫越冬。翌年3月至5月开始动,越冬代幼虫继续在树根部取食,老熟幼虫补充营养后开始化蛹。越冬代成虫钻出树干扬飞,寻找新的寄主危害。越冬代雌成虫侵入新的寄主后蛀食形成母坑道。雄成虫在侵入孔处发出叫声,雌虫认可后即进入坑道内。在侵入孔处,松指、成虫排出的虫粪、蛀屑形成不规则漏斗状凝脂,初为暗红色发软,后变为褐色发干。雌雄成虫在虫道内交配并把卵产在坑道一侧,或把卵包埋在疏松的虫粪中。幼虫孵化后背向母坑道沿韧皮部取食危害,形成共同坑道,虫粪排在坑道内。幼虫老熟后在坑道外侧边缘形成单独的蛹室,后羽化为成虫。在气温较高地区,子代成虫扬飞继续侵染新的寄主。部分成虫会在原危害的根部交配产卵继续危害。越冬代幼虫及老熟幼虫化蛹、羽化后,     

红脂大小蟲防治技术

红脂大小蠹主要危害油松，同时还危害白皮松、华山松、樟子松等。该虫以成虫或幼虫在寄主树干基部或根部蛀食韧皮部危害，严重可造成寄主大面积死亡该虫初羽化时头部为浅褐色、褐色，个别个体为黑褐色。红脂大小蠹在山西一年发生1代到2代，或2年3代，发育历期不整齐，世代重叠。卵历期10天一13天，幼虫历期40天～50天，蛹历期10天～12天。成虫活动期长达几个月。主要以成虫、二龄以上幼虫及老熟幼虫在主、侧根的虫道内或土层中的干基部越冬，偶见以卵、     

红脂大小蠹治理新技术

红脂大小蠹已经对我国华北、西北的油松乃至全国大部分地区的松林构成了比较严重的威胁。一旦传入定居后,将不断地扩大危害,因此,需要应用新技术来治理红脂大小蠹。     

湿地松×加勒比松杂种在湛江地区的早期生长表现

对种植于广东省湛江市遂溪县林业试验场的5.5年生湿加松子代测定林和产量表证试验林进行了生长调查和数据统计分析,结果表明:在子代测定林中,湿加松的树高、胸径年均生长量分别为1.46 m、2.28 cm,生长量明显大于省内其它地区试验林的水平,表明湿加松在当地有较大的生产潜力;经方差分析和多重比较筛选出生长优势突出的F1杂...     

杉木第二代种子园子代遗传变异及优良家系选择研究

来自广东省龙山林场杉木第二代种子园的39个自由授粉家系参加了1998年多点子代测定和2001年单点子代测定试验,结果表明：11年生子代测定林的树高、胸径、单株材积在家系和地点间差异达到极显著水平（P〈0．01）,8年生子代测定林生长性状的差异较小;家系平均树高、胸径、材积遗传力分别为0．24、0．26、0．30,主要生长性状受中等偏下的遗传力控制;第二代种子园材积遗传增益在1．88％～5．85％．其遗传增益和现实增产效果高于1．5代种子园,也高于初级种子园。对11年生多点子代测定林家系进行了丰产稳定性分析,选择出广谱丰产稳定家系5、8、17、19、23、26、28号,平均单株材积比群体均值提高3．39％;丰产家系3、7、15、21号和家系20、22、25号,分别适合龙山林场和曲江林场及相似立地条件地区限制性推广利用,平均单株材积比群体均值分别提高9．91％和4．89％;8年生单点子代测定林,以单株材积高于群体均值作为入选标准,有1、2、4、6、7、8、10、11、12、14、15、19等12个家系入选,平均单株材积比群体均值提高6．76％。     

Juvenile genetic parameter estimates for vigour,stem form,branching habit and survival in three radiata pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus radiata</Emphasis> D.Don) progeny tests in Galicia,NW Spain

Individual and family heritabilities, as well as phenotypic and genetic correlations were estimated 2 and 3 years after plantation, in progeny tests carried out in plantations of open-pollinated Pinus radiata D.Don progeny located at three different sites in Galicia (NW Spain). The following factors were considered: survival, growth (free growth, height, diameter, volume, height/diameter ratio), form (number of branches, number of whorls, number of branches per whorl, number of branches per tree height meter, number of ramicorn branches, diameter of the thickest branch, internode length, branch angle, stem straightness, stem sinuosity, number of forks) and resistance (frost and insect resistance). Each plantation contained 50 female parents that had been selected as plus trees in genetically unimproved plantations in Galicia, as well as 6 female parents selected from the radiata pine breeding programme in the Basque Country (northern Spain) and two commercial lots of seed from Galicia, as controls. Individual heritabilities varied from low to high levels for each trait studied. Family heritabilities followed similar trends for individual heritabilities, but were of much greater magnitude. The results suggested that all traits except the number of branches per whorl and insect resistance could be expected to respond to selection based on individual performance. The less heritable traits could be improved by progeny testing. Height and diameter were strongly and positively correlated, and both traits were also correlated with the number of branches, the number of whorls and the branch diameter. The results are compared with previously published data and discussed in relation to the implications for breeding activities.     

马尾松优树子代家系生产力评价的研究

对６片１３年生马尾松优树子代家系测定林的研究结果表明，５～１３年生时其高、径和材积生长性状具有丰富的遗传变异，受中度以上遗传控制。年度间相关分析表明，对８年生以上马尾松优树子代测定林进行选择是可行的。利用材积指标作为丰产性测度对马尾松优树子代家系的生产力水平进行评价，从参试的２２９个家系中评选出１０３个材积大于群体平均值的家系，可作为一代种子园疏伐时留优去劣的依据；６０个材积大于群体平均值１５．０％的优良家系，利用其亲本无性系开展杂交育种工作；３４个材积大于群体平均值２５．０％的优良家系，可以直接在一代种子园中进行单系采种、造林，提高马尾松的经营效益。     

Sheet Mulching as an Aid to Broadleaved Tree Establishment II. Comparison of Various Sizes of Black Polythene Mulch and Herbicide Treated Spot

Eight experiments, each having 15 treatments, were established.Sites with clayey, loamy and sandy soils were used. The treatmentsincluded herbicide spots of various sizes up to whole plotskept weed-free; polythene mats of various sizes up to wholeplots (10 x 8 m) covered in polythene; and polythene mats ofvarious sizes with the rest of the weeds within the plot treatedwith herbicide. In each experiment survival or growth or both increased thefurther weeds were kept from the trees. Growth was increasedmost on the sandy site. Survival was increased most in the experimentwhich used poor quality oak plants - from zero in the controltreatment to 63 per cent in the whole-plot polythene treatment.Herbicide spots were generally better than polythene mats whenthe area treated was less than one square metre per tree, butnot so good when larger areas were treated: this is attributedto weeds rooting under the mulches. Growth was increased whenthe weeds around the mulches were killed. Accidental herbicidedamage, voles gnawing the trees from beneath the mulches, andsoil anaerobism on poorly drained sites also influenced theresults.     

杉木建筑材林密度管理技术与生长效应的研究

根据杉木人工林现有林调查材料、固定样地材料及密度管理试验林材料，分析了不同立地类型、不同密度的杉木林分生长效应，在建立数学模型的基础上，提出了杉木建筑材林合理密度管理技术。     

Line thinning fosters the abundance and diversity of understory Hymenoptera (Insecta) in Japanese cedar (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis> D. Don) plantations

We investigated the effects of line thinning on the abundance of Hymenoptera in two Japanese cedar plantations in northern Hyogo Prefecture, central Japan, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of this silvicultural treatment for ecosystem management. Line thinning is a silvicultural treatment practiced in Japan, where linear stand sections are cut (25%–35% of the total number of trees) retaining one to two rows of trees. We used Malaise traps to capture Hymenoptera from the line-thinned stand (treatment plot, including thinned and retained sections) and the unthinned stand (control plot). Overall, the total number of Hymenoptera was greater in the treatment plot than in the control plot. The treatment plot hosted more functional groups and families of Hymenoptera than the control plot in both plantations. In the Kuchiotani plantation (high-elevation site), the overall abundance of Hymenoptera and of many Hymenopteran functional groups were positively correlated with both species richness and biomass of understory plants. In the Sugi plantation (low-elevation site), understory vegetation was less developed and there was no correlation with abundance of Hymenoptera. Our study indicates that line thinning is an effective silvicultural treatment for future management of overstocked Japanese cedar plantations because it can fulfill biodiversity objectives, but the effectiveness may depend on silvicultural and landscape factors.     

Contribution of soil fauna to the degradation of recalcitrant components in Cinnamomum camphora foliar litter in different-sized gaps in Pinus massoniana plantations

Forest gaps are important in forest dynamics and management, but little is known about how soil fauna influence the degradation of recalcitrant litter components in different-sized forest gaps. This investigation uses litterbags with two different mesh sizes (0.04 and 3 mm) to control the meso- and microfauna entering the bags to quantify the contribution of soil fauna to the degradation of recalcitrant components (including condensed tannins, total phenol, lignin and cellulose) during litter decomposition. The experiment was conducted in seven different forest gap sizes in Pinus massoniana plantations over 1 year. One closed-canopy site (CC) and forest gap sizes of 100, 225, 400, 625, 900, 1225 and 1600 m^2 were created in a P. massoniana plantation in the Sichuan basin of China;the CC was treated as the control. Cinnamomum camphora foliage from local native trees was used in all forest gap experiments. We found the following:(1) Gap size had significant effects on the degradation rates (E) of condensed tannins and lignin and on the contributions of soil fauna;medium-sized gaps also presented high degradation rates. Soil fauna obviously contributed to the degradation of recalcitrant foliar litter components in medium-sized gaps.(2) The highest contribution to degradation (40.98%) was recorded for lignin, and the lowest contribution (0.29%) was recorded for condensed tannins. The results indicate that medium-sized gaps (900 m^2) were conducive to the degradation of recalcitrant litter components by soil fauna.     

Estimation of genetic parameters on growth characteristics of a 35-year-old Pinus koraiensis progeny trial in South Korea

The effects of genetic and environmental factors on Pinus koraiensis growth were studied based on a35 year-old progeny trial composed of open-pollinated offspring of twenty-one plus trees.Height,DBH and volume of the offspring was analyzed using restricted maximum likelihood/best linear unbiased prediction in mixed model analysis.Significant site and family effects on the three traits were observed.The distinct growth of offspring by site with disparate climates corroborated the importance of planting species in suitable conditions.Growth differences by family was significant,emphasizing the importance of identifying families with either superior or inferior performance.The parental ranking was assigned in the sites,inferring the breeding value of each plus tree.The estimates of individual heritability(h_i~2) of height,DBH and volume growth were0.169-0.645,0.108-0.331 and 0.129-0.343 respectively,with higher h_i~2 of the height than DBH on each site.Coefficient of variance of genetic effect was higher with DBH in some cases,indicating the scope for selection is larger for this trait despite the lower heritability compared to height.For the variation between families in terms of the performance stability across sites,consideration of the genotype by environment interaction is required in selecting materials to be used in reforestation with Korean pine.A few families with either superior or inferior performance retained their parental ranking for at least a decade.Other families with increased growth on a particular site were identified,indicating their high breeding value and low stability.Differences in the genetic performance of the families by site requires delineation of the breeding region of the species.     

南方不同林龄杉木人工林林下物种多样性比较

在湖南株洲市攸县地区,选择4个不同年龄阶段的杉木人工林,采用空间代替时间的方法,研究林下植物组成及多样性变化。结果表明:不同年龄阶段的杉木人工林林下植被的物种丰富度差异不大,在2 700m2样地内有植物22～33种,但其优势物种的生物生态学特性差异较大,各年龄阶段的杉木人工林林下优势物种分别为,葛藤(Pueraria thunbergiana)和铁芒萁(Dicranopteris dichotoma);断肠草(Gelsemium elegans)和蕨(Pteridium aquilinum);圆锥山蚂蝗(Desmodium elegans)和蕨;六月雪(Serissa serissoides)和蕨。不同林龄林下植被的生物多样性差异不大,以广黄分场杉木人工林林下物种多样性指数最高,其灌、草层物种种数均值分别为18.3和11.3,物种多样性指数H均值分别为2.136 3和1.961 0。可见,人工林林分郁闭度和冠层结构左右着林下植物的组成及分布。