不同类型大麦品种籽粒中酚酸类化合物含量的变异规律

为了探明不同类型大麦品种籽粒中酚酸类化合物含量的变异规律，采用超声辅助提取、高效液相色谱法测定的方法对15个大麦品种（系）籽粒中的13种酚酸进行了提取、测定和分析。结果表明，大麦籽粒中的酚酸类化合物主要是羟基苯甲酸衍生物，羟基肉桂酸衍生物含量较少。不同品种和不同类型大麦品种籽粒中酚酸类化合物的含量存在极显著的差异，黑皮大麦籽粒中总羟基苯甲酸衍生物（THBA）、总羟基肉桂酸衍生物（THCA）和总酚酸（TPA）的含量均高于非黑皮大麦；二棱大麦籽粒中THBA、THCA和TPA的含量均高于多棱大麦；皮大麦籽粒中THCA和TPA的含量高于裸大麦，但THBA的含量与裸大麦无显著差异。另外，与裸大麦相比，皮大麦籽粒中含有更为丰富的酚酸种类。     

大麦高赖氨酸的遗传选择与研究Ⅱ．大麦的赖氨酸含量与胚比及千粒重的相关

测定了14个皮、裸大麦品种籽粒的赖氨酸含量、胚比（胚干重与籽粒干重的百分比值）和千粒重,并估算了这些性状间的相关性。结果表明,各性状在品种间均存在显著的差异。赖氨酸含量与胚比在皮大麦中存在正相关,胚比大的材料在一定程度上可以作为选择高赖氨酸含量的形态指标,而裸大麦赖氨酸含量与胚比无相关;胚比与千粒重在皮、裸大麦中均呈负相关,低千粒重可作为选择高赖氨酸品种（系）的参考。     

大麦籽粒矿质元素含量分析与评价

为了解不同粒色及皮壳特性大麦品种（系）的籽粒矿质元素、总黄酮、粗蛋白含量（质量分数,下同）等品质指标的差异,本文对20个相关典型大麦种质中的8种主要矿质元素及总黄酮、蛋白质含量进行了测定。结果表明：同一大麦品种（系）中籽粒各元素含量存在明显差异,P元素含量最高,为2 401.52～4 638.43 mg/kg;Se元素含量最低,为4.15～30.68μg/kg。皮大麦籽粒中Mn、Cu、Zn元素总含量显著高于裸大麦,但有色大麦与普通大麦之间无差异。ZDM10347的籽粒Fe含量高达97.26 mg/kg,具有富集Fe的潜力;ZDM10360和ZDM10390的Zn含量分别为42.25、44.38 mg/kg,达到富锌谷物锌含量标准。供试大麦粗蛋白含量范围为11.97%～25.31%,ZDM1648和ZDM10342的粗蛋白含量较高,均超过了20%;总黄酮含量为1.12～1.30 mg/g,处于中等水平。     

大麦籽粒γ-氨基丁酸含量的测定分析

为研究不同大麦材料的籽粒γ-氨基酸(GABA)含量和发掘高GABA含量的大麦品种,采用比色法测定了美国、中国及其他国家的180个大麦品种籽粒GABA的含量.结果发现,不同品种中GABA的含量(mg/100 g)差异很大,中国大麦籽粒GABA含量(9.99±4.59)高于美国大麦籽粒(8.31±2.17),裸大麦籽粒GABA含量(15.28±8.51)高于皮大麦籽粒(8.56±2.54),多棱大麦籽粒GABA含量(9.40±4.22)高于二棱大麦籽粒(8.60±2.68);其中来自云南迪庆州的青稞籽粒GABA含量(29.51±1.20)是供试样品中最高的.本分析结果可为进一步选育富含γ-氨基丁酸的大麦品种提供材料,并为大麦资源开发提供方法和手段.     

不同分类大麦籽粒大小及粒重的差异分析

为改良大麦籽粒性状,依据棱型、皮裸及选育水平对125份大麦材料按3种不同分类方式进行分组,比较了组别间的粒重、粒长、粒宽及粒厚的差异及各性状间的相关性。结果表明,大麦粒重与棱型相关,与皮、裸无相关性,二棱大麦粒重(46.89mg)显著高于六棱大麦(35.71mg)。就籽粒长而言,皮大麦长于裸大麦,二棱大麦长于六棱大麦,以野生大麦最长,为13.19mm;人工驯化和品种选育使大麦粒长有所变短。二棱大麦的粒宽(3.55mm)显著大于六棱大麦(3.26mm);粒宽在皮、裸大麦间无显著差异。粒厚变异与粒宽类似,野生大麦的粒厚最小(1.69mm)。相关分析表明,大麦粒重主要由粒宽、粒厚决定,且后两者呈极显著正相关。     

浙江省裸大麦地方品种遗传多样性分析

为给保存和开发利用大麦地方品种资源提供参考信息,采用1个Nud基因特异标记和28对SSR标记,以23份浙江省皮大麦地方品种及江苏省的1份裸大麦和1份皮大麦地方品种作为参照,研究了66份浙江省裸大麦地方品种的遗传多样性。结果表明,所有检测的裸大麦地方品种在Nud基因位点都存在17kb的片段缺失,表明浙江省裸大麦地方品种裸粒性状是单一起源的。28对SSR引物共检测到91个等位基因,其中17个等位基因为裸大麦特有,3个等位基因为皮大麦特有。裸大麦的平均等位基因数、有效等位基因数、Shannon指数、Nei’s基因多样性指数和多态性信息含量均高于皮大麦,表明浙江省裸大麦地方品种的遗传多样性比皮大麦地方品种更为丰富。聚类分析将裸大麦和皮大麦分别聚为1大类,表明浙江省裸大麦地方品种和皮大麦地方品种的遗传差异较大,而裸大麦又可分为3小类,但它们与品种地理来源无任何联系。     

中国大麦品种资源的赖氨酸含量及影响因素

分析了５９７７份大麦籽粒样品,平均赖氨酸含量为０．４７％,变异系数为１．３１％,裸大麦含量平均高于皮大麦。０．５８％以上的高赖氨酸品种有６６份,占总数的１１％,是优质大麦种质资源。大麦生育后期的气温高,降水量少,日照充足有利于大麦赖氨酸的形成。     

中国大麦品种资源的赖氨酸含量及影响因素

分析了５９７７份大麦籽粒样品,平均赖氨酸含量为０．４７％,变异系数为１．３１％,裸大麦含量平均高于皮大麦。０．５８％以上的高赖氨酸品种有６６份,占总数１１％,是优质大麦种质资源。大麦生育后期的气温高,降水量少,日照充足有利于大麦赖氨酸的形成。     

不同基因型大麦品种大麦油及其母育酚含量的变异规律

为了探讨不同基因型大麦品种大麦油及其母育酚含量的变异规律,采用超临界萃取法及HPLC法提取并测定了30个大麦品种的大麦油及其母育酚含量和成分.结果表明,大麦油含量存在显著的基因型和环境效应(P＜0.05),裸大麦的大麦油含量(平均为4.16%)高于皮大麦(平均为2.96%),蜡质裸麦品种(Sumire mochi)含量最高(6.15%).与去皮籽粒相比,全麦的大麦油含量较高;与麦芽相比,制啤后的大麦原料仍有较高的母育酚含量.大麦油的母育酚组成成分主要为α-生育酚(占总生育酚的65.4%)和α-生育三烯酚(占总生育三烯酚的70.7%).试验表明,大麦油及其母育酚含量既受基因型的控制,又受生长环境条件的影响;大麦种皮部分可能是大麦油的主要储存组织之一,制啤后的大麦原料有可能作为母育酚提取的资源加以利用,从而提高大麦的附加值.     

青藏高原和国外裸大麦γ 氨基丁酸的含量与分布

γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutytric Acid,GABA)是一类非蛋白质氨基酸,对人体有多种重要生理功能.为探明我国裸大麦籽粒GABA含量的分布及挖掘高含量的裸大麦资源,利用比色法对来自我国青藏高原地区的178份和国际干旱改良中心(International Arid Improvement Center,IAIC)引进的157份裸大麦籽粒GABA含量进行了分析,并考察了籽粒颜色与籽粒GABA含量的关系.结果表明,青藏高原地区裸大麦农家品种和育成品种籽粒GABA含量分别为19.00±5.90 mg·100 g-1和18.18±4.26 mg·100 g-1,均显著高于引进品种(13.41±5.01mg·100 g-1);西藏农家品种富含高GABA种质,WB21籽粒GABA含量在所有参试品种中最高,为34.6±0.93mg·100 g-1;籽粒GABA含量和籽粒颜色存在显著相关性,深色籽粒GABA含量高于浅色籽粒,紫色籽粒含量最高,为19.62±5.88 mg·100 g-1,黄白色籽粒GABA含量最低,为12.99±4.87 mg·100 g-1.     

Grain composition of Virginia winter barley and implications for use in feed,food, and biofuels production

Grain compositional components impacting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) use in food, feed and fuel products, must be combined with improved agronomic traits to produce a commercially viable barley cultivar. Little current information is available on grain composition and variability among winter barley genotypes. This study was conducted to determine the variability among modern hulled and hulless winter barley genotypes in grain composition. Barley types varied significantly in grain and kernel weight, starch, beta-glucan, oil and ash content, but not in protein concentration. Hulless barley had significantly higher grain test weight and starch concentration than hulled and malting types, and significantly higher beta-glucan than malting barley. Hulless barley had significantly lower kernel weights, oil, and ash concentrations than hulled and malting types. Higher starch and lower fiber and ash in grain of hulless barley versus hulled feed or malting type barley are characteristics that increase hulless barley desirability. Selection for high starch concentration among all barley types is feasible and will facilitate development of barley cultivars better suited for use in feed, malt, and ethanol production.     

Phenolic Compounds in Wheat Grain Cultivars

Three hydroxybenzoic acids: p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid and syringic acid; six hydroxycinnamic acids: p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and four ferulic acid derivatives and a flavonoid (apigenin) were identified and quantified in 34 accessions corresponding to 19 cultivars of wheat applying HPLC coupled to diode array detector. Considerable differences between the wheat cultivars were observed in the phenolic contents. Some cultivars (Colorado, Del País, Barbilla, Jallado, Raspinegro Canario and Plaganudo) could be selected according to the high levels of phenolic compounds. Ferulic acid was the major phenolic acid compound followed by syringic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids. The proportion of ferulic acid present as dimeric forms ranged from 4.2 to 8.6% across all of the wheat cultivars analyzed. Apigenin, p-hydroxybenzoic and syringic acids did not show significant correlations. Many correlations between the determined hydroxycinnamic acids were observed. The ferulic acid and all the ferulic acid derivatives showed highly significant correlations, suggesting that the concentrations of diferulic acids depend on the concentration of ferulic acid.     

Effect of altered carbohydrate traits in hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on nutrient profiles and availability and nitrogen to energy synchronization

Four hulless barley cultivars (zero-amylose waxy, CDC Fibar; 5%-amylose waxy, CDC Rattan; normal-amylose, CDC McGwire and high-amylose, HB08302) were developed at the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, with differences in carbohydrates traits on the basis of amylose (1–20% DM) and β-glucan (5–10% DM) content. The objectives of this research were to determine: 1) the effect of the alteration of these carbohydrate traits in hulless barley on nutrient availability in ruminants, and 2) carbohydrate structure conformation on hourly effective rumen degradation ratio, in comparison with hulled barley-CDC Copeland. Among the hulless barley lines, HB08302 was greater (P < 0.05) in rumen bypass crude protein (BCP: 52.1% CP), effective degradability (ED) of neutral detergent fibre (EDNDF: 74 g/kg DM) than these in CDC Fibar, whereas CDC Fibar showed greater (P < 0.05) effective degradable crude protein (EDCP: 90 g/kg DM) than the other hulless barley lines. Compared with hulless barley, the hulled CDC Copeland showed relatively greater (P < 0.05) BNDF (62.5% NDF or 98 g/kg DM), starch degradation rate (K_d: 17.4%/h) and EDST (75.9% ST) but reduced (P < 0.05) rumen undegradable protein (RUP: 49 g/kg DM). With the respect to hourly effective degradation (ED) ratios, hulless barley cultivars exhibited relatively optimal hourly ED ratios, ranging from 23 to 34 g N/kg CHO, higher than the hulled barley. Among hulless barley cultivars, CDC Fibar and Rattan had the highest (P < 0.05) ratios (34 g N/kg CHO), while the ratio for CDC McGwire (23 g N/kg CHO) was the lowest (P > 0.05). In conclusion, hulless barley lines with altered carbohydrate traits have the potential to increase rumen nutrient availability to ruminants. The altered carbohydrate conformation of hulless barley affected hourly ED ratios, thus affecting rumen nitrogen to energy synchronization.     

Characterizing the molecular structure features of newly developed hulless barley cultivars with altered carbohydrate traits (Hordeum vulgare L.) by globar-sourced infrared spectroscopy in relation to nutrient utilization and availability

Four newly developed huless barley cultivars with altered carbohydrate traits were developed at the Crop Development Centre (CDC), University of Saskatchewan which varied for amylose (1–40% DM), and β-glucan (5–10% DM) content. The four hulless barley cultivars include zero-amylose waxy, CDC Fibar; 5%-amylose waxy, CDC Rattan; normal-amylose, CDC McGwire and high-amylose, HB08302. CDC Copeland was also included as a hulled barley control. Our previous study revealed the altered carbohydrate traits in barley affected nutrition availability and rumen degradation kinetics. These biological differences may be caused by differences in their molecular structure features. The objectives of this study were to (1) reveal molecular structure features in the four hulless barley cultivars with altered carbohydrate traits, and (2) quantify the molecular structural features in relation to rumen degradation kinetics, intestinal nutrient digestion and predicted protein supply to dairy cattle. Conventional Molecular Infrared-vibration Spectroscopy was applied to detect biochemical characteristics of functional group bands including protein, non-starch carbohydrate (β-glucan and cellulosic compounds) and total carbohydrate. Spectral data were further analyzed using univariate analysis of recording absorption peak parameters (baseline, region, relative height and area) and also multivariate analysis with agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis and principal components analysis. Although correlation results showed weak correlation (P < 0.05) between identified functional group bands and ruminal degradation kinetics and estimated protein supply from both models, molecular structure differences of hulless barley cultivars can still be detected by the Molecular Infrared-vibration Spectroscopy technique and potential truly protein supply (MP) was significantly affected (P < 0.05) by protein molecular structure characteristics in hulless barley cultivars.     

Assessment of biochemical markers identified in wheat for monitoring barley grain tissue

The possible use of specific biochemical compounds identified in wheat grains was evaluated for monitoring barley grain tissues during fractionation. First barley grain anatomy was studied through microscopic observation and quantification of the relative proportion of each anatomical part in four distinct barley samples from both hulled and hulless genotypes. As expected from cereal phylogeny and irrespective of the possible presence of hull, common features were observed between barley and wheat grains, but the aleurone layer predominated in the outer layers. The specific location of the compounds identified in wheat was established. Phytic acid was specifically localized in the aleurone layer and alkylresorcinols in the composite layer containing the testa, even if their concentration differed from that observed in wheat grain tissues. Thus, these two markers identified in wheat can be used to monitor the corresponding barley tissues, independent of the presence of hulls. Conversely, phenolic compounds, either ferulic acid trimer or p-coumaric acid, cannot be used to monitor respectively the outer pericarp or the aleurone cell walls in barley grains. p-coumaric acid was identified as an efficient marker of the hull and could be used to distinguish hulled or hulless barley grains and to help monitor the dehulling process.     

我国栽培大麦白粉病抗性特点分析

对来自全国 2 4个省 (自治区、直辖市 )共 90个代表性栽培大麦品种 ,进行了抗白粉病田间鉴定。统计结果表明 ,(1)品种之间抗病性有明显差异。其中表现高抗的品种 2 1个 ,占总数 2 3.3% ;抗病品种 2 6个 ,占 2 8.9% ;感病 33个 ,占 36 .7% ;高感 10个 ,占 11.1%。可见在我国栽培大麦中 ,抗源较丰富。 (2 )不同类型和棱形的抗性 ,比较发现 ,皮麦抗病品种比裸麦多 ,六棱抗病性强于四棱和二棱。 (3)供种省份之间抗病性不同 ,抗病品种主要集中在江苏、安徽、陕西、河北、四川、贵州、湖北、上海和新疆等省 (自治区、直辖市 )。 (4)从三大麦区看 ,抗病品种主要分布在冬大麦区     

Phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of six artemisia species

The aim of this work was to establish the antioxidant capacities and the polyphenolic profile of six different Artemisia species that could potentially be used in the human diet. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method coupled with photodiode-array detector was used to identify and quantify individual phenolic compounds of the Artemisia leaves. A total of 18 polyphenolic compounds were identified and quantified in Artemisia leaves, including hydroxybenzoic acids (4), hydroxycinnamic acids (5), flavonols (3), and catechins (2). It was observed that total phenolic content of A. annua and A. stelleriana leaves were significantly lower than the other four species. Ferulic and caffeic conjugates acids were the most dominant hydroxycinnamic acid and gallic acid and catechin were the most dominant hydroxycinnamic acid and catechins respectively. According to DPPH assays, the antioxidant capacity of A. arborescens spp., A. ludoviciana spp., A. oleandica spp. and A. princepts spp., were found to be higher (reflecting a 2-fold difference) than that of the other two species. Compared with those of major commercial leafy vegetables, leaves of Artemisia contain a higher content of flavonoids and phenolic acids, which provide significant health benefits and may be used as natural colorants.     

The effects of extrusion on the content and properties of dietary fibre components in various barley cultivars

Wholemeal flour from five Czech spring barley materials was processed in a single-screw extruder at 130 °C, addition of 20% water and a screw speed of 220 rpm. Two barleys (AF Cesar, AF Lucius) were hulless cultivars with a standard starch composition, while three barleys (KM 2624, KM 2460-1, KM 2460-2) were hulled waxy lines. The effect of extrusion on content of different dietary fibre fractions was determined. Also the changes of the molar mass of β-glucan were studied. Regardless of the barley genotype (standard starch or waxy), the extrusion had no significant effect on arabinoxylan content. A significantly higher beta-glucan and soluble dietary fibre content in barley cultivars with standard starch composition was observed after extrusion. The content of insoluble dietary fibre decreased significantly in all extruded flours. The molar mass of water-extractable beta-glucan increased independently of the barley variety after extrusion. But the increase in beta-glucan extractability due to extrusion was not observed.     

Folate in barley grain and fractions

Wholegrain cereals are good sources of folate. However, little is known about folate in barley. In this study, total folate was analysed in five hulled Finnish barley cultivars from three harvesting years (2006–2008). In addition, different fractions were produced from two hulled cultivars by scarification and from mixes of hulled cultivars by industrial milling. Total folate was determined in all samples with a microbiological method and vitamer distribution in scarification and industrial milling fractions, using HPLC or UPLC. Limited variation was observed in the total folate content of the five cultivars. The average contents of the three harvest years ranged from 563 to 773 ng/g dm. Fractions containing germ and outer layers were the richest in folate. The highest total folate content in the scarification fractions was up to 1710 ng/g dm. The total folate content of the hull fraction obtained by dehulling 10% of the grains with an industrial pearler was almost 4-fold compared to the corresponding dehulled grain. This hull fraction is normally not used as food. The main folate vitamers in the fractions were 5-HCO-H₄folate, 5-CH₃-H₄folate, 5,10-CH⁺-H₄folate, and 10-HCO-PGA. Folate content could be enhanced naturally by introducing folate-rich fractions of barley into cereal products.