氮离子注入五叶茄子诱变育种遗传规律研究

以35keV的氮离子辐照五叶茄种子,M1代的生长势明显增强,出现了早熟大果变异株.M2代出现了大量分离,分离率高达97.7%,M3代分离率小于10%,早熟变异果和大果性状稳定,变异率小,已初步形成两个新品系.     

稳定表达HvA1耐旱基因的转基因小麦植株的田问评价

大麦HVAI基因编码许多第3群LEA蛋白，该基因已被转育到春小麦Hi—Ljne中，用以检测其耐旱效应。我们在6个生长季节的9个田间试验中对6个独立转基因项目（111／1、1／1、11／2、84、765和1201品系）的T4代进行了研究。在前两季中，111／1品系的生物总量和籽粒产量高于1／1品系，而且在第二季中高于对照。在第3季中，11／2品系的籽粒产量显著低于转基因品111／1和1／1，对该品系未作进一步研究。在第4季中，111／1品系的株高和籽粒产量显著高于对照。在第5季的干旱条件下，111／1品系的株高、生物总产量和籽粒产量在4个试验点中至少有2个试验点的显著高于列照，在试验点间的结果也—样。在第6季中，新近培育的转基因品系1201和765的3个产量性状和叶片相对含水量都显著高于原来的转基因品系111／1和1／1、没有表达的转基因品系84以及对照。该结果与不同基因型的HVA1转基因表达率相—致。在环境内或环境间，转基因品系和对照的种子贮藏总蛋白间的差异不显著。这些试验表明HVA1基因具有赋予转基因春小麦干旱胁迫保护的潜力。     

利用雌穗返祖玉米改良自交系及配制杂交种陇单6号

用雌穗顶端生长较长雄穗的产量较低的白粒抗病玉米杂交种的F3代单株,与自交系综3变异株的F4代单株杂交,选育出了株型紧凑、矮秆、抗病、配合力高的自交系ly2211。在甘肃省玉米区试和生产试验中,ly2211与87-1组配的单交种陇单6号比综3与87-1组配的主栽对照单交种豫玉22增产7.7%,比综3变异株选育的自交系与87-1组配的单交种增产7.2%。我国种植面积最大的几个玉米单交种同样都含有远缘种质。     

强春性小麦品种株高的变异

材料与方法 辽春6号、76—63—1和粤麦6号分别是由我国高纬度地区、中纬度高海拔地区和低纬度地区提供的强春性小麦品种。我们于1983~1985年进行的小麦生态试验中,以这3个供试品种连续3年的春,夏季分期播种试验为例,根据北京试验点的资料,对它们的株高变异做一简要分析。     

小麦高空诱变育种研究

高空处理的小麦种子ＳＰ１代基本无变异，ＳＰ２代在幼苗习性，抽穗期、株高、穗形、粒民穗数等性关均产生较明显的差异，这些变异一般在ＳＰ３代中，ＳＰ４代稳定，缩短了育种年限。通过对变异性状的选择已育出两个苗头品系。高空诱变为小麦中提供了一条新的育种途径，也为航天部门为农业服务开拓了一个新的领域。     

高粱体细胞无性系变异的筛选与利用

选用幼穗、幼胚、茎尖等五种外植体进行组培,结果表明,幼穗和幼胚的分化率最高,最适宜选用进行高粱体细胞克隆变异利用研究。对9个高粱品系的166个R2代株系进行了观察分析,除两个品系外,其余7个均有变异株系出现,其中晋粱5号的变异频率高达26%,9个品系的平均变异频率为11.24%。筛选到多个高粱骨干恢复系的无性系变异材料,并且以优良变异系R111为父本育成了优良杂交种一个,已通过审定,定名为晋杂18号。     

高梁体细胞无性系变异的筛选与利用

选用幼穗、幼胚、茎尖等五种外植体进行组培,结果表明,幼穗和幼胚的分化率最高,最适宜选用进行高粱体细胞克隆变异利用研究。对9个高粱品系的166个R2代株系进行了观察分析,除两个品系外,其余7个均有变异株系出现,其中晋粱5号的变异频率高达26%,9个品系的平均变异频率为11.24%。筛选到多个高粱骨干恢复系的无性系变异材料,并且以优良变异系R111为父本育成了优良杂交种一个,已通过审定,定名为晋杂18号。     

"神舟四号"航天搭载水稻变异性状的田间调查

通过对‘神舟四号”卫星搭载水稻种子及其后代的研究,结果表明：6个搭载品种种子的发芽率、存苗率、结实率及植株的性状在当代(SP1)与对照相比均没有明显的变化;但在SP2代株高、生育期、分蘖、叶色、芒和红叶耳等性状上发生明显的变异,选择出一些突变株。突变株经SP3代,SP4代验证,最后获得32株高突变体,27株早熟突变株,20株多分蘖突变株,还获得一些农艺性状稳定性状且表现良好的株系,以及独杆、无芒、叶色黄化和类病变等有功能基因研究价值的突变体。     

超级小麦新品种聊麦18号的选育与栽培

聊麦18号原系谱号为96B29-7-5-6-3-1，是1996年以自创亲本89808-3-10-1-8为母本、鲁麦23号为父本进行有性杂交，经多年定向选择系谱选育而成。该组合在F2代中遗传基因丰富，表现综合性状较好，分离出的类型较多，在株高、抗病性、分蘖成穗、落黄性等诸方面互补性较好．田间选留14株，最后经室内考种决选留3株，以后按系谱法进行选择，至2001年96B29-7-5-6-3-1株系生长整齐，并稳定出圃，参加本院高肥品系比较试验，较对照种鲁麦14增产8．3％，居参试品系第3位。2002—2006年度参加山东省高肥预试、区试、生产试验，增产显著，2006年8月被山东省农作物品种审定委员会审定。已申请农业部植物新品种保护。     

秋水仙素诱导小豆性状变异研究

本研究用0.2%和0.4%的秋水仙素溶液浸泡小豆京农6号(JN6)种子12 h,M_1成株率分别为26.7%和3.5%,变异率为1.24%和1.59%,结果表明处理浓度越大,成株率越小、变异率越大.0.2%秋水仙素处理12 h为较佳处理,但0.4%处理的变异类型相对丰富.M_2代与对照相比,单株粒数在5%水平上达到显著差异,百粒重在1%水平达到极显著差异;M_3代百粒重与对照相比在1%水平达到极显著差异,诱变后代中筛选出了3个高产优良株系.在M_3代共筛选到263个叶色、叶形、蔓生、多分枝、黑荚、浅红和深红粒色、大粒及早晚熟等性状变异突变体.叶形有剑叶、小密叶、肾叶突变类型;叶色有深绿、浅绿、黄化、黄斑叶变异类型.早熟和晚熟变异株分别比对照早熟10～15 d和晚熟7～10 d.     

A male sterile line with dominant gene (Ms) in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) and its utilization for hybrid seed production

A male sterile plant, 79-399-3, was identified from a spring cabbage line 79-399 in 1979. Light-microscopic studies with paraffin section indicated that meiotic division stopped at the tetrad stage. The ratio of male sterile plants to fertile plants in the progenies of test crosses was 1:1 in five experiments conducted in 1982 and 1991–1994. However, some male sterile plants were sensitive and developed a very low number of viable pollen grains. When sensitive male sterile plants were selfed, the progenies segregated into male sterile and fertile plants at a ratio of 3:1. The male sterile plants from selfing of sensitive male sterile plants were propagated by tissue culture and crossed with different inbred lines. From the progenies of the crosses, populations with 100% male sterile plants were observed. The results indicated that homozygous dominant male sterile (MsMs) plants segregated from the selfed progenies. Populations with 100% male sterile plants and stable male sterility were developed as male sterile lines. Several favorable combinations were also selected by crossing the male sterile lines with inbred lines with high combining ability for desirable horticultural characters. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

籼粳交加倍单倍体后代性状遗传的研究

对一个典型的籼/粳组合、窄叶青8号/京系17的F1花药进行培养,所获二倍体花粉植株除约20%自然结实率为0外,其余植株的结实率在1%至正常结实之间,65%株系在75%以上,并稳定地传至自交后代。对130多个加倍单倍体(DH)多种性状的遗传进行了研究与分析,结果表明,花药培养可以克服籼/粳后代包括育性在内的各种性状长期分离不易     

转基因抗丝黑穗病玉米的遗传、表达及选育研究

本研究以几丁质酶基因导入玉米自交系海92-1所获得的转基因植株的种子作为试验材料,对其To代种子进行了潮霉素抗性筛选试验,结果表明T1代的分离比分别为3:1和15:1(表1).这证实大多数转基因植株中几丁质酶基因是以单拷贝、单位点整合到植株的基因组中,个别转基因植株中是以单拷贝、多位点整合到转基因植株的基因组中的.农艺性状调查分析,转基因株系的株高和穗位高都高于对照植株,单株结穗数基本不变,而转基因植株的穗长值和穗粒数值均比对照植株大,穗长增加4～7 cm,穗粒数增加1%～7%.对T1,T2,T3代株系的PCR检测结果说明目的基因在转基因植株中可稳定遗传.田间抗病鉴定结果显示,转基因株系的发病率比当代对照株系明显减少2～4级,选育得到的纯合系06006和06012的发病率为0,表现出高抗病性.     

Genetic stability of quantitative characters in successive generations in maize inbred lines

Summary Genetic stability was evaluated in 11 long-time inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.) by measuring 10 plant, ear, and seed characters in successive generations reproduced by self-pollination in ear-to-row progenies. The lines were reproduced through 10 generations, and the studies were made for generations 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11. All lines had been inbred more than 10 generations before the start of the study. For 106 F-tests among generations, significant variation was observed for 40 tests (P<0.05). Major changes were observed in two inbred lines; in most other cases, the statistically significant changes were too small to be of practical importance.Joint contribution: Plant Science Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Journal Paper No J-7245 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No 1897.     

Selection of young barley plants for tolerance to high soil acidity in relation with some agronomic characteristics of mature plants

Summary In four segregating populations of barley, grown in a naturally highly acid soil good plants and less vigorous ones were marked in a 3–4 leaf stage of development.Some agronomic characters of mature plants were studied in relation with the level of tolerance to high soil acidity of their progenies when tested in a seedling stage in a laboratory method.As compared with the good groups the reductions proved highly significant viz. 60% for mean number of tillers per plant, 25% for average culm length, 35% for mean number of kernels per spike and about 12% for 1000-grain weight.On the average more than 95% of the good plants showed a high level of tolerance to high soil acidity, indicating a close correlation between low-pH tolerance and agronomic performance.Although a rather high percentage (40%) of the progenies among the plants marked as bad was found to be tolerant, those lines showed a poor general performance.This goes to show that selection for tolerance to high soil acidity before flowering is an advisable procedure, without the risk of including sensitive lines or losing otherwise valuable genotypes.This study was carried out during a fellowship of the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture.     

龙眼果实育种目标性状在正反交后代中的表现

以大果、高糖、高可食率、果肉脆而不流汁为龙眼杂交育种的目标性状,对‘立冬本’和‘苗翘’龙眼正反杂交后代的果实进行分析,研究育种目标性状在后代中的表现及分布,结果表明：后代中平均单果重≥12 g、果实可溶性固形物含量≥22%、可食率≥68%的株数比例分别为25.93%、37.04%、28.57%,有30.36%和44.64%单株的果实果肉不流汁和质地脆。综合5个目标性状,同时具备2个性状的后代有30株,具备3个性状的有14株,具备4个性状的有3株,而5个目标性状全部具备的株数为0。     

Comparative performance of diploid and tetraploid progenies from 2x.2x crosses in potato

Summary Selection criteria for agronomic characters in a potato breeding program at the diploid (2x) level may differ from selection criteria used when selecting breeding lines at the tetraploid (4x) level. Differences between selection criteria are expected, (1) when expression of the characters is different at both ploidy levels and/or (2) when the effect of diploid breeding lines on agronomic characters of tetraploid progenies is different from the effect of tetraploid breeding lines. In this investigation sets of diploid and tetraploid progenies, each set derived from the same 2x.2x cross, were compared as to the expression of six agronomic characters. Diploid progenies had significantly lower yields (due to smaller tubers) and significantly higher under water weights than tetraploid progenies. Vine maturity and chip colour were similarly expressed at both ploidy levels. Correlations between yield and yield components, and between under water weight and chip colour were similar at both ploidy levels. The lower yields and higher under water weights found in diploids point to the need of different selection criteria for selecting diploid and tetraploid breeding lines.     

Breeding for yield and quality in durum wheat

Three populations of an intervarietal durum wheat cross IWP5308/PDW208, F₅, F₅BIP₁ (population derived after intermating in F₂) and F₅BIP₂ (population derived after intermating in BIPF₁), were evaluated under three different agronomic environments for mean performance and stability of genotypes for grain yield, yield components and protein content. Though the biparental progenies indicated a higher mean performance, they did not differ significantly from progenies of the pedigree method for almost all characters. The biparental progenies, however, produced a higher number of stable genotypes for grain yield per plant, grains per ear and protein content. The F₅ population had a higher number of stable genotypes for 1000 grain weight and number of tillers per plant. The BIP progenies also had a higher number of genotypes with above average mean performance, and many were significantly higher than the checks WH896 and WH542, compared with F₅ progenies. Hence, in spite of high G x E interactions, the use of cycles of biparental mating and selection of top yielding lines on the basis of yield components can enable selection of stable genotypes with high protein content. Number of tillers per plant and 1000 grain weight were the yield component characters which made maximum contribution to phenotypic stability of the genotypes. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

水稻早恢402体细胞无性系及其杂种F1的粒形与碾米品质

比较了水稻早熟恢复系402的体细胞无性系及其杂种F1的粒形及碾米品质的变异特点。结果表明，R3株系与供体亲本籽粒间及体细胞组培杂种R1F2与亲本杂种F2籽粒间米质性状的总体差异达极显著水平。R3的粒宽、粒厚、糙米率、精米率倾小值变异；R1F2的粒长、长/宽比、长/厚比及整精米率等指标倾大值变异。R3代的糙米率及精米率与整     

水稻籼粳交偏籼后代材料花药培养研究

试验利用水稻籼粳交偏籼后代的10份材料进行了花药培养效果研究,结果如下:不同株系间培养效果存在较大差异,出愈率和绿苗分化率之间没有必然联系;N6、SK3培养基对籼粳交偏籼后代材料的培养效果明显优于通用培养基,N6又稍优于SK3培养基;花培材料在预冷处理之前不宜剪叶;从试验中筛选到了2份具有较高培养力的株系,为今后遗传育种工作和分子遗传研究提供了合适的遗传工程材料。