浅议西北地区生态环境建设的气候效应

从气候学和生态学的角度分析了西北地区在我国特有的生态地位以及产生恶劣气候环境的原因，并利用国内外的一些研究成果，论述了对我国西北地区进行综合生态治理所产生的气候与生态环境效应；同时结合西北的实际情况，提出了生态环境综合治理的建议。     

对西北地区旱作农业高质量发展的思考

我国西北地区水资源严重短缺,多以旱作农业为主,其土地资源和光热资源优势为该区农业发展提供了巨大的地理空间和环境容量。基于实地调研结果,认为西北旱作农业综合生产能力已得到明显改善,实现了区域食物供需平衡,在确保我国食物安全中具有举足轻重的地位。由于区域资源禀赋所限,西北地区旱作农业发展尚存在一些障碍要素亟待克服,结合新时代国家发展战略需求,有针对性地提出了未来提升西北地区食物安全保障能力的四条建议,以期对西北旱区农业自然资源的综合开发、旱区生态保护与高质量发展提供决策参考。     

西北地区生态环境建设与水资源相互关系问题的研究

中国西北地区气候干旱、水资源短缺,生态环境脆弱,水资源限制了生态环境建设;生态环境退化,又加剧了水资源的紧张。就目前生态环境建设与水资源相互关系问题的研究进行综述,指出西北地区生态环境建设必须以当地水资源为约束。     

西北干旱区生态农业建设与可持续发展研究

针对我国西北干旱区生态环境的特点,提出了发展生态农业的必要性和优越性;并结合制约因素,提出发展生态农业的对策建议,即生态农业的建设要与富民增收、节约水资源结合起来,要树立生态意识,健全有利于发展的有效机制,加快生态农业产业化发展的步伐。生态农业是中国农业可持续发展的方向,发展生态农业可实现西北干旱区农业和农村经济跨越式发展。     

河西地区生态农业产业化研究

河西地区要实现生态、经济和社会的可持续发展 ,就必须抓住西部大开发的有利机遇 ,大力调整农业产业结构和种植业结构 ,发展生态农业 ,走生态农业产业化的道路。在分析了河西生态农业产业化的条件后 ,提出河西地区农业发展的出路在于以生态农业和生态农业产业化理论为指导 ,大力发展生态农业 ,推进生态农业产业化进程。认为河西通过发展特色农业、草畜产业和沙产业 ,并以农业品生产为龙头 ,发展农产品加工工业 ,形成产业链 ,才能在西部大开发的进程中赢得主动 ,实现经济、社会和生态效益。     

宁夏彭阳县白岔村生态农业建设实践与探索

<正> 农业生产活动是自然再生产过程与经济再生产过程的有机结合。自然再生产过程是农业生态经济系统整体运行的物质基础。因此,农业生产的发展与生态环境有着密切的联系。黄土高原严重的水土流失,以及由此带来的低产贫困,从根本来说,是对土地资源的不合理利用,植被遭到严重破坏,生态平衡严重失调所导致的。据此,黄土高原地区自然     

宁南旱区生态农业建设与农业产业化研究

宁南旱区目前面临被退缩，水土流失加剧、荒漠化扩大、自然灾害频繁等生态环境问题，发展生态农业是实现此区农业可持续发展的必然选择。生态农业建设的关键技术包括调整土地利用结构，优化种植制度，强化基本农田建设，推行节水农业技术，加强水土综合治理等。在生态农业建设工程中，应注重发挥地域资源优势，培育苜蓿草产业、草食畜牧业、杂粮杂豆产业、优质淀粉产业、优质油料产业、特色林果产业、绿色农业等新型农业产业，促进生态效益与经济效益协调发展。     

西北地区骆驼蓬属根系的研究

骆驼蓬属是荒漠、半荒漠地区的优势植物之一，具有药用价值。根系研究表明，该属为根蘖型植物，生长期垂直根发达，分蘖期水平根发达。根系分布与生境有密切关系。     

河西绿洲生态环境保护与生态农业建设的策略探讨

环境的原生不稳定与不合理的资源开发利用加剧了河西绿洲生态环境的脆弱性,使得经济、社会持续发展严重受阻,本文提出了通过发展以节水型、日光型为根本出发点、以产业化为基本经营模式、以绿色营销为基本管理过程的绿洲生态农业,促使河西绿洲生态环境防、治、用科学结合,农业发展与环境保护双向协调的环境整治措施。     

绿洲节水生态农业现代化预警控制系统设计

运用指数法建立绿洲节水型生态农业现代化预警控制系统指标体系.利用反映警情的一些指标来监督绿洲节水型生态农业现代化运行系统是否偏离正常运行"轨道",以便根据警情采取措施调整其运行.     

西北地区"精确农业"发展对策与关键技术探讨

基于时空差异和按需定量管理的精确农业是21世纪农业生产的发展方向。西北地区地形相对平坦、干旱少雨、地广人稀、经济落后,具有发展精确农业的可行性和必要性;目前需要解决的关键技术是:加强农业基础学科研究与学科间的相互渗透,提高农田作业定位精度技术,加强农田基础数据库的建立与自动更新,重视新型农田机械与3S技术的集成。     

甘肃农业地域分异及其生态农业产业化模式设计

通过定性与定量分析,认为甘肃自然环境、农业生产条件都具有明显的地域分异特征。甘肃农业地域分异是设计生态农业产业化模式的主要依据,根据甘肃农业地域分异特征,设计了6种不同的生态农业产业化模式,体现了农业因地制宜的基本发展原则,对指导甘肃各地生态农业的发展具有一定的意义。     

陕北荒漠化地区农业持续发展技术体系研究

针对陕北荒漠化地区生态环境脆弱，经济基础薄弱，资源严重，农业生产科技含量较低，农业可持续发展面临严峻挑战的现实，通过分析现状及存在问题，提出以生态环境建设，结构调整，高效节水，设施农业，栽培管理为核心的农林牧协调发展的农业可持续发展技术体系，并就其发展对策进行了探讨，对稳定推进该区生态环境建设和农业可持续发展提供参考。     

中国西北地区近43年降水资源变化对农业的影响

选取西北地区资料年代较长的171个地面测站1961～2003年历年降水量,深入研究了西北地区降水资源变化特征及其对农业生产的影响。结果表明:年降水量、越冬作物生育期降水量、春小麦生育期降水量和秋作物生育期降水量,1987～2003年与1961～1986年相比,西部增多,东部减少,分界线与黄河走向基本一致。西部呈增多变化趋势,洪水事件频数增多,可利用水资源略有增加,对农业的正面影响增大。东部呈减少变化趋势,干旱频繁发生,尤其是极端干旱事件频数增多,可利用降水资源更加紧缺,对农业的负面影响增大。西北地区冬季降水普遍增多,对土壤保墒、作物安全越冬和春播有利;但是,牧区雪灾增多,影响牲畜安全过冬。     

西北旱区生态服务价值时空动态研究

为探明西北旱区生态服务价值的时空差异性,以2004—2012年相关数据为基础,对其生态服务价值进行计算。结果表明:(1)2012年西北旱区的生态服务价值较2004年增加了166.1×109元,而人均生态服务价值却减少了8元,说明人口的增速比生态服务价值的增速大,应适当控制人口增长;(2)西北旱区各省区生态服务价值变化大小依次为甘肃陕西中北部新疆内蒙古中西部青海宁夏,其中宁夏和青海为负变化;(3)2004—2012年间西北旱区生态经济协调度为0.33,表明生态环境和经济发展处于轻度协调状态;(4)敏感性指数小于1,说明西北旱区生态服务价值对生态价值系数弹性较弱,本文研究结果真实可信。研究期内的土地利用变化取得了较明显的生态效益,为西北旱区的经济建设和社会发展提供了良好的环境平台。     

Spatial-temporal variations of ecological vulnerability in the Tarim River Basin,Northwest China

As the largest inland river basin of China, the Tarim River Basin (TRB), known for its various natural resources and fragile environment, has an increased risk of ecological crisis due to the intensive exploitation and utilization of water and land resources. Since the Ecological Water Diversion Project (EWDP), which was implemented in 2001 to save endangered desert vegetation, there has been growing evidence of ecological improvement in local regions, but few studies have performed a comprehensive ecological vulnerability assessment of the whole TRB. This study established an evaluation framework integrating the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and entropy method to estimate the ecological vulnerability of the TRB covering climatic, ecological, and socioeconomic indicators during 2000-2017. Based on the geographical detector model, the importance of ten driving factors on the spatial-temporal variations of ecological vulnerability was explored. The results showed that the ecosystem of the TRB was fragile, with more than half of the area (57.27%) dominated by very heavy and heavy grades of ecological vulnerability, and 28.40% of the area had potential and light grades of ecological vulnerability. The light grade of ecological vulnerability was distributed in the northern regions (Aksu River and Weigan River catchments) and western regions (Kashgar River and Yarkant River catchments), while the heavy grade was located in the southern regions (Kunlun Mountains and Qarqan River catchments) and the Mainstream catchment. The ecosystems in the western and northern regions were less vulnerable than those in the southern and eastern regions. From 2000 to 2017, the overall improvement in ecological vulnerability in the whole TRB showed that the areas with great ecological improvement increased by 46.11%, while the areas with ecological degradation decreased by 9.64%. The vegetation cover and potential evapotranspiration (PET) were the obvious driving factors, explaining 57.56% and 21.55% of the changes in ecological vulnerability across the TRB, respectively. In terms of ecological vulnerability grade changes, obvious spatial differences were observed in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the TRB due to the different vegetation and hydrothermal conditions. The alpine source region of the TRB showed obvious ecological improvement due to increased precipitation and temperature, but the alpine meadow of the Kaidu River catchment in the Middle Tianshan Mountains experienced degradation associated with overgrazing and local drought. The improved agricultural management technologies had positive effects on farmland ecological improvement, while the desert vegetation in oasis-desert ecotones showed a decreasing trend as a result of cropland reclamation and intensive drought. The desert riparian vegetation in the lower reaches of the Tarim River was greatly improved due to the implementation of the EWDP, which has been active for tens of years. These results provide comprehensive knowledge about ecological processes and mechanisms in the whole TRB and help to develop environmental restoration measures based on different ecological vulnerability grades in each sub-catchment.     

基于改进生态足迹模型的西北地区生态可持续性评价

西北地区的生态可持续状况对于稳定生态环境,改善人地关系具有重要的现实意义。传统生态足迹模型(EFM)中存在诸多不足和缺陷,文中对原有模型进行了改进并对西北地区2012年生态可持续性进行了计算和评价。结果表明:1)西北地区人均生态足迹为2.90hm2/人,人均生态承载力为2.18hm2/人,人均生态赤字为0.72hm2/人,整体的生态结构不合理,处于不可持续状态;2)西北地区各省区的生态足迹差异明显,除青海和新疆为生态盈余外,其它省区均为生态赤字,其中陕西最大,甘肃最小;3)西北地区生态适度人口为0.74×108人,实际人口与生态适度人口的比例是1:0.75,人口数量整体处于超载状态;生态利用效率为0.65万元/hm2。改进生态足迹模型能够较好地评价生态可持续现状,研究方法和结果对于区域生态可持续发展研究具有一定的参考价值。     

Floral traits and pollination system of Zygophyllum xanthoxylum in the managed and wild populations in an arid region of Northwest China

Zygophyllum xanthoxylum, which belongs to Sarcozygium of Zygophyllaceae, is one of the ecologically important species in Northwest China. In order to understand the pollination system of Z. xanthoxylum, we investigated the following characteristics of this species in the Urat Desert-grassland Research Station in western Inner Mongolia of China: flowering dynamics, pollen viability, pollen limitation, floral visitors and breeding system. The results showed that the flowering period and flowering peak were different between the wild and managed populations, being longer in the managed population. Z. xanthoxylum was pollen-limited, and pollen limitation was more intense in the wild population than in the managed population. Chalicodoma deserticola(Hymenoptera) was found to be the most frequent pollinator in the wild population, while Anthophora fulvitarsis(Hymenoptera) was the most frequent and effective visitor in the managed population. Out-crossing was dominant in the breeding system and self-pollination just played an assistant role to assure the reproduction of Z. xanthoxylum.