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1.
The Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces, et l'Activité (OMEGA) imaging spectrometer observed the northern circumpolar regions of Mars at a resolution of a few kilometers. An extended region at 240 degrees E, 85 degrees N, with an area of 60 kilometers by 200 kilometers, exhibits absorptions at wavelengths of 1.45, 1.75, 1.94, 2.22, 2.26, and 2.48 micrometers. These signatures can be unambiguously attributed to calcium-rich sulfates, most likely gypsum. This region corresponds to the dark longitudinal dunes of Olympia Planitia. These observations reveal that water alteration played a major role in the formation of the constituting minerals of northern circumpolar terrains. 相似文献
2.
Bibring JP Langevin Y Gendrin A Gondet B Poulet F Berthé M Soufflot A Arvidson R Mangold N Mustard J Drossart P;OMEGA team 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,307(5715):1576-1581
The Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces, et l'Activité (OMEGA) investigation, on board the European Space Agency Mars Express mission, is mapping the surface composition of Mars at a 0.3- to 5-kilometer resolution by means of visible-near-infrared hyperspectral reflectance imagery. The data acquired during the first 9 months of the mission already reveal a diverse and complex surface mineralogy, offering key insights into the evolution of Mars. OMEGA has identified and mapped mafic iron-bearing silicates of both the northern and southern crust, localized concentrations of hydrated phyllosilicates and sulfates but no carbonates, and ices and frosts with a water-ice composition of the north polar perennial cap, as for the south cap, covered by a thin carbon dioxide-ice veneer. 相似文献
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Gendrin A Mangold N Bibring JP Langevin Y Gondet B Poulet F Bonello G Quantin C Mustard J Arvidson R LeMouélic S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,307(5715):1587-1591
The OMEGA/Mars Express hyperspectral imager identified hydrated sulfates on light-toned layered terrains on Mars. Outcrops in Valles Marineris, Margaritifer Sinus, and Terra Meridiani show evidence for kieserite, gypsum, and polyhydrated sulfates. This identification has its basis in vibrational absorptions between 1.3 and 2.5 micrometers. These minerals constitute direct records of the past aqueous activity on Mars. 相似文献
4.
Bibring JP Langevin Y Mustard JF Poulet F Arvidson R Gendrin A Gondet B Mangold N Pinet P Forget F Berthé M Bibring JP Gendrin A Gomez C Gondet B Jouglet D Poulet F Soufflot A Vincendon M Combes M Drossart P Encrenaz T Fouchet T Merchiorri R Belluci G Altieri F Formisano V Capaccioni F Cerroni P Coradini A Fonti S Korablev O Kottsov V Ignatiev N Moroz V Titov D Zasova L Loiseau D Mangold N Pinet P Douté S Schmitt B Sotin C Hauber E Hoffmann H Jaumann R Keller U Arvidson R Mustard JF Duxbury T 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5772):400-404
Global mineralogical mapping of Mars by the Observatoire pour la Mineralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activité (OMEGA) instrument on the European Space Agency's Mars Express spacecraft provides new information on Mars' geological and climatic history. Phyllosilicates formed by aqueous alteration very early in the planet's history (the "phyllocian" era) are found in the oldest terrains; sulfates were formed in a second era (the "theiikian" era) in an acidic environment. Beginning about 3.5 billion years ago, the last era (the "siderikian") is dominated by the formation of anhydrous ferric oxides in a slow superficial weathering, without liquid water playing a major role across the planet. 相似文献
5.
Herkenhoff KE Byrne S Russell PS Fishbaugh KE McEwen AS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5845):1711-1715
Mars' north pole is covered by a dome of layered ice deposits. Detailed ( approximately 30 centimeters per pixel) images of this region were obtained with the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). Planum Boreum basal unit scarps reveal cross-bedding and show evidence for recent mass wasting, flow, and debris accumulation. The north polar layers themselves are as thin as 10 centimeters but appear to be covered by a dusty veneer in places, which may obscure thinner layers. Repetition of particular layer types implies that quasi-periodic climate changes influenced the stratigraphic sequence in the polar layered deposits, informing models for recent climate variations on Mars. 相似文献
6.
Laboratory experiments show that solid carbon dioxide is an effective trap for ozone at temperatures as high as 156 degrees K. Ultraviolet reflection-absorption spectra of ozone in solid carbon dioxide at 127 degrees K indicate that the ozone observed over the polar cap of Mars may be trapped in solid carbon dioxide. 相似文献
7.
Plaut JJ Picardi G Safaeinili A Ivanov AB Milkovich SM Cicchetti A Kofman W Mouginot J Farrell WM Phillips RJ Clifford SM Frigeri A Orosei R Federico C Williams IP Gurnett DA Nielsen E Hagfors T Heggy E Stofan ER Plettemeier D Watters TR Leuschen CJ Edenhofer P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,316(5821):92-95
The ice-rich south polar layered deposits of Mars were probed with the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding on the Mars Express orbiter. The radar signals penetrate deep into the deposits (more than 3.7 kilometers). For most of the area, a reflection is detected at a time delay that is consistent with an interface between the deposits and the substrate. The reflected power from this interface indicates minimal attenuation of the signal, suggesting a composition of nearly pure water ice. Maps were generated of the topography of the basal interface and the thickness of the layered deposits. A set of buried depressions is seen within 300 kilometers of the pole. The thickness map shows an asymmetric distribution of the deposits and regions of anomalous thickness. The total volume is estimated to be 1.6 x 10(6) cubic kilometers, which is equivalent to a global water layer approximately 11 meters thick. 相似文献
8.
The first direct images of the Jovian aurora at ultraviolet wavelengths were obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope Faint Object Camera near the time of the Ulysses spacecraft encounter with Jupiter on 8 February 1992. The auroral oval is not uniformly luminous. It exhibits a brightness minimum in the vicinity of longitude 180 degrees . In the few images available, the brightest part of the oval occurs in late afternoon Jovian time. The observed oval is not concentric with calculated ovals in the O(6) model of Connerney. The size of the oval is consistent with auroral particles on field lines with magnetic L parameter >8, indicating significant migration from lo, its torus, or both, if these are their origins. 相似文献
9.
Duxbury TC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1978,199(4334):1201-1202
A Viking orbiting spacecraft successfully obtained pictures of the martian satellite Phobos with Mars in the background. This is the first time that a single picture was obtained from a spacecraft which contained both a planet and a moon and had significant surface detail visible on both. The region of Mars below Phobos included volcanoes in the Tharsis Montes region. These pictures showed Phobos to be smaller than previously thought. The image of Phobos can be used as a control point to determine the map coordinates of surface features on Mars. 相似文献
10.
Galileo multispectral imaging of the north polar and eastern limb regions of the moon 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Belton MJ Greeley R Greenberg R Geissler P McEwen A Klaasen KP Heffernan C Breneman H Johnson TV Head JW Pieters C Neukum G Chapman CR Anger C Carr MH Davies ME Fanale FP Gierasch PJ Thompson WR Veverka J Sagan C Ingersoll AP Pilcher CB 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1994,264(5162):1112-1115
Multispectral images obtained during the Galileo probe's second encounter with the moon reveal the compositional nature of the north polar regions and the northeastern limb. Mare deposits in these regions are found to be primarily low to medium titanium lavas and, as on the western limb, show only slight spectral heterogeneity. The northern light plains are found to have the spectral characteristics of highlands materials, show little evidence for the presence of cryptomaria, and were most likely emplaced by impact processes regardless of their age. 相似文献
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Coradini A Capaccioni F Erard S Arnold G De Sanctis MC Filacchione G Tosi F Barucci MA Capria MT Ammannito E Grassi D Piccioni G Giuppi S Bellucci G Benkhoff J Bibring JP Blanco A Blecka M Bockelee-Morvan D Carraro F Carlson R Carsenty U Cerroni P Colangeli L Combes M Combi M Crovisier J Drossart P Encrenaz ET Federico C Fink U Fonti S Giacomini L Ip WH Jaumann R Kuehrt E Langevin Y Magni G McCord T Mennella V Mottola S Neukum G Orofino V Palumbo P Schade U Schmitt B Taylor F Tiphene D Tozzi G 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6055):492-494
The Visible, InfraRed, and Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS) on Rosetta obtained hyperspectral images, spectral reflectance maps, and temperature maps of the asteroid 21 Lutetia. No absorption features, of either silicates or hydrated minerals, have been detected across the observed area in the spectral range from 0.4 to 3.5 micrometers. The surface temperature reaches a maximum value of 245 kelvin and correlates well with topographic features. The thermal inertia is in the range from 20 to 30 joules meter(-2) kelvin(-1) second(-0.5), comparable to a lunarlike powdery regolith. Spectral signatures of surface alteration, resulting from space weathering, seem to be missing. Lutetia is likely a remnant of the primordial planetesimal population, unaltered by differentiation processes and composed of chondritic materials of enstatitic or carbonaceous origin, dominated by iron-poor minerals that have not suffered aqueous alteration. 相似文献
13.
Water vapor was found to reappear in the atmosphere of Mars during its southern hemisphere spring and summer season, with a maximum vertical column abundance of 45 to 50 microns of precipitable water averaged over the entire planet. Although the spring-summer seasons for each hemisphere are generally symmetrical with respect to the appearance of water vapor, the data suggest that water vapor may appear later in the season and in slightly larger amounts during the southern hemisphere spring-summer. 相似文献
14.
Yonekura K Maki S Morgan DG DeRosier DJ Vonderviszt F Imada K Namba K 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,290(5499):2148-2152
The growth of the bacterial flagellar filament occurs at its distal end by self-assembly of flagellin transported from the cytoplasm through the narrow central channel. The cap at the growing end is essential for its growth, remaining stably attached while permitting the flagellin insertion. In order to understand the assembly mechanism, we used electron microscopy to study the structures of the cap-filament complex and isolated cap dimer. Five leg-like anchor domains of the pentameric cap flexibly adjusted their conformations to keep just one flagellin binding site open, indicating a cap rotation mechanism to promote the flagellin self-assembly. This represents one of the most dynamic movements in protein structures. 相似文献
15.
Average species durations were estimated for 131 commonly occurring modern species. The duration of species occurring at depths of less than 200 meters is 16 million years, while for those at greater than 200 meters and at all depths it is 25 to 26 million years. Species (less than 200 meters) distributed from Florida to Newfoundland and from Florida to Cape Hatteras have about the same durations (18 to 20 million years). The duration for species restricted to north of Cape Hatteras is only 7 million years. The data suggest that evolutionary rates are greater in shallower than in deeper depths and greatest in the shallower northern area. 相似文献
16.
Ansar Mahmood Dr.Asma Hassan Iram Maqsood Tang Li-jie Syed Mohsin Bukhari Khalil-Ur-Rehman and Shahla Andleeb 《东北农业大学学报(英文版)》2014,21(1):45-51
An experiment was carried out to assess the phosphorus status of free grazing goats at Faisalabad,Pakistan.Samples were collected fortnightly during summer and winter seasons of 2010 from soil and plants.The highest(118±0.54 mg·kg-1)levels of feces phosphorus were recorded in lactating goats during winter and(9.87±0.99 mg·kg-1)in urine of male during winter.Similarly maximum(71.0±0.88 mg·kg-1)phosphorus concentration was observed in the plasma of lactating animals.Milk contained(31.0±0.36)mg·L-1 in winter while during the months of summer the highest values recorded in forages,soils,canal and tube well waters were(755±1.98)mg·kg-1,(785±4.98)mg·kg-1,(0.97±8.78)mg·L-1 and(4.12±0.55)mg·L-1,respectively.It was revealed from the current results that fecal matter,forage,milk,tube well and canal water contained lower amounts of P,while P levels in blood plasma was found within the critical limits.Therefore,phosphorus supplementations were required in the area under experimentation to meet the requirements of the animals for their normal growth. 相似文献
17.
The little ice age as recorded in the stratigraphy of the tropical quelccaya ice cap 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Thompson LG Mosley-Thompson E Dansgaard W Grootes PM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1986,234(4774):361-364
The analyses of two ice cores from a southern tropical ice cap provide a record of climatic conditions over 1000 years for a region where other proxy records are nearly absent. Annual variations in visible dust layers, oxygen isotopes, microparticle concentrations, conductivity, and identification of the historical (A.D. 1600) Huaynaputina ash permit accurate dating and time-scale verification. The fact that the Little Ice Age (about A.D. 1500 to 1900) stands out as a significant climatic event in the oxygen isotope and electrical conductivity records confirms the worldwide character of this event. 相似文献
18.
Deuterium on Mars has been detected by the resolution of several Doppler-shifted lines ofHDO near 3.7 micrometers in the planet's spectrum. The ratio of deuterium to hydrogen is (9 +/- 4) x 10(-4); the abundance of H(2)0 was derived from lines near 1.1 micrometers. This ratio is enriched on Mars over the teiluric value by a factor of6 +/- 3. The enrichment implies that hydrogen escaped more rapidly from Mars in the past than it does now, consistent with a dense and warm ancient atmosphere on the planet. 相似文献
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肚倍夏迁蚜合理贮留条件研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对收虫箱收集得到的肚倍夏迁蚜,在室外直射光、室内散射光和室内黑暗条件下研究其贮留情况。结果发现,随贮留时间的延长,迁飞率降低,死亡率明显增大,单头蚜平均产蚜量下降,产蚜率增高;夏迁蚜平均产越冬侨蚜12.5头,随贮留时间延长,释放后平均产蚜数减少。直射光下夏迁蚜2h死亡率达98.94%.7月份自然高温不会导致夏迁蚜大量死亡,在40℃下半致死时间为4.91h.夏迁蚜的合理贮留条件为室内散射光(阴凉条件)下贮留1.56d,根据夏迁蚜的日迁飞习性,人工释放宜在贮留的第二天下午4:00后进行 相似文献