Influence of smoke exposure on soil enzyme activities and nitrification

Summary Soil was exposed to red phosphorous/butyl rubber (RP/BR) aerosols at various relative humidities in a recirculating environmental wind tunnel. Soil microbial and enzymatic activities were measured immediately after exposure and periodically thereafter for 56 days. The nitrification potential was significantly reduced in soil amended with ammonium sulfate and exposed to RP/BR smoke, and could be related to a decline in soil pH. The rate of nitrate formation in unamended soil with time was also reduced, but by 57 days postexposure, concentrations were similat to those of unexposed controls in all but the thinnest soil lense. Soil dehydrogenase and phosphatase enzyme activities were sensitive to RP/BR smoke and in some treatments no activity was detected. The measured activities did not recover within the 56-day postexposure period and in some cases declined. Soil lense thickness was the greatest factor controlling the degree of RP/BR effects, indicating that injury to soil microbial and enzymatic activities may be surficial. Deposition of smoke particles increased with increasing relative humidity, which had a significant impact on the activities measured.     

Influence of the moisture content on the composition of the liquid smoke produced in the pyrolysis process of Fagus sylvatica L. wood.

The pyrolysis of several samples of sawdust of Fagus sylvatica L. wood with different moisture contents was carried out, keeping all other smoke generation parameters constant. However, parameters such as smoke production length and maximum temperature reached were affected by the moisture content of the sample and varied in the different pyrolytic runs. The acidity and the composition of the liquid smokes obtained were determined, this latter by means of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The acidity and composition of the liquid smoke produced were affected not only by the moisture content of the sawdust sample but also by the smoke generation length and by the temperature of the process. The highest yields in components were produced from samples with low moisture content that underwent a short pyrolytic process. Some compounds, with important properties from an organoleptic and preservative point of view, were not generated from samples with high moisture content. Equations that closely relate yield of the total components or of groups of components or of individual components with parameters such as moisture content, length of the process, and temperature were obtained; these equations predict yield data of liquid smoke components with a satisfactory degree of approximation.     

不同钾肥用量对长春花盛花期生长和生物碱含量的影响

在温室土培条件下,研究了不同K肥用量对长春花盛花期的生物量、抗氧化物酶活性、丙二醛含量、叶绿素含量及文多灵、长春质碱、长春碱和长春新碱等生物碱含量的影响.结果表明:当外源KCl浓度为100～400 mg/kg时可以有效促进长春花的生长,且超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性随KCl浓度增加而逐渐升高,叶绿素含量也逐渐升高,但叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量则显著下降.当外源KCl浓度达800 mg/kg时,过量的K营养供应抑制了长春花的正常生长.400 mg/kg的施K量可最大限度地促进盛花期长春花的正常生长,并显著促进其生物碱的代谢,使得长春花盛花期文多灵、长春质碱、长春碱和长春新碱含量显著高于其他所有处理,含量分别达42.81、37.82、1.88和3.1 mg/g.     

硝普钠对NaCl胁迫下长春花幼苗光合及生物碱的影响

在温室沙培条件下,研究了不同浓度外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)对50 mmol L-1NaCl胁迫下长春花幼苗生长、光合特性和生物碱的影响。结果表明:(1)在用0.05～2.0 mmol L-1 SNP缓解50 mmol L-1NaCl胁迫中,0.1mmol L-1 SNP缓解效果最好,长春花幼苗的鲜重、干重、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性分别较S1(50 mmol L-1NaCl)处理显著增加18.8%、13.9%、20.7%、19.1%、8.5%和32.6%,而细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)较S1处理显著降低10.3%。(2)当SNP浓度增加到0.5mmol L-1时,色氨酸脱羧酶(TDC)活性、吲哚总碱、长春碱、长春质碱、长春新碱和文多灵含量均达到最高,分别较S1显著增加33.4%、26.9%、32.3%、27.4%、68.8%和50.2%。综上所述:在50 mmol L-1NaCl胁迫下,0.1 mmol L-1SNP对提高光合作用,促进生长,增加生物量的作用最显著;而0.5 mmol L-1 SNP则对提高TDC活性,促进吲哚总碱和4种主要生物碱合成积累作用最显著。     

Influence of climate on the tocopherol content of shea butter

The shea tree, Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertner, is the source of a commercial seed fat known as shea butter. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the tocopherol content of shea butters from different regions of Africa showed high variability between provenances and a significant effect of climate on alpha-tocopherol levels. The total tocopherol content (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta) in 102 shea butter samples from 11 countries ranged from 29 to 805 microg/g of shea butter, with a mean of 220 microg/g. alpha-Tocopherol, the principal form detected, averaged 64% of the total tocopherol content. Shea butters from Vitellaria populations situated in hot, dry climates had the highest levels of alpha-tocopherol (for example, a mean of 414 microg/g in samples from N'Djamena, Chad). The lowest concentrations of alpha-tocopherol were found in samples from cool highland areas, especially in northern Uganda (a mean of 29 microg/g).     

植物声频控制技术对棉花生产的影响

为探讨植物声频控制技术对新疆大田棉花生长发育和产量的影响,为该技术在棉花生产中的应用提供科学依据。该试验设5个点,每个点分声波处理和对照2个区。声频区通过QGWA-01型植物声频发生器定期给作物播放特定频率的声波,以测定声频及声强对棉花生产的影响。通过3 a的对比试验表明,声波处理促进了棉花的营养生长,其中处理区棉花的株高、倒四叶宽（功能叶）和果枝数量分别较对照增加了1.17%、5.25%和1.14%;处理同时促进了棉花的生殖生长,其中,棉铃数和单铃重分别提高了9.22%和3.34%。声波处理使棉花3 a的增产幅度在11.1%～13.5%,差异显著,平均增产12.7%,在一定范围内,声波的增产效应与距离声源的远近呈负相关。研究证明了植物声频控制技术对棉花营养生长和生殖生长均有促进作用,可作为植物声频控制技术推广应用的理论基础。     

含水率和压缩频率对秸秆开式压缩能耗的影响

为了减少生物质秸秆压缩能耗,优化压缩工艺,以小麦秸秆（品种：农大211）,玉米秸秆（品种：农大108）为研究对象,模拟生物质秸秆压缩成型实际工况,利用INSTRON 3367材料试验机和自制压缩筒组件进行了“开式”压缩试验,研究了含水率分别为15%、35%和55%的小麦秸秆以及25%、45%和65%的玉米秸秆在3个不同压缩频率0.5、0.75和1次/min下的成型压缩比能耗。结果表明：小麦秸秆在含水率55%和压缩频率0.5次/min时压缩比能耗最小;玉米秸秆在含水率65%和压缩频率为0.5次/min时压缩比能耗最小。统计结果表明,秸秆压缩比能耗随着含水率的增高和压缩频率的降低而减少;含水率和压缩频率对压缩比能耗影响均显著。     

光合作用促进剂对螺旋藻产量及多糖含量的影响

在螺旋藻培养液中添加光合作用促进剂(ME)测定螺旋藻的生长速度和生物量,提取螺旋藻粗多糖并测定其含量,结果表明光合作用促进剂能提高螺旋藻生长速度,缩短螺旋藻的培养周期,并能提高螺旋藻多糖含量.     

Rhizosphere fungal communities are influenced by Senecio jacobaea pyrrolizidine alkaloid content and composition

The contents and the compositions of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) complex of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.) were examined as potential drivers of fungal community structure in the rhizosphere. S. jacobaea plants within the coastal sand dune reserve of Meijendel (the Netherlands) were assayed for concentration and composition of PAs in roots. Rhizosphere soil was collected from pre-flowering plants, which differed up to 8-fold in PA production, and represented both jacobine and senecionine/seneciphylline chemotypes. Bulk soil samples from the same site were also collected for comparative examination. A culture-independent approach, involving direct DNA isolation, PCR of fungal 18S rRNA genes, and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), was applied to compare the fungal communities of plants with different PA contents, as well as differences between bulk and rhizosphere samples. Cluster analysis of PCR-DGGE profiles revealed no clear evidence for PA-induced selection of specific fungal communities. However, canonical variance analysis showed that fungal communities associated with high-PA jacobine chemotypes could be discriminated from low PA samples and from the senecionine/seneciphylline chemotypes. The diversity of DGGE banding patterns, both in terms of band number and evenness, showed a trend toward lower diversity in the rhizosphere of high-PA plants as compared to low-PA plants and bulk soil. These results indicate that PA chemotypes of S. jacobaea differ in their influence on soil-borne fungal communities, with jacobine-containing plants exerting a greater selection in the rhizosphere than plants containing senecionine/seneciphylline.     

Influence of gravimetric water content and bulk density on the dielectric properties of soil

Moisture content and bulk density largely characterize physical and mechanical soil status and behaviour. A nondestructive determination of these soil properties is essential. Time domain reflectometry (TDR), although widely accepted for determination of volumetric water content, θ, has its limitations, and recently a frequency domain (FD) sensor has been developed and tested. An equation relating relative permittivity, ?′, to gravimetric water content, w, and bulk density, p, was established for three soil types (sand, sandy loam and clay). If ?′ and w are known, our model can be used to calculate bulk density and associated volumetric water content, θ, keeping in mind that θ= pw. Utilization is found in long-term monitoring of moisture fluctuations or short-term detection of traffic-induced soil compaction.     

Influence of jam processing on the radical scavenging activity and phenolic content in berries

Six selected phenolic aglycons (caffeic and ellagic acids, kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin, and morin) in nine types of berries, and their changes as influenced by jam processing, have been evaluated using optimized HPLC with diode-array detection. The berry samples, fresh and after jam processing, were analyzed, and the total amounts of selected phenolics as aglycons were identified and determined by acid hydrolysis. Their contents in fresh and jam samples did not indicate appreciable changes; therefore, the influence of jam processing on these selected phenolics in berries was suggested to be small, and was mostly present in berries as several conjugated forms that were glycosylated, esterified, etc., in the samples. The total phenolic content of each sample was also determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The three samples of each berry, namely fresh, jam, and acid hydrolysate of the berry, had similar total phenolic contents. On the other hand, the scavenging effect on the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical was measured, and acid hydrolysates showed stronger activity than that of the fresh and jam-processed samples for all of the berry types.     

Influence of iron content on quality of cigar wrapper tobacco

Abstract

Investigations were conducted to determine the cause of severe leaf quality deterioration of cigar wrapper tobacco in the Georgia‐Florida area. Studies indicated that Fe was associated with “purple leaf”;, a term used to describe brittle, tender, dark brown to purple cured leaves which have poor burning characteristics and an undesirable flavor. Excessive Fe was found to be absorbed by the leaves with some adsorbed on the surface of leaves following irrigation with pond water containing an excess of 1.5 ppm Fe. Iron content of the water was highest in ponds having an excessive growth of aquatic plants or in those that were pumped to a level where overflow was restricted.     

微生物菌剂对苦荞产量与黄酮含量的影响

苦荞[F.tataricum(L.)Gaerth],属双子叶蓼科(Polygonaceae)荞麦属(Fagopyrum Gaerth)植物,也称鞑靼荞麦,是一种营养全面药食同源作物.     

含水率对玉米果穗抗压特性的影响

为研究玉米果穗的抗压特性及破裂机理,探索含水率对玉米果穗抗压特性的影响,该文先分析了玉米果穗的生物特性,然后选取2个品种的玉米果穗,含水率处理至5个标准,在电子万能试验机上进行了静态压缩试验。试验结果表明:玉米芯含水率对玉米果穗抗压特性有极大影响,含水率低于13%时,随着含水率的降低果穗抗压能力小幅度增强;含水率在13%~25%内,随着含水率的增加果穗抗压能力增强;含水率高于25%后抗压能力急剧减弱;含水率为25%时玉米果穗抗压能力最强;玉米果穗的破裂是由内向外逐步破裂的过程,在受压过程中,芯髓最先破裂,随后木质环形体破裂,木质环形体是玉米果穗抗压的主要部位;玉米果穗在受压过程中存在籽粒脱落的现象,对玉米果穗施加的载荷值低于610 N不仅可以防止果穗断裂而且有利于脱粒。该研究结果可为玉米不断芯脱粒的进一步研究提供参考。     

Influence of chemical composition of soils on the galanthamine content in Levcojum aestivum

The elemental composition of seven soils of the main geographical regions in Bulgaria for the growth of Leucojum aestivum L. was determined. It was found that a relationship exists between the galanthamine content of the plant and the chemical composition of the soil. These results indicate that galanthamine bio‐ synthesis could be controlled by the soil fertility level.     

Influence of roasting levels on ochratoxin a content in coffee

Because of inconsistent and contradictory results from investigations concerning the influence of roasting process on the ochratoxin A content in coffee beans, a study was undertaken to assess the elimination of ochratoxin A during the roasting process. Four different green coffee samples, naturally contaminated with ochratoxin A, were submitted to different roasting conditions (light, medium, and dark) and analyzed for roasting parameters (weight loss, color change, density, and moisture content) and ochratoxin A content. The ochratoxin A content of green coffee was reduced by the roasting process; in particular, consistently high percentages of ochratoxin A reduction were found in the highest contaminated samples. This reduction was influenced by the severity of the thermal process and was generally related to the initial ochratoxin A content. Samples obtained with roasting parameters suitable for a typical Italian espresso coffee brew showed reductions of >90% in the ochratoxin A content, in both high and low contaminated samples. Moreover, the presence of off-flavors and visual defects was not found to be directly related to the ochratoxin A content in the green coffee samples.     

Influence of nitrogen and potassium on micronutrient content of fifteen cultivars of bermudagrass

Abstract

There is limited information concerning the micronutrient composition of different turfgrass species and cultivars. Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] is an important turfgrass utilized throughout the Southeastern and Southwestern states and the transition zone of the United States. A study was conducted to determine the effects of different rates of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) on the micronutrient content of fifteen bermudagrass cultivars. The cultivars utilized were: ‘Ormond’, ‘Texturf 10’, ‘Tiflawn’, ‘Tufcote’, and ‘U‐3’ [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]; ‘Everglades’, ‘Midiron’, ‘Midway’, ‘Pee Dee’, ‘Santa Ana’, ‘Tifdwarf, ‘Tifgreen’, ‘Tifway’, and ‘Tifway II’ [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. x Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt‐Davey]; and ‘Sunturf [Cynodon magennisii Hurcombe]. The study was a 2x2 factorial with the factors being two levels each of N and K imposed on the fifteen cultivars. It was a completely randomized design with three replications. The N and K rates were 227 g N and 227 g K 93 m^‐2 month^‐1 (low rates) and 454 g N and 454 g K 93 m^‐2 month^‐1 (high rates) that resulted in four N:K treatment combinations as follows: 1) high N:high K; 2) high N:low K; 3) low N:high K; and 4) low N:low K. Plant tissue samples were collected in late August and analyzed for boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn). There were differences for the Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations for several cultivare under certain treatment combinations. Zinc concentrations exceeded the sufficiency range in all but one instance, while there were several cases in which Fe and Mn concentrations were above the sufficiency range. The levels of B and Cu were within the sufficiency range and there were no differences for B.     

密度和含水率对固化土无侧限抗压强度的影响

 为给修建土壤固化剂集流面的施工工艺提供科学依据,采用正交设计方法,对密度和含水率影响固化土强度的规律性进行试验研究。试验分析结果表明:密度对固化土强度的影响大于含水率;随着密度的增大,固化土的强度呈直线上升;在同一密度下含水率在最优含水率的80%±5%范围内时,固化土的强度达到最大。在实际施工过程中,建议尽可能的增加固化土的密度,压实度控制至少超过0.94;混合料的含水率控制在最优含水率的80%～90%之间。     

菌剂对鸡粪堆肥腐殖质含量品质的影响

腐殖质是评价堆肥品质的重要因素,该文利用鸡粪和秸秆为原料进行高温好氧堆肥,设计接种菌剂和不接种菌剂(对照)2个处理,研究菌剂添加对堆肥腐殖质形态、含量、品质的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,接种菌剂可以加快有机物的降解,矿质化时间缩短14d,菌剂具有良好的保碳效果,总有机碳含量提高了16.1%,同时总腐殖酸、游离腐殖酸以及水溶态腐殖酸及胡敏酸的含量,分别提高了38.7%,45.7%、39.0%及54.9%。接种菌剂可以提高腐殖酸的活性,堆肥结束后,接种菌剂处理的游离腐殖酸和水溶性腐殖酸含量均增加,而对照处理的含量均降低;堆肥可以提高腐殖酸质量,堆肥结束后两个处理总腐殖酸含量均下降但是缩合度、腐殖化率、腐殖化指数及胡敏酸百分比均提高,特别是添加菌剂的处理腐殖化程度明显高于对照。说明了菌剂可以增加堆肥腐殖质含量,提高腐殖质缩合度、芳构化程度及活性。